CHAPTER H2

Europe 1815-1848
From restorations to revolutions
Allegorical depiction of
The ‘Holy Alliance’

From the left: Alexander I

of Russia, Franz I of Austria
and Friedrich Wilhelm III
of Prussia.
Copperplate engraving,
1815
The Universal,
Democratic and
Social Republic -
The Pact

Lithograph by F.
Sorrieu, 1848
I. How were monarchies consolidated in Europe?
I. How were monarchies consolidated in Europe?

A. Congress of Vienna: princes against nations

The Indigestible Pie
Caricature of the Congress of Vienna, 1815
 King of Prussia Emperor of Russia

Emperor of
Austria

Duke of
Wellington

Future King of France,

Louis XVIII
https://www.the-map-as-history.com/Europe-19th-Congress-of-Vienna/1814-1815

à Presentation “Congress of Vienna”

à Annotated Map
 Baltic Sea
North Sea

Atlantic Ocean

Black Sea

Mediterrenean Sea

❉
----
 Baltic Sea
North Sea
RUSSIAN EMPIRE

PRUSSIA

Atlantic Ocean

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
Black Sea
PAPAL
STATES

OTTOMAN EMPIRE
KINGDOM OF
Mediterrenean Sea TWO-SICILIES

❉
----
 Moscow

Baltic Sea
North Sea
RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Berlin
PRUSSIA

Atlantic Ocean Vienna

Budapest

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
Black Sea
PAPAL
STATES
Rome Istanbul
Naples
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
KINGDOM OF
Mediterrenean Sea TWO-SICILIES

❉
----
 Moscow

Baltic Sea
North Sea
RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Berlin
PRUSSIA

Atlantic Ocean Vienna

Budapest

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
Black Sea
PAPAL
STATES
Rome Istanbul
Naples
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
KINGDOM OF
Mediterrenean Sea TWO-SICILIES

❉
- ---
- Serbs
I. How were monarchies consolidated in Europe?
B. Changes in France
Charles X can no longer enter Paris.
He has spilled the blood of the
people. The republic would expose
us to dreadful divisions; it would
disconcert the rest of Europe.
The Duke of Orleans is a prince
devoted to the cause of the
Revolution. The Duke of Orleans has
never fought against us... The Duke of
Orleans is a citizen king. Only the
Duke of Orleans can still wear the
tricolor flag; we do not want any
others. The Duke of Orleans has
spoken; he accepts the Charter as
we always have wanted. He gets his
crown directly from the French
people.
Proclamation written by Adolphe Thiers and
François-Auguste Mignet,
posted in Paris on July 31, 1830.
Inhabitants of Paris!
The representatives of France, at this
moment gathered in Paris, expressed
the desire that I go to this capital to
carry out the functions of Lieutenant
General of the kingdom.
I did not hesitate to come and share
your dangers, to place myself in the
midst of your heroic population, and
to make every effort to save you
from the calamities of civil war and
anarchy.
When I return to the city of Paris, the
Chambers will meet and advise on
ways and means of ensuring the rule
of law and the maintenance of the
nation's rights. The Charter will now
become a reality.
Proclamation of Louis-Philippe,
posted in Paris on the evening of July 31, 1830.
T
H Authoritarianism of July Ordinances = a series of
E King Charles X decrees published in July 1830
limiting the people’s freedoms
J (eg reducing freedom of the
U press, reducing the number of
L deputies)
Y

R
E
V
O
L
U
T
I
O
N

I
N

F
R
A
N
C
E
Influence of French Authoritarianism of July Ordinances = a series of
Revolution & King Charles X decrees published in July 1830
revolutionary ideals limiting the people’s freedoms
(eg reducing freedom of the
press, reducing the number of
deputies)

Insurgents take
over the Louvre
and the Tuileries
palace
Influence of French Authoritarianism of July Ordinances = a series of
Revolution & King Charles X decrees published in July 1830
revolutionary ideals limiting the people’s freedoms
(eg reducing freedom of the
press, reducing the number of
deputies)

La Fayette, leader Insurgents take

of National Guard, over the Louvre Fights around Paris,
supports Philippe and the Tuileries King Charles refuses to
of Orleans palace remove his decrees
Influence of French Authoritarianism of July Ordinances = a series of
Revolution & King Charles X decrees published in July 1830
revolutionary ideals limiting the people’s freedoms
(eg reducing freedom of the
press, reducing the number of
deputies)

La Fayette, leader Insurgents take

of National Guard, over the Louvre Fights around Paris,
supports Philippe and the Tuileries King Charles refuses to
of Orleans palace remove his decrees

Philippe of End of the Charles X has to

Orleans “Restoration” abdicate and to go
becomes the period = into exile (dies
new King, Beginning of later in Britain)
under the the “July
name Louis- Monarchy”
Philippe Ier
Influence of French Authoritarianism of July Ordinances = a series of
Revolution & King Charles X decrees published in July 1830
revolutionary ideals limiting the people’s freedoms
(eg reducing freedom of the
press, reducing the number of
deputies)

La Fayette, leader Insurgents take

of National Guard, over the Louvre Fights around Paris,
supports Philippe and the Tuileries King Charles refuses to
of Orleans palace remove his decrees

Philippe of End of the Charles X has to

Orleans “Restoration” abdicate and to go
becomes the period = into exile (dies
new King, Beginning of later in Britain)
under the the “July
name Louis- Monarchy”
Philippe Ier
Influence of French Authoritarianism of July Ordinances = a series of
Revolution & King Charles X decrees published in July 1830
revolutionary ideals limiting the people’s freedoms
(eg reducing freedom of the
press, reducing the number of
deputies)

La Fayette, leader Insurgents take

of National Guard, over the Louvre Fights around Paris,
supports Philippe and the Tuileries King Charles refuses to
of Orleans palace remove his decrees

Philippe of End of the Charles X has to

Orleans “Restoration” abdicate and to go
becomes the period = into exile (dies
new King, Beginning of later in Britain)
under the the “July
name Louis- Monarchy”
Philippe Ier
Influence of French Authoritarianism of July Ordinances = a series of
Revolution & King Charles X decrees published in July 1830
revolutionary ideals limiting the people’s freedoms
(eg reducing freedom of the
press, reducing the number of
deputies)

La Fayette, leader Insurgents take

of National Guard, over the Louvre Fights around Paris,
supports Philippe and the Tuileries King Charles refuses to
of Orleans palace remove his decrees

Philippe of End of the Charles X has to

Orleans “Restoration” abdicate and to go
becomes the period = into exile (dies
new King, Beginning of later in Britain)
under the the “July
name Louis- Monarchy”
Philippe Ier
Influence of French Authoritarianism of July Ordinances = a series of
Revolution & King Charles X decrees published in July 1830
revolutionary ideals limiting the people’s freedoms
(eg reducing freedom of the
press, reducing the number of
deputies)

La Fayette, leader Insurgents take

of National Guard, over the Louvre Fights around Paris,
supports Philippe and the Tuileries King Charles refuses to
of Orleans palace remove his decrees

Philippe of End of the Charles X has to

Orleans “Restoration” abdicate and to go
becomes the period = into exile (dies
new King, Beginning of later in Britain)
under the the “July
name Louis- Monarchy”
Philippe Ier
 Influence of French Authoritarianism of July Ordinances = a series of
Revolution & King Charles X decrees published in July 1830
revolutionary ideals limiting the people’s freedoms
(eg reducing freedom of the
press, reducing the number of
deputies)

La Fayette, leader Insurgents take

of National Guard, over the Louvre Fights around Paris,
supports Philippe and the Tuileries King Charles refuses to
of Orleans palace remove his decrees

Philippe of End of the Charles X has to

Orleans “Restoration” abdicate and to go
becomes the period = into exile (dies
new King, Beginning of later in Britain)
under the the “July
name Louis- Monarchy”
Philippe Ier

causes of the July Revolutionary Days

unfolding of events

direct consequences
I. How were monarchies consolidated in Europe?
C. Unrest in Britain
à The Peterloo Massacre

Manchester, 1819
II. Why did Europe experience growing movements of liberalism and nationalism?
II. Why did Europe experience growing movements of liberalism and nationalism?
A. The awakening of European nations
à WS: “Assess The Value – Greek Independence War & Declaration of Epidauros”
Philhellenism & Romanticism

Lord Byron

Victor Hugo The Massacre at Chios, by Eugene Delacroix

Nea Moni monastery on the island of Chios
II. Why did Europe experience growing movements of liberalism and nationalism?
B. The fight for more freedom
The Chartism movement in Britain
III. How did another wave of revolutions cover Europe in 1848?
Polish Prometheus (or Allegory of defeated Poland)
Oil on canvas, by Horace Vernet, 1831
III. How did another wave of revolutions cover Europe in 1848?
A. A new revolution for France
Lamartine in front of the Town Hall of Paris rejects the red flag, 25 February 1848
Oil on canvas, by Henri Felix Philippoteaux
III. How did another wave of revolutions cover Europe in 1848?
B. The “Springtime of Nations”
 SPRINGTIME OF NATIONS 1848 - MAP YOUR KNOWLEDGE!

➢ Using the handout on the 1848 Revolutions, draw arrows around this map and write a quick summary of events for France, the German States, the
Italian States and the Austrian Empire.
European kings forced to swallow the bitter constitutional pill
Anonymous lithography, published 1848 (Source: Musée Carnavalet)
III. How did another wave of revolutions cover Europe in 1848?
C. Contrasting results and ongoing struggles
Caricature by Honoré Daumier, in the magazine Le Charivari, August 1851