Blinplosweg 1.89 AC: Fundamentals Arc: means alternating Electrica) supply used fox Commend a} and domestic pusposes is eHexnating i-e-ac. h AD alternating tuvrent is dhe current cohich changes 45 maqn}— tude and direction tott: Ee t tie | _|_ Current incytases in magiitude in one direction _attaing _masiimum | and Stawts decreasing passing dhwough Zer ip Inereaces, \o | Opposite _disection w behaves Sitaaly - 4 _Definations: i — |_Anstantaneous value + The Value of an atornating quantity at a _pesticalay ‘instant is __ Known 45 48 instantaneous Value . 4] 8] KlavePorm: The graph of instantaneous values of a altering J cyoe: A set oF positive and negative half cyte. of the alter paling quantity ‘is called eyde « _ay i | 2 Time period eT)" [by CT) seconds _Ghe time taken by an alternading quantity to_complete UIs “one cycle 1s Kenomo as its time period. 14 is denoted Frequ Joe no- of cycles complete bp ay _auresnating quantity per setond "16 known a5 ‘ibs = ~ frequene TAS denoted by “#! and ‘-measused “19 ‘iyles] Second avich known 08 feste- 71 | pmlitedes ae The marioun Value “attained _ by ao aviernading , guaetly oj __ positive or negative halt cycle 1S cated its amplitude: __| apis denoted 97 br or Lins |CYdes/ ge cond) - Argatare velocity (tds —_— : rth Frequency expecsed 1 _elechiea| vactlansg pew _ _sttonds AS one Cycle of an _Urernating | quenity corresponds fo an wadians she anquiay =o can be erpressed 95 C2T X ris | denoted by Sw! Bits Use is radians) sec3] I RMS LC Root mean al valye: fhe effective ov YMs Value oF aD alternating “quantity current is _qiven toy the alive cavrent eobich, when Flowing Hroygh a given eiveulf for a given Hoe, produces the Sane | @mount of heat as _preduced by dhe _atternating uavent wbiicb | toben Flocoing Hovough the same acubt for same time. QGet iets = tet 0 Vams= A Viet wet a - - n ‘Tims = | Time 2 * || = Iw ; oe vou [eves = 0 Je7 Im] [wees = 0: 707M | | Average Value: ee - - he average value of Qn alternasing quantity 1s Aegined las drat velue colich is obtained by ayeraqing atl the \nsientancous Walues ower a pesed of half _cycte+ tov = iting tat = oF nVay = Vytvs tyst = -- My n Stas espa f Wav = OG. 637 Ym fp 16] Foun Fador (er): ___The ratio of Rms value to avg syalue- oa NMS Value average value fe — — | ge = O07 FM 4 as 0° 637 Try M4] | peak Faster CED Oo tt TS defined as ato Of marumun Value to tm< vabue Peak factor = Kp = Max vaue Ams vaiuei | Conceph of in phase : The two ac voltages are said fo be “in phase if he phase diffesenve bepwmeen anew} equal te zero: ut the mous have Same freq uenty » ____Theg atta _vaiues such AS zero, positive monimun 9 nesptive “manimum Simultaneously: Phasor dia > VB NA Es | Concept oF out of phase: a Ae Lorcept of out of phase: a She two ac _quanfites q same fequeney cre Said fo be ous of those Ff ach Other if she phase difFevene between them is 180" ov A i - VAR Oe “buf a fhase oO -— : _ - bee TT phasoediats OO —}oe Numesicals : — TF Ve 100 simsint 96 supply 35 available Find i) maxing valve i) Time pevied i) Frequency W) AME value v) Average Valye > Given v= (00 sin saat _ _ — A _ Jeezsee) S - 0: T07K 100 =| 7° 7V _ - iy Vang = 0 INm= 0° 637X A00 = [ear | *] A sotiage coove is enmessed Yan equation @= 505 sInauuts | Find frequency and ons vate. — > es 325 sin aiat : Des? Wi) evmse > 1 a — — | Em= aosy _ aed [eo a . oe DFS © © ay — [sor] : ee anW) Exms= 0:767 em <0 707 R395 aoe Bl Foy a Va 282-9 sin HE FE Supply In dhe Labovatoy. Find Rms value ih) pent vatue ii) Frequeney iy) Time pevied 77 | N 5282-8 SiN SMU - - _ _ im= @ Vams= 2 _ 7 oe - - - —_ — Ts 2 oo Comparing N= 282-9 sip MYL v= Ym sinwt Yo [vm 222-av i) Vxms= 0:'707x¥m = 0 70TX AXE [ins = 194-9] “Le dhe Lime is given by quake = 25sin art cobat ys ILS _ |Lampfitude frequeny, and time pesiod. || 2= 26 Sindh b em= 2 Semen? iadComparing @= Q5Si0 Styt — a C= eMsinwt - Laren} _ _ _ - > i) Time period = 4. [p-of see] — so Doe ea a fe 0-08 el 3 n = >| A\> | opxtm= o7o7xy= | 2-82av| <= S a p S ~_E) pare resistance ‘in Asc: caved €R): _l _ . The AC voltege Ve Ym smot is applied to a pure resistive chreut R — carl _ _ | f L—_@ a) drut dias - i _ _ VEVMOSinwot _ os - — 2 - Vio se! ye ven snot I - A recount davon 'R! | Lo -_ §) Waye forrn | Ve Vm sintoh 5 quations C= Tmsinat : _ - { _ - - : : 4d) phase diq i or a rt Vv Mollaqe and Current arCinghase . pedance : 2s n= RIK 7 Bud lo fund 1 wetishve Ce seactive post | is zen \e Re ©purely purely “tnduetive Ast: Civewdt CL): Nmsinot 8) equasion s ; || cs tn ae a The ac Volteqe ve “Vin Soto \o applied) toy to pure boductance “Ur The pure “inductive 6) have eero Resi sren© Wavefore oe — 4) hose diag vara, — | — =3¢ oe | — se V teads fos by ac” | Snducfive Reartence Cx)? oS Ibis define she inductive weactance Is he oppesition dhe | floc of aesnating wivent offered) by ~an ‘inductee: Somer VX Impedantes = 2= Rt SxrAb AG woltage N= Vm sot 15 “applied 40 pov capacitive Civewt Hes ce Dns depo| Capaddive reactance CXO + Oo Xe 4 4 co) ue anh "che capatitive weaciance fe defined a8 the opposition | offered by @ capacitor to dhe FLOM of Current | impedance ; 2eRHiXe | an) | A: Ce Sengjeg cieuwt RL Sesies cult : ee : Consider the civeutt eentaining mesistae [Rand “Indu cqante TL connected acmoss ae. Supply = Vin Sinustt —_WeWmsinust - - - NR in _phase aid, and VL. feads She I by go® __ Moltage triangleMs = ioe II - | _ | _ Power & p= NT Cosh _ _ _ fotoes triangle % 7 _ _ — EEE - _preduth oF vms value oF Notege ty’) and umventCE), {| Appowent power 5) = VE | VA oF kVA| Real potoer] Active power] ree power TOY | The average power Cpay) taken by “deewi} is. 5 called) vse) | Real f acsive — patoar- y Reacgive powoere@’ TH 1S product oF Wolteme CM) and current CE) and Sine_g angie beh Vand Eo considex Circuit Containing eresistane “2! b capadtance R c - Ve Vip Snot - _ Connected _acwoss OC: supply & =Nrm sinatt « -nae [cra $ cXe> - Ve crypt owas ~ ; [ve 32 a a | Impedance (2): z= y Rett L Tmpedance triangle + ; wees— _Vtvetrene) Current teads fo Neliage by p - Powes: a be 7 “vecsg _ oe a R-L-C Sewies _errewit : consider a “arewh containing Resistance CRI, Inductance ct) cand capadtenre (OD are cponecteel MN Sexies ad voltage en is applied VvSupply and _tevvent» _eqleck she sesisi@nre OF the Yeaetoy =>) Given: Ve2eov | ow Ly Pt carey T OL A02 + CAKTRSOM UL | Bo | 7 MS = Or + C400 _ 106 4 Aooml., 1oonL. 56 A0oT a A capa HIVE yeactance OF AL is comected iy series whi 4 | mesisame OF GS-2 ae Senres aired 5 iS eovmec#ed tress zoey, a suppl} Fad }) eapadifene (0 i) _tmped ancecz) [i sworn (DP ve ve Woosh oe _ - : -——_L — oe kes ae es lye - Nerrwer ed Dass a = 9 25x 6 = NSC25N _ | YQ = re | || ves KE = enasay sPaasv] WY wxp = BE 078 Cleary) = —WeVvmsnutt | fondivion 4 : _XLY KC mS MLO xe then Mollage drop _AMeSS XL_1s greater snan that anoss Xc- sence VLXVe | Vo= vatve tve D phos diva oy yottage Nit and ve 40° our of phoye Triangle Xb> KeSlap a Pere OED : yen [ero — L We rez tondition 2: XL exe ate Mle xc ben VOrMe, bet ve and Ve ave in phase opprittion >. resaltoot © (Vee) Cie) tye“) | | ee _ Noitoqe Aang: From Voltage triangle - —Tyas : Condition 3 x thenefrre VE EVE _ he Vt and VC ane equa) but they Ore 180° our OF phase . “They Will _Cance) each oler f _rerattent with be zero. Bi - ~ wl-vG 50 xp Venu 6 a MEVR = ER _ - _ - | Nene whe 22R | _ we a Lmpedance » ze Ati CxL-xK) i _ ___ | { _ _ Power: : - 7 | Pave vrcos watt a = a - —_| — _ - {|A Numevicds: 7 “th A_reatter having negtiginic sesisiene ancl an ‘induttane o¢ | OUH connected jo seviey with gq veristor of 452) The crecuit LAs amneyed _aqeaoss 4 230, 5°H2, Single phase ac supply: find i) gH) pee Coos) WD we? WR? ez | Give: 2 = Ri La oad | R= ASO | € = S0H2 ,N = 230¥ tt — — xL= omfl = 2DMUKSOAG-4 = 91-43 N =Vrorxe = J ase+ Caeny Zz ee » I= NO 2300 ts 4, 80 — [DA Coss) = RS ny (Regains) I -_ _ 2 BY 83 ‘W vee IR 2 box 46 = __A Don- inductive lod fakes O08 ah: metesd Qooy, Caltulan te the inductance of dhe seattoy fs be connected im sesies I in order shat Same tuvvent be Supplied fron azo, SOND __|| thane. ASD cletermne she phase angie Wetween she 220V/BT capaitor of capatitante 14:-Sulh is comecred in senies supply. Find G) 2 HD £ Th) Wy) Aah Her inclorsamtous value > qvens a a Ca79 SUF R= S00 anre ANN SOK7S-SK10- 6 ze [Ret Ke = YP s0t thor e [bo-2-] Nv Zz 56 b= tal xc tes! wo _ |s3t Ty) C= tmsiowt rms EXO SH yo = aro | [fm 2 p-32A = i . _ ee _ a Wank = aMkSO= 314 7— = 5. A 230%, SoH? ae sapply. “is applied to 9 ceil oF cosy —} ee And 2.5 redisrence connected ‘Wn Series coith- (0 G8UF capaitor caieuete ') 2 i) FH) p ND tsp 7 Pp > gen R= as So SL 0064 po ce OSE ee N=230V 4 - _ _ “XL = AMeL= ane 50% o- 06= A885 Oo _ 4 = 463 TX 50KS BITE z= Vereen? ee fast taney es aoe — | WM re 23000 0-57 | 7 fe 2 Ang Wg = tal Gte-xt) . C468— 19:39) _ KR 2s [ = sa-7" | - | a -Ww) ash a) a5 lo. 5 rv Oost F y) = vT cos = 230% 0512 406057 P = O656W. al x