Alexandria University.

Faculty Of Engineering.
Mechanical Engineering Department

Fundamentals and
Measurements of Heat
IDEAL GASES LAW & MOVING
BOUNDARY WORK

Dr. Ahmed Helmy Abdel Aziz

E-mail: ahmed.helmy007@alexu.edu.eg
Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020
 Working substance
The medium inside the system is called the working medium (all the processes
are done on it). So, it is the material that carrying out the thermodynamics
process by changing its properties as; temperature, pressure or volume etc.

• PURE SUBSTANCE:
A substance that has a fixed chemical composition. Water, nitrogen, helium,
and carbon dioxide, for example, are all pure substances.

Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020

 Working substance

• THE IDEAL-GAS:
An ideal or perfect gas consist of very small, and round molecules that have
negligible volume and do not exert forces on one another. This is almost
true for gases at low densities which means low pressure and high
temperature.

Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific

volume of a substance is called an equation of state.

• In 1662, R. Boyle, observed during his experiments that the pressure of

gases is inversely proportional to their volume.
𝟏
𝑷∝( ) (at constant T)
𝒗
• In 1802, J. Charles, determined that the volume of a gas is proportional
to its temperature.

𝒗∝(𝑻) (at constant P)

Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020

 Working substance
• That is,
𝑻
𝑷 = 𝑹( )
𝒗

or 𝑷𝒗=𝑹𝑻
Ideal-gas equation
of state
𝑷𝑽=𝒎𝑹𝑻

where,
P = the absolute pressure (kPa).
v = the specific volume (m3/kg).
R = the gas constant (kJ/kg. K).
T = the absolute temperature (K).
V = the total gas volume (m3).
m = the total gas mass (kg).

Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020

 Working substance
• The gas constant R is different for each gas and is determined from;
ഥ
𝑹
𝑹=
𝑴
where,
𝑅ത = the universal gas constant (8.314 kJ/kmol K)
M = the molecular weight of the gas (kg/kmol).

The molecular weight M can be defined as the mass

of one kmol in kilograms.

For example, when we say the molecular weight of nitrogen

is 28, it means the mass of 1 kmol of nitrogen is 28 kg. Different substances have
(M = 28 kg/kmol) different gas constants.

The mass of a system is equal to the product of its molecular weight M and the mole
number N:
𝒎=𝑴𝑵 (kg)

Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020

 Working substance
Specific Heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a
unit mass of the substance 1 degree.

In thermodynamics, the specific heats are defined as:

• Cp = Specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg K).

• Cv = Specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg K).

For ideal gases:

• u, h, CV, and CP are functions of temperature only.
• The ideal gas specific heats are written in terms of ordinary differentials
as:

Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020

 Working substance

The differential changes in internal energy and enthalpy for ideal

gases become
du = CV dT
dh = C P dT
The change in internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gases can be
expressed as:

where CV,ave and CP,ave are average or constant values of the

specific heats over the temperature range.
 Working substance

➢Relation between CP and CV for Ideal Gases

Using the definition of enthalpy (h = u + Pv) and writing the
differential of enthalpy, the relationship between the specific heats
for ideal gases is h = u + Pv
dh = du + d ( RT )
C P dT = CV dT + RdT
C P = CV + R
The specific heat ratio k is defined as: CP
k=
CV
Extra Problem kR R
Show that CP = and CV =
k −1 k −1
 Working substance
For Ideal Gases :

𝐶𝑝
𝜸 = Specific heat ratio. 𝛾=
𝐶𝑣
R = gas constant. 𝑅 = 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣

• For air at 1 atmospheric pressure and 25 °C temperature:

Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020

Classification of Thermodynamic Processes

The processes occurring in a closed systems which do not permits

the transfer of mass across their boundaries, are known as non flow
processes.
Followings are the different types of non-flow processes:
(1) Isochoric Process (Constant Volume Process)
(2) Isobaric Process (Constant Pressure Process)
(3) Isothermal Process (Constant Temperature Process)
(4) Reversible Adiabatic Process (Isentropic Process)
(5) Polytropic Process (General process)
Boundary Work Calculation for Ideal gas
For closed system:
• Constant volume (Isochoric) process, V=C:

• Apply the ideal gas law from 1 to 2:

V2 V2
W =
1− 2  pdV = p  dV = P  (V
V1 V1
2 − V1 ) = 0
Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020
Boundary Work Calculation for Ideal gas
For closed system:
• Constant pressure (Isobaric) process, P=C:

• Apply the ideal gas law from 1 to 2:

V2 V2
W =
1− 2  pdV = p  dV = P  (V
V1 V1
2 − V1 )
Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020
Boundary Work Calculation for Ideal gas
For closed system:
• Constant temperature (Isothermal) process, T=C: (PV=C)
• Apply the ideal gas law from 1 to 2:

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2

V2 V2 V2
C 1
W =  pdV =  dV = C  dV
1− 2 V V
V1 V1 V1

W = C  ln V V 1 = C  ln V2 − ln V1 
V2
1− 2

V2 V
W = P1V1 ln = P2V2 ln 2
1− 2 V1 V1
Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020
Boundary Work Calculation for Ideal gas
For closed system:
• Isentropic process, 𝑷 𝑽𝜸 = 𝑪:
𝜸 = adiabatic index

. This will happen when the working substance remains

thermally insulated and frictionless motion ( Reversible
Adiabatic Process).
• Apply the ideal gas law from 1 to 2:

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝛾 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝛾

Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020

  −1
 −1
T2 P2V2  P2    V1 
= =   =  
T1 P1V1  P1   V2 

Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020

 V2 V2 V2 V2
C 1
W =  pdV =   dV = C   dV = C  V − dV
1− 2 V V
V1 V1 V1 V1

1− V2
V  V21− − V11− C  V21− − C  V11−
W = C  =C =
1− 2
1 −  V 1 1−  1− 
P2V2  V21− − P1V1  V11− PV − P2V2 mR(T1 − T2 )
W = = 1 1 =
1− 2 1−   −1  −1
W = m.Cv (T1 − T2 )
1− 2

Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020

For closed system:
• General (Polytropic) process, 𝑷 𝑽𝒏 = 𝑪:
• Apply the ideal gas law from 1 to 2:

• n = Polytropic index.

n = 0 (P=C) n = γ (S=C)

n = 1 (T=C) n = ∞ (V=C)

P2V2 − P1V1 mR (T2 − T1 )

W = =
1− 2 1− n 1− n
Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020
Dr Ahmed Helmy 17/08/2020