Lecture PDF

‫كلية الهندسة‬
Faculty of Engineering
Dr. Shaimaa Abd El-Hamid Kandil

Contact details: shaimaa.a.kandil@gmail.com
Lecture (3)
Switching Mode DC Power

Supplies
Dr. Shaimaa A. Kandil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

Switching Mode DC Power Supplies
Lecture Outlines
 Introduction.
 Types of DC Power Supplies.
 Applications of Switching Mode DC Power Supplies (SMPS).
 Switching Mode DC Power Supplies.
 Analysis of Fly- Back Converter.
 Analysis of Forward Converter.

Introduction
• DC power supplies are used to obtain a regulated DC voltage and supply
power to electrical and electronic components and systems.
• DC power supplies are isolated DC-DC converter (requires isolation

transformer).

Introduction
• DC power supplies are used to obtain a regulated DC voltage and supply
power to electrical and electronic components and systems.
• DC power supplies are isolated DC-DC converter (requires isolation

transformer).
Specification of power supplies ( Important requirements):
1) Isolation between the source and the load.
2) High efficiency.
3) Regulated output voltage within specified ripples in the output voltage and current.
4) Multi-outputs that are isolated from each other and differ in their voltage and current ratings.
5) Reduction of power supply size and weight.
6) The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) must be low for input and output waveforms for small filters.

Types of DC power supplies:
1) Linear (Conventional) DC Power Supply.
2) Switching Mode DC Power Supply (SMPS).
1) Linear (Conventional) DC Power Supply:
 Linear power supply consists of a main
50\60 Hz transformer, a rectifier circuit,

filter capacitor and stabilizing circuit
provided with a transistor.
The transformer: (low frequency transformer)
 provides electrical isolation between the input
and the output voltage.
 adjust the output in the desired voltage range.

 Rectifier: convert the AC input with

low frequency to DC voltage.
 Filter Capacitor: smooth the DC

output voltage of the rectifier circuit.
 Transistor: operate in active region where
its equivalent circuit is a variable resistance

depends on the base current, so the output
voltage is controlled by controlling the
voltage drop across the transistor.

Vo= Vd-VCE
 The transistor base current is controlled by comparing the feed back output signal with a reference
signal (desired value) which produce an error signal to drive the transistor and control VCE.

Disadvantages of linear DC power supply:
1) The transistor operates in its active
region, incurring a significant amount

of power loss. Therefore, the overall
efficiencies are Low (30 to 60 %).
2) The low frequency transformer is large
in size and weight compared to high

frequency transformers.
E=4.44 N φ f
1
𝜑 ∝
𝑓
Switching Mode DC Power Supplies (SMPS)

2) Switching Mode DC Power Supply:
AC input DC/AC
Low frequency Conversion
AC
High frequency
 The AC input with low frequency is rectified and smoothed.
 Switching unit inverter convert the unregulated DC voltage to AC voltage with high frequency to reduce the
size of output transformer.
 The AC voltage with high frequency is converted to DC regulated voltage.
 The output voltage controlled by comparing the feed back signal with a desired value, the PWM controller
drive the inverter circuit.

The major advantages of switching mode DC power supply over linear DC power supply:
1. Very high efficiency.
2. Smaller size and weight because of operating at high frequency.
3. Excellent isolation.
4. Excellent dynamic response.
5. Excellent price and performance ratio.
6. Reduce the need for filters.
7. Good constant voltage with changes of <1 to 2%.
Disadvantages of switching mode DC power supply:
1. More complex.
2. EMI problems, so proper measures must be taken to prevent EMI due to high frequency
switching.
Application of switching mode DC power supplies:
1. Voltage and current stabilizers for industry and laboratory.
2. Motor controls, actuators and battery charger
3. Film and slide projectors with a power level > 100 W.
4. Television, video equipment and AF power amplifier.

Types of switching mode DC power supplies :
1. Fly-back Converter
2. Forward Converter
3. Push -Pull Converter
4. Half- bridge Converter
5. Full-bridge Converter

Achieving galvanic isolation in DC/DC converters Using high frequency transformer
+ +
v1 v2
- -
N1:N2
vin
Circuit in steady-state
Transformer models
Model 1 Model 2
Ll1 Ll2
Lm1
Lm1
N1:N2
N1:N2 N1:N2
Model 2:
Model 1: Model 3:
Magnetic transformer with
Circuit Theory Magnetic transformer
perfect coupling
element with real coupling
At least the magnetizing inductance must be taken into account analyzing DC/DC converters

Achieving galvanic isolation in DC/DC converters Using high frequency transformer
Where must we place the transformer?
Lm1
N1:N2
In a place where the average
voltage is zero
iin iO
vS
+ - + +
vD RL vO
vin - -
S D
DC/DC converter

Transformer operation:
Lm1
N1:N2
Dot coil Coil dot
Lm1
N1:N2
Coil dot Dot coil

Transformer turns Ratio:
+ + V1 N1
V1 V2 
- - V2 N 2
N1:N2
+ +
V1 N1
V1 V2
-

- V2 N2
N1:N2
+ + V1 N
V1 V2  1
- - V2 N2
N1:N2
+ + V1 N1
V1 V2 
- - V2 N 2
N1:N2
1- Fly back Converter (Derived from Buck-Boost ):
The working of this converter is similar to the buck-boost converter of the non-isolating category. The only difference is
that it uses a transformer to store energy instead of an inductor in the circuit.
D
C - - There is a place with average
S vO
RL voltage equal to zero: the inductor
vin Buck-Boost + +
L
Inductor and transformer integrated into

only one magnetic device (two-winding
inductor)
D - -
S RL vO
vin Lm1 C + +
L
N1:N2
S on D on
D - -
S vO
vin L C + RL
+
N1:N2
Dot coil Coil dot
D
S vO
vin Buck-Boost + +
L

inductor)
D - -
S RL vO
vin Lm1 C + +
L
N1:N2
S off D off
D - -
S vO
vin L C + RL
+
Coil dot N1:N2 Dot coil

D
S vO
vin Buck-Boost + +
L

inductor)
D - -
S RL vO
vin Lm1 C + +
L
N1:N2
D
D - -
S vO
vin L C + RL
+
N1:N2
D + +
S vO
vin L C RL
- -
N1:N2
Switch is turned on (closed) Switch is turned off (opened)
D + + S D + +
S vO vO
vin L C RL vin L C RL
- - - -
N1:N2 N1:N2 Dot coil
Dot coil Coil dot Coil dot
 The supply energy moved and stored in the  The stored energy in the magnetizing inductance
magnetizing inductance of transformer. transformed to charge the capacitor and feed the
load.
 The diode is reversed
 The capacitor discharging to feed the load.

Waveforms:
1- Fly back Converter (Derived from Buck-Boost ): Vin
Control signal t
D + +
S vO
vin L C RL tON tOFF t
- - iL IMax T
Imin
N1:N2 Imin
t
Switch is turned on (closed) VL
Vin Vin
- vD + + + t
+
S vL RL vO i D
vin L C -
- -
VD t
N1:N2 Vo+Vin* (N2/N1) Vo+Vin* (N2/N1)
Dot coil Coil dot
t
V L  Vin is  iL
is IMax
Imin
Imin
iD  0 t
Vs  0
N2
VD  Vo  Vi n * Vs
N1
t
Waveforms:
Control signal t
D + +
S vO
- - iL IMax T
Imin
N1:N2 Imin
t
VL
Vin Vin
t
iD
VD t
Vo+Vin* (N2/N1) Vo+Vin* (N2/N1)
t
is IMax
Imin Imin
Vs
t
Waveforms:
Control signal t
D + +
S vO
- - iL IMax T
Imin
N1:N2 Imin
Switch is turned off (opened) t

VL
Vin Vin
+ vs -
-Vo * (N1/N2) t
S + D + +
Imax * (N1/N2)
vL RL vO iD Imin* (N1/N2)
vin L C -
- -
VD t
Vo+Vin* (N2/N1) Vo+Vin* (N2/N1)
Coil dot N1:N2 Dot coil
t
is IMax
N
V L   Vo  1 VD  0 Imin Imin
N2
is  0 t
N1
iD  iL * N  Vs
N2 VS  Vin  Vo  1  Vin+Vo* (N1/N2)
 N2  t
Calculation:
VL
Output Voltage:
Vin Vin
Average voltage of inductor VL=0 -Vo* (N1/N2) t
tON tOFF
 
Vin  t on N
 Vo  1  t off
 N2 
0  D  0.5 Vo  Vin Step down converter

   N2 
Vo    t on 
 N
 Vin 
 t off  1  0.5  D  1 Vo  Vin Step up converter
D  0.5 Vo  Vin
D N
Vo  Vin  2
(1  D ) N1
The Converter is step up/ down converter

N1:N2 D
+ +
L1 L2 C - RL vO
-
 Very simple topology
 Step up/ down DC power supply
vin
 Useful for low-power, low-cost converters
S
Therefore, the result is the same as Buck-Boost converter with switching voltage rating as:
 vSmax = Vin + VO (N1/N2)
 vDmax = Vin(N2/N1) + VO

Example (1): 10 A
N1:N2 iD D
+
A fly back converter shown in the figure, the + + +
V1 RL 5V
duty ratio is 0.4 at minimum input voltage. - - C -
-
Determine: Vin=150 to
250 V +
i. The transformer turns ratio. S Vs
-
ii. The operating duty ratio at maximum input voltage.
iii. The average values of diode voltage at minimum input voltage.
iv. Sketch the waveforms of V1, is, VL, Vs and VD.
Given : Solution
Vin(min)=150 v i. The transformer turns ratio.
Vin(Max)=250 v D N N2
Vo  Vin  2  0.05
Vo= 5 v (1  D ) N1 N1
Io= 10 A 0.4 N
5 (150)  2
DMax (at min Vin)= 0.4 (1  0.4) N1

Example (1): 10 A
N1:N2 iD D
+
V1 RL 5V
-
250 V +
-
Given : Solution
Vin(min)=150 v ii. The operating duty ratio.
Vin(Max)=250 v At Vin=250 V
Vo= 5 v D N Dmin  0.286
Vo  Vin  2
Io= 10 A (1  D ) N1
Dmax (at min Vin)= 0.4 Dmin

5 ( 250)  0.05
(1  Dmin )
Example (1): 10 A
N1:N2 iD D
+
V1 RL 5V
-
250 V +
-
Given : Solution
Vin(min)=150 v iii. The average value of diode voltage at minimum input voltage.
Vin(Max)=250 v  N 
At Vin=150 V VD  Vo  Vin  2   D
Vo= 5 v   N1 
 N  t on VD  5  150 * 0.05  0.4
Io= 10 A VD  Vo  Vin  2  
  N1  T
Dmax (at min Vin)= 0.4
V D  5V
Types of switching mode DC power supplies :
1. Fly-back Converter
2. Forward Converter
3. Push -Pull Converter
4. Half- bridge Converter
5. Full-bridge Converter

Achieving a step down converter with isolation (Step down DC power supply):
The working of this converter is similar to the buck converter of the non-isolating category using an isolating
transformer:
L + + No place with average voltage

S vO equal to zero
vin C - RL
D -
Buck
New node with zero average voltage
L + +
S RL vO
vin C - -
D
S on D2
N1:N2
L + +
S RL vO
vin Lm1 C - -
D1
Dot coil Coil dot
Achieving a step down converter with isolation (Step down DC power supply):
The working of this converter is similar to the buck converter of the non-isolating category using an isolating
transformer:
L + + No place with average voltage

S vO equal to zero
vin C - RL
D -
Buck
New node with zero average voltage
L + +
S RL vO
vin C - -
D
It does not work!!

S off D2 Inductance Lm1 can not discharge
N1:N2
L + +
S RL vO
vg Lm1 C - -
D1
Coil dot Dot coil
2- Forward Converter (Derived from Buck): Practical forward Converter
N1:N3:N2 D2
L + +
D1 RL vO
C - -
Lm1
vin A circuit to a apply a given DC

S D3 voltage across Lm1 when S is off

N1:N3:N2 D2
L + +
D1 RL vO
C - -
Lm1

Switch is turned on (closed)

N1:N3:N2 D2
L + +  The supply energy moved and stored in the
vO
Lm1
D1 C - RL - magnetizing inductance of transformer.
vin Coil dot  The energy transferred from the primary to

S the secondary side to charge the inductor L
D3
and the capacitor (C)and feed the load.
Dot coil Coil dot

N1:N3:N2 D2
L + +
D1 RL vO
C - -
Lm1

Switch is turned off (opened)

N1:N3:N2 D2
L  The stored energy in the inductance (L)
+ +
vO transformed to feed the load.
Lm1
D1 C - RL -
vin Dot coil

S
D3
Coil dot Dot coil

2- Forward Converter (Derived from Buck): Waveforms:
Vin
N1:N3:N2 + vL -
+ D2 + L + + t
vLm1 vD vO Control signal
D1 C - RL -
- Lm1 - tON tOFF t
vin iLm IMax

Coil dot Imin
S Imin
D3
t
Dot coil Coil dot VLm1
Vin Vin
VD1 t
V Lm1  Vin
Vin* (N2/N1) Vin* (N2/N1)
N2 t
V D1  Vi n * iL
N1
Imax(S)
Imin(s)
N Imin(S)
V L  Vi n * 2  Vo
N1 VL t
Vin* (N2/N1)-Vo Vin* (N2/N1)-Vo

t

2- Forward Converter (Derived from Buck): Waveforms:
Vin
N1:N3:N2
D2 + vL -
+ L + +
+ Control signal t
vLm1 vD D1 C - RL -vO
- Lm1 - tON tOFF t
Dot coil
-
vin iLm IMax
Imin
S Imin
D3
t
Coil dot Dot coil VLm1
Vin Vin
-Vin* (N1/N3)
VD1 t
N1
V Lm1  Vin  Vin* (N2/N1)
N3 Vin* (N2/N1)
t
V D1  0 iL
Imax(S)
Imin(s)
Imin(S)
V L  Vo
VL t

-Vo t

2- Forward Converter (Derived from Buck):
Calculation:
Output Voltage: VL

Average voltage of inductor VL=0
-Vo t
  tON tOFF
Vin  2  Vo  t on  Vo  t off
N
 N1 
 N 
Vin  2  t on  Vo  t off  Vo  t on Vo  D Vin 
N2
 N1  N1
 N 
Vin  2  t on  Vo  t off  t on  0  D 1 Vo  Vin
 N1 
The Converter is step down converter
 
Vo    t on   N 2  Vin 
 T   N1 

Example (2):
The forward converter shown in the opposite figure,
Vin= 30 V, N1= 10 turns, N2= 5 turns, N3= 10 turns, the
switching frequency fs= 200 KHz, the output voltage is
regulated such that Vo=5 V, If the output filter inductance
L=50 μH and C=200 μF, the output load is 25 W.
i. Calculate the duty ratio.

ii. The average values of diode (D1) voltage.
iii. Sketch V1, VL, iL, iLm1, iin and iD3, then calculate V1, IL and Iin.
iv. If the maximum duty ratio is increased to 0.7, calculate N2/N1 and N3/N2.
v. What is the importance of D2 and D3 in this circuit?
Solution
Report
(due date: the next lecture)

See you the next lecture …….

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‫كلية الهندسة‬

Dr. Shaimaa Abd El-Hamid Kandil

Switching Mode DC Power

Dr. Shaimaa A. Kandil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

 Types of DC Power Supplies.

 Applications of Switching Mode DC Power Supplies (SMPS).

 Switching Mode DC Power Supplies.

 Analysis of Fly- Back Converter.

 Analysis of Forward Converter.

• DC power supplies are isolated DC-DC converter (requires isolation

Dr. Shaimaa A. Kandil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4

• DC power supplies are isolated DC-DC converter (requires isolation

Specification of power supplies ( Important requirements):

1) Isolation between the source and the load.

5) Reduction of power supply size and weight.

Dr. Shaimaa A. Kandil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5

2) Switching Mode DC Power Supply (SMPS).

1) Linear (Conventional) DC Power Supply:

 Linear power supply consists of a main

50\60 Hz transformer, a rectifier circuit,

The transformer: (low frequency transformer)

 provides electrical isolation between the input

and the output voltage.

 adjust the output in the desired voltage range.

Dr. Shaimaa A. Kandil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

2) Switching Mode DC Power Supply (SMPS).

1) Linear (Conventional) DC Power Supply:

 Rectifier: convert the AC input with

 Filter Capacitor: smooth the DC

 Transistor: operate in active region where

its equivalent circuit is a variable resistance

Dr. Shaimaa A. Kandil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7

2) Switching Mode DC Power Supply (SMPS).

1) Linear (Conventional) DC Power Supply:

Dr. Shaimaa A. Kandil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

2) Switching Mode DC Power Supply (SMPS).

1) Linear (Conventional) DC Power Supply:

Disadvantages of linear DC power supply:

1) The transistor operates in its active

region, incurring a significant amount

2) The low frequency transformer is large

in size and weight compared to high

Dr. Shaimaa A. Kandil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

Low frequency Conversion

 The AC input with low frequency is rectified and smoothed.

size of output transformer.

 The AC voltage with high frequency is converted to DC regulated voltage.

drive the inverter circuit.

Dr. Shaimaa A. Kandil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11

1. Very high efficiency.

2. Smaller size and weight because of operating at high frequency.

4. Excellent dynamic response.

5. Excellent price and performance ratio.

6. Reduce the need for filters.

7. Good constant voltage with changes of <1 to 2%.

Disadvantages of switching mode DC power supply:

Application of switching mode DC power supplies:

1. Voltage and current stabilizers for industry and laboratory.

2. Motor controls, actuators and battery charger

3. Film and slide projectors with a power level > 100 W.

4. Television, video equipment and AF power amplifier.

Dr. Shaimaa A. Kandil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13