Alexandria University.

Faculty Of Engineering.
Mechanical Engineering Department

Fundamentals and
Measurements of Heat
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
(CLOSED SYSTEM)

Dr. Ahmed Helmy Abdel Aziz

E-mail: ahmed.helmy007@alexu.edu.eg
Dr Ahmed Helmy 01/09/2020
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
THE FIRST LAW TO A CLOSED SYSTEM

Ein - Eout = Δ E
For the experimental
δQ – δ W = dE

for any process 1-2

Q 12 – W12 = E2 – E1

The first law of thermodynamics for close system

Q12 – W12 = ( U2 – U1) + ( KE2 – KE1) + ( PE2 – PE1)
U = m  (u 2 − u1 )

KE =
1
2
(
 m  c22 − c12 )
PE = m  g  ( z 2 − z1 )
If the system does not move with a velocity and has no change in
elevation, it is called a stationary system, and the conservation of
energy equation reduces to
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEM
First Law for a Cycle

Since a thermodynamic cycle is

composed of processes that cause
the working fluid to under go a series
of state changes through a series of
processes such that the final and
initial states are identical, the change Qnet - Wnet= U cycle
in internal energy of the working
fluid is zero for whole numbers of Δ𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎=Δ𝑼=𝟎
cycles.
Qnet = Wnet
The cycle efficiency 𝞰;
𝝶= 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡/𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑑
Example
For the thermodynamic cycle consist of
four process,
Complete the table

1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1

Adiabatic V=c T=c P=c

Q(kJ) 100 -150

W(kJ) -25 150
∆U(kJ)