The CLUP should be created initially since it serves as the foundation or long-term guidance

for all other LGU plans.

So, when locality's vision and mission is created, the CLUP should be based on the
government's general physical planning objectives as expressed in higher-level plans, such,

 to ensure public accessibility

 to access social services and work possibilities.
 to encourage the sustainable use of resources,
 to maintain the environmental balance.
The four general land use policy areas of populations, infrastructure, productive areas, and
protected areas, respectively, are represented by these objectives.
The following five sets of activities are included in the CLUP development process:
1) trying to balance the demand and supply of land for urban growth in the future.
2) creation and analysis of new urban or alternate useful guide.
3) analyzing the options and choosing the most appropriate approach.
4) specifying the ideal urban shape; and
5) developing the basis for land and water use policies.
5.1 DEMAND-SUPPLY BALANCING
Land as a resource is finite while the population continues to grow. Because every individual
added to the population requires additional space for living, space for making a living, and
space for infrastructure support, the built environment increases in size while the unbuilt
environment is correspondingly reduced.
The purpose of demand-supply balancing is to determine whether there is adequate
supply of land to meet the projected demand for urban development or the built environment.
This activity consists of three steps:
1) projection of future demand for urban land,
2) assessment of land supply, and
3) matching the demand with available supply.
5.1.1 Projection of Future Demand
The calculation of how much land will be needed for future urban development or urban
expansion is usually based on the projected size of the population using certain assumptions of
person-land ratio or population density. These per capita space requirements are often supplied
by planning guidelines but blind adherence to standards fails to address the peculiarities of
specific areas. At any rate, a few selected methods may be helpful as described below.
a. FAO Urban Land Distribution Formula
For less urbanized areas it is quite convenient to use the formula developed by
the Food and Agriculture Organization. The FAO came up with a range of distribution
of the various urban land uses for every 1,000 urban population.
The FAO formula is used for determining total demand for urban land. It may not
be used as the standard allocation requirement for any specific urban land use.
b. Urban Density Method
 The urban density method requires the use of time-series aerial photographs or
urban land use maps covering at least two time periods. From the photo/map get the
ratio of the urban built up area to the total area of the LGU for each year or period
c. Special Studies
A third and probably the most accurate method of determining the demand for
urban land as suggested by Chapin (1965) is to conduct special studies to derive the
projection figures from field surveys of firms, institutions, and households.
5.1.2 Assessment of Supply of Urban Land
The assessment of supply of buildable land can be performed by working out a simple
accounting table that nets out from the total land area of the LGU those lands that ought not to
be built over, as shown in Box 10
Estimation of Supply of Urban Land

b. Sieve Mapping
 Sieve mapping to determine the location of suitable areas for urban expansion is the
graphical equivalent of the land supply accounting in the previous section. While the land
supply accounting considers the quantity of lands available for urban development by
netting out areas that are not available,
 sieve mapping also screens out of consideration those areas that ought not to be built
over due to various types of constraints such as physical or environmental (e.g., flood
prone areas) and political or legal (e.g. protected areas).
 Sieve mapping is a necessary support to the land accounting procedure because some
of the areas that are not suitable may overlap and are counted twice or many times over.
5.1.3 Matching Demand with Supply
 The matching of demand with supply results in either of two scenarios: that an adequate
supply or an excess over requirements exists, or that a deficit situation obtains.
a. Infilling – putting to use in-lying vacant or idle lands within the built-up envelope.
Assessing how much land can be added to the supply by in-filling requires the
conduct of a vacant land survey
b. Densification – increasing density of buildings per land surface area as indicated by
the floor-area ratio (FAR), and/or increasing the occupancy rate of existing multi-
storey structures.
c. Urban renewal/redevelopment – conversion of slums and blighted areas from one-
storey makeshift dwellings to permanent medium-rise walk-up apartments easily
increases residential density.
d. Reclamation – producing new urban land by filling or draining portions of a
lakeshore, seashore, and similar waterfront areas, provided the resulting alternation
of natural ecosystems will not result in serious ecological imbalance, is a supply-
augmentation scheme worth considering.
e. Agricultural land conversion – should be limited to agricultural lands with relatively
low suitability for cultivation to major food or cash crops. These areas are designated
by the BSWM as “conditionally restricted” areas for conversion. Agricultural lands
designated as “highly restricted” however should be considered “no touch” or non-
negotiable areas
Number of demand management strategies can be considered as well such as:
a. Improved rural services
b. Opening alternative growth centers
c. Relocation or resettlement
5.2 SPATIAL STRATEGIES GENERATION
 This step in the process explores various alternative spatial patterns or urban forms that
will serve as framework or guide for detailed allocation of space and location of various
activities and facilities.
 From these alternatives, one pattern or a combination of several patterns will be chosen
and put in final form to become the organizing concept for the long-term physical
 development of the locality. It is expected that the selected alternative will best provide
the conditions necessary to attain the long-term development goals.
5.2.1 Designing Alternative Urban Forms
This activity demands the ability to see reality in the abstract, to recognize trends and
patterns and to discern their implications, positive or negative, for the future. In short, the
planner, to be able to undertake this activity should have a formal education in planning or at
least a familiarity with planning literature.
In general, two scenarios are considered: the base plan or “do nothing” and the
development scenarios. Either scenario can have any number of variations.
a. The Base Plan or “Do Nothing” Scenario
In general, two scenarios are considered: the base plan or “do nothing” and the
development scenarios. Either scenario can have any number of variations.
Some activities that will aid in this exercise are suggested below.
1) Analyze the existing spatial pattern from the General Land Use Map.
2) Check the direction of spontaneous growth against the identified physical and policy
constraints to urban expansion as determined in Sec. 5.2.1 above. If the direction of growth is
toward constrained or protected areas, then consider alternatives
3) Check also whether the urban expansion areas are within the existing urban services
envelope, i.e. the areas being served by piped water distribution systems; areas covered by
electric power services; areas within solid waste and waste water collection systems; areas with
telephone lines available; and so on.
b. Alternatives to the Base Plan
Table 5.1. URBAN FORM STEREOTYPES
5.2.2 Characterizing the Urban Form
In characterizing the urban forms generated, answer at least two questions: a) What
does it take to realize this urban form? and b) What are the implications to the town/city if this
urban form is realized?
5.3 EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVES
The purpose of technical evaluation is to provide a sound basis for making rational choice.
Evaluation is primarily the planner’s task. Selection is the prerogative of political officials and the
citizens at large. But both evaluation and selection can be undertaken through a broad
participatory process with a properly designed methodology.
5.3.1 The Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) The most common method is cost-benefit analysis
(CBA). This method requires quantification, that is, everything must be expressed in money
terms.
1) Define the alternative spatial strategies which are under consideration.
2) Estimate the cost of the programs and projects, that is, the value of the capital investments
and operating resources required to realize each alternative strategy.
3) Define the benefits from the investment, and put a value to these benefits by methods
appropriate to their nature. To avoid inflating the benefits, exclude those which would emerge
even without the investment.
4) Distinguish between real benefits and costs from those that are transfers. Real benefits and
costs are those resulting in gain or loss to the community as a whole. Transfers are those gains
or losses to some sections of the community but which will be cancelled out by corresponding
gains and losses to other sections.
5) Relate real benefits to costs by an appropriate criterion (e.g. rate of return) which needs to be
carefully selected according to the circumstances, to indicate the course which shows the best
value for money.
5.3.2 Planning Balance Sheet (PBS)
The PBS attempts to present not only the tangible costs and benefits but also the intangible and
unmeasured costs and benefits for different affected groups. PBS divides the affected groups
into producers/operators and consumers/users. It is not necessary to express all costs and
benefits in money terms.
5.3.3 Goal-Achievement Matrix (GAM)
This method is highly participatory. It allows various sectors of the community to express their
bias through the weighting of each objective according to their perception of its relative
importance to their sector.
The summary is then presented for adoption by whoever has the mandate to officially select or
adopt the preferred alternative such as the Local Development Council or the Local Legislative
Council
5.4 DETAILING OF SELECTED ALTERNATIVE
After the desired spatial strategy has been chosen, the CLUP will now be put in final form. The
output will be a revised map showing the various existing and proposed land/water uses and
their preferred locations. The completed output is a written report of which the map forms a part.
In detailing the chosen strategy, the location of the following land/water uses will be shown in
the CLUP map. Policy recommendations are made for each use type, consistent with the four
general land use policy areas of settlements, production, protected areas, and infrastructure
support areas as described in Chapter 2 above.
5.4.1 Settlement Areas
a. The Town Center
The town center is the most important element of the city/municipality’s spatial structure.
It is the nerve center of the social and political life of the town. It is the place where the most
important functions are located and from where city/municipal-level services are provided.
B. The Residential Pattern
In practice, the residential pattern is the outcome of the aggregate of decisions of estate
developers. This sometimes gives rise to undesirable consequences.
4.4.2 Production Areas
Production areas, or the space for making a living, are those taken up by commercial,
office, industrial, agricultural, tourism and similar activities. Some production areas are located
within the built environment, e.g. commercial, office, and certain types of industrial activities.
Other production activities take place in the unbuilt environment such as agriculture, mining and
quarrying, and some forms of tourism.
a. Commercial Areas
b. Industrial Areas
c. c. Agricultural and Other Resource Extraction Areas
d. d. Tourism Areas
5.4.3 Infrastructure Areas
Infrastructure areas provide a vital link between and among the different land use areas as well
as support the activities for living and those for making a living. Conceptually, infrastructures
that support the former are classified as social infrastructure while those that support the latter
are known as economic infrastructures.
The main infrastructure components and their locational peculiarities are discussed below.
a. Circulation System
at least three types of circulation sub-systems that must be planned:
1) Thru Traffic
2) Poblacion-Barrio Traffic
3) Internal Circulation in the Poblacion
b. Other Major Infrastructures and Urban Services
In addition to transport networks, other infrastructures and urban services that have to be
properly located are waterworks (especially water source), treatment and disposal of
sewage and garbage, power plant or power distribution substation, oil or gas depot, and
flood control. Each of these must be carefully located because of their potential to pollute
the environment or their susceptibility to pollution themselves. Some of these facilities also
pose great risks to the life and limb of affected residents.
1.) Domestic Water Sources
2.) Sewage Disposal -. Refer to specific provisions of the Clean Water Act (RA 9275).
3.) Garbage Dump or Sanitary Landfill - Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA
9003)
4.) Power Sources - Clean Air Act (RA 8749) for specific provisions applicable to LGUs.
5.) Flood Control and Drainage
6.) Social Service Facilities
5.4.4 Open Space and Preservation Areas
A system of functional open spaces is an important element of the CLUP. Functional open
spaces are areas that are deliberately kept in their open character for their contribution toward
maintaining the amenity value of the environment
5.5 FORMULATING THE LAND AND WATER USE POLICY FRAMEWORK
The final step in the CLUP preparation process is to formulate the specific land use policies for
each of the areas covered by the detailed land use plan/map. This will aid in the translation of
the CLUP into the zoning ordinance. For consistency, the four general land use categories of
settlements, production, infrastructure and protected areas should be maintained.

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