BRAKE SYSTEM & STABILITY

ANALYSIS
Tyre Adhesion
• The Frictional force generated between the tyre and road, which is known
as the adhesive force drive the wheel around.

• Adhesive force = Adhesive force Load on wheel x Coefficient of friction.

• The amount of the brake force applied on a shoe against the drum
controls the resistance to rotation of the road wheel.

• This driving force attains its limit when the resistance offered by the brake
equals the adhesive force.
Tyre Adhesion
• When the limit is reached, the wheel starts to skid, and any extra force on
the brake shoe does not increase in the rate of slowing down the vehicle,
no matter how good is the braking system
• This means that the adhesion between the tyre and road
is the governing factor for the minimum stopping
distance.
• Road adhesion depends on:
• Type of road surface.
• Conditions of surface, e.g. wet, dry, icy, greasy, etc..
• Designs of tyre-tread, composition of tread material and depth of tread.
Brake Force Limiting Factor:

• The stopping distance of a wheel is greatly affected by the interaction of the

rotating tyre tread and the road surface.

• The relationship between the decelerating force and the vertical load on a
wheel is known as the adhesion factor (µa).

• This factor is very similar to the coefficient of friction μ that occurs when
one surface slides over the other. In the ideal situation of braking, the wheel
should always rotate right up to the point of stopping to obtain the greatest
retarding resistance.
• It is a common thinking that the shortest stopping distance is
achieved when the wheel is locked to produce a skid.

• This idea is incorrect because experiments have confirmed that the

force required to unstick a tyre is greater than the force required to
skid it over the surface.

• A wheel held on the verge of skidding not only provides the shortest
distance, but also allows the driver to maintain directional control of
the vehicle.
Typical adhesion factors for various road surfaces are
presented in Table
Road Surface Adhesion Factor

Concrete, coarse asphalt dry 0.80

Tarmac, gritted bitumen dry 0.60
Concrete, coarse asphalt wet 0.5
Tarmac wet 0.4
Gritted bitumen tarmac wet 0.32
Gritted bitumen tarmac greasy 0.2
Gritted bitumen, snow compressed greasy 0.2
Gritted bitumen, snow compressed dry 0.15
Ice wet 0.1
Braking of Vehicle
• Brakes applied to Rear Wheels

• Brakes applied to Front Wheels

• Brakes applied to all the Four Wheels

 Rear Wheels Braked
• Ɵ = gradient of a moving down vehicle
• Let W weight of the vehicle,
• Rf and Rr = total normal reaction between the
ground and the front and rear wheels
respectively
• μ = coefficient of adhesion between the tyres
and the road surface
• b = wheel base
• h = height of CG from the road surface
• l = perpendicular distance of CG from rear axle
• f = retardation produced by the braking force
• (W/g)f = reverse effective force, i e. inertia force
 Front Wheels Braked

• Ɵ = gradient of a moving down vehicle

• Let W weight of the vehicle,
• Rf and Rr = total normal reaction between the
ground and the front and rear wheels
respectively
• μ = coefficient of adhesion between the tyres
and the road surface
• b = wheel base
• h = height of CG from the road surface
• l = perpendicular distance of CG from rear axle
• f = retardation produced by the braking force
• (W/g)f = reverse effective force, i e. inertia force
 All Wheels Braked

• Ɵ = gradient of a moving down vehicle

• Let W weight of the vehicle,
• Rf and Rr = total normal reaction between the
ground and the front and rear wheels
respectively
• μ = coefficient of adhesion between the tyres
and the road surface
• b = wheel base
• h = height of CG from the road surface
• l = perpendicular distance of CG from rear axle
• f = retardation produced by the braking force
• (W/g)f = reverse effective force, i e. inertia force
• Derive an expression for stopping distance in meter of a truck
equipped with all wheel brakes in terms of the coefficient of friction
and speed in km per hour.
• Calculate the value of µ if the vehicle is stopped in 27.45 m from 64
km/h. If the coefficient of friction is reduced to 0.3 by rain, what will
be the stopping distance? Predict the stopping distance in either case,
if instead of the truck a car weighing a quarter of a truck is used in the
experiment.
• A truck has a wheel base of 4.2 m and weight 66747 N, 75% being of
the rear axle. Its center of gravity is 1.075 m above the ground. If the
brakes produce a deceleration of 3.05 m/s2, find the weight
transferred from the rear to the front axle. Assume brake torque at all
wheels to be equal and wheels to be of the same size, what is the
braking effort at each wheel? What is the minimum value of adhesion
to permit the above deceleration without skidding? When the truck is
moving on a road with coefficient of adhesion 0.6, what is the
theoretically possible deceleration, assuming all four wheels to lock
simultaneously?
• 18.9
• A motor car has a wheel base of 2.64 m, the height of its CG above
the ground is 0.61 m and it is 1.12 m in front of the rear axle. If the
car is travelling at 40 km/h on a level track, determine the minimum
distance in which the car may be stopped, when
• (a) the rear wheels are braked,
• (b) the front wheels are braked, and
• (c) all wheels are braked.
• The coefficient of friction between tyre and road may be taken as 0.6.
Prove any formula if assumed.
• 18.10
• A motor car weighs 13341.5 N and has a wheel base of 2.65 m, the
height of its CG above the ground is 0.76 m and it is 1.27 m in behind
the of the front axle. Maximum braking on all four wheels will bring
the vehicle uniformly into rest from a speed of 64 km/h in a distance
of 25.9 m. calculate the value of adhesion between tyre and road.
• Under the same road condition, the vehicle descends a hill of gradient
1 in 20 and it is braked on front wheels only. Determine the load
distributed between front and rear wheels and the distance required
to bring the car to rest.
BRAKING OF VEHICLE MOVING IN CURVED PATH
• While moving along a curved path a vehicle comes under the
influence of centrifugal force, which tries to move it outward. This
action of centrifugal force is made futile by a side force acting at the
tyres in the direction reverse to that of centrifugal force. When the
vehicle is braked while moving along a curved path, the frictional
forces between the tyres and the road become more complex
Let W- weight of the vehicle, N
C - radius of curved path, m
V - forward velocity of all parts of vehicle, m/s
P and Q - side forces at front and rear wheels respectively, N
Ff and Fr - braking forces at front and rear wheels respectively, N
Therefore, centrifugal force, Fc = WV2/gC , N acting through the CG of the vehicle
As C is large compared to track and base it
is assumed P and Q and Fr and Ff to be
parallel. Fc can be considered as a single
force acting at CG.
If R is the vertical load, then frictional force
is µ x R, has to resist side slip as well as
brake force. Therefore the braking
capacity is reduced in curves.
If value of µ is very high then the vehicle in
curved path above certain speed will
overturn before it slides sideways.
 18.11
A motor cycle has wheel base 1.44 m apart. The centre of gravity of the
cycle and rider is 0.76 m above ground level and 0.61 m in front of the
rear axle. The coefficient of friction between the tyres and the road is
0.75. If the rear wheel is braked, find the greatest deceleration that can
be obtained.
(a) If the cycle is moving in a straight path.
(b) If it is going round a curve of 45.7 m radius at 48 km/h.
Assume a level road and neglect air resistance. Neglect rotational inertia
and obliquity when turning.
• Dynamics of a Vehicle Running on a Banked track

Forces acting on vehicle moving in a banked track

• 20.20
• Determine the load carried by wheels at the outer and inner sides
and the maximum value of coefficient of adhesion if there is no side
slipping when the vehicle weighing 17795N runs at 96 km/h round a
circular path so that the centre of gravity moves in a circuit of 122 m
with its wheel axles at an angle of 12° to the horizontal. Its CG is 1.06
m above the ground level and wheel track is 1.3 m. Explain forces and
couples acting.
To appreciate the mechanics of the hydraulic braking system, a simple analysis is presented to
show how a suitable force ratio is obtained between the foot-pedal and the wheel-cylinder
pistons.
Let F = force on foot-pedal
Ff = force on each front cylinder piston
Fr = force on each rear cylinder piston
Am = cross-sectional area of master-cylinder
Af = cross-sectional area of front piston
Ar = cross-sectional area of rear piston
Lm =distance moved by effort
Lw = distance moved by output and
L = pedal leverage ratio = b/a
18.22
In a hydraulic single line braking system force on foot-pedal is 100 N, pedal
leverage ratio is 4, cross sectional area of master cylinder is 4 cm2, cross
sectional area of front pistons 20 cm2, cross sectional area of rear piston 5 cm2,
and distance moved by effort is 1 cm.
Calculate,
(a)Front-to-rear brake ratio,
(b)Percentage of front and rear braking,
(c)Total force ratio,
(d)Distance moved by output,
(e)Cylinder movement ratio, and
(f)Total movement ratio.