The Fourth Industrial Revolution,

North-South Divide, and

Global Population and Mobility

SQUAD 3

Albino, John Maynard

Cabreira, Arielle
Corpuz, Mac
Flores, James Lester
Grimaldo, Desiree
Jimenez, Rein Nathaniel
Laguican, John Arnold
Lastimosa, Lodiber
Marcelo, Ronelyn
Muya, Jacob

SBECE-2A
The Industrial Revolution

It was a time of sweeping technological changes, most of them developed by engineers.

A primary aspect of the Industrial Revolution is that machine power replaced human and animal
power. For example, steam engines were developed to pump water from mines, replacing
human or animal-powered pumps. Transformed economies that had been based on agriculture
and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and
the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made
existing industries more productive and efficient.

The four Industrial Revolution

● The first industrial revolution spanned from about 1760 to around 1840. Triggered by the
construction of railroads and the invention of the steam engine, it ushered in mechanical
production.
● The second industrial revolution, which started in the late 19th century and into the early
20th century, made mass production possible, fostered by the advent of electricity and the
assembly line.
● The third industrial revolution began in the 1960s. It is usually called the computer or
digital revolution because it was catalyzed by the development of semiconductors, mainframe
computing (1960s), personal computing (1970s and 80s), and the internet (1990s).

● The Fourth Industrial Revolution

a term coined by Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World
Economic Forum, describes a world where individuals move between digital domains and offline
reality with the use of connected technology to enable and manage their lives. It represents a
fundamental change in how we live, work, and relate to one another. It is a new chapter in
human development, enabled by extraordinary technological advancement commensurate with
those of the first, second, and third industrial revolutions.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution describes the blurring of boundaries between the physical,
digital, and biological worlds. It’s a fusion of advances in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the
Internet of Things (IoT), Web3, blockchain, 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum
computing, and other technologies. It’s the collective force behind many products and services
that are fast becoming indispensable to modern life.

The 4th Industrial Revolution in the Philippines

The Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Quezon City. Technological
breakthroughs and the interplay of several fields, including advanced robotics, artificial
intelligence, nanotechnology, neurotechnology, data analytics, blockchain, cloud technology,
biotechnology, the Internet of Things, and 3D printing, have ushered in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution (FIRe).

THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE

The north-south divide is a term used to describe the social, economic, and cultural
disparities between London and the southeast of England and the rest of the UK. People living
in the southeast typically have a longer life expectancy, higher income, and better standard of
living than those living in the north. House prices in the southeast are higher due to high
demand. Rates of unemployment are higher in the north as regions continue to adjust to de-
industrialization.

CAUSED THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE

The main cause of the north-south divide is deindustrialization, as manufacturing

industries, traditionally located in the north, have closed. As you can see from the data below
manufacturing continues to be very important in the north whereas in the south it is ranked 7th.
Any changes in manufacturing have a considerable impact on the north. As the northern
economy declined the southeast became increasingly prosperous in response to the growth of
the financial and service sector and the dominance of London. The growth in incomes led to
increased house prices in the southeast.

Classifying countries

In the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as a way of showing how the world was
geographically split into relatively richer and poorer nations. According to this model:
∙ Richer countries are almost all located in the Northern Hemisphere, with the exception of Australia and
New Zealand.
∙ Poorer countries are mostly located in tropical regions and in the Southern Hemisphere.

However, over time it was realized that this view was too simplistic. Countries such as
Argentina, Malaysia, and Botswana all have above global average GDP (PPP) per capita, yet
still appear in the ‘Global South’. Conversely, countries such as Ukraine appear to be now
amongst a poorer set of countries by the same measure.

The gap between the ‘North’ and ‘South’

Despite very significant development gains globally which have raised many millions of
people out of absolute poverty, there is substantial evidence that inequality between the world’s
richest and poorest countries is widening. In 1820 western Europe's per capita income was
three times bigger than Africa’s but by 2000 it was thirteen times as big. In addition, in 2013,
Oxfam reported that the richest 85 people in the world owned the same amount of wealth as the
poorest half of the world’s population.
Today the world is much more complex than the Brandt Line depicts as many poorer countries
have experienced significant economic and social development. However, inequality within
countries has also been growing and some commentators now talk of a ‘Global North’ and a
‘Global South’ referring respectively to richer or poorer communities that are found both within
and between countries. For example, whilst India is still home to the largest concentration of
poor people in a single nation it also has a very sizable middle class and a very rich elite.

There are many causes for these inequalities including the availability of
● Natural resources;
● different levels of health and education;
● the nature of a country’s economy and its industrial sectors;
● international trading policies and access to markets;
● how countries are governed and international relationships between countries;
● conflict within and between countries;
● country’s vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change

WHAT STRATEGIES ARE BEING USED TO ADDRESS THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE?

For several decades the UK government and the EU have attempted to reduce the
north-south divide by investing in the north. Assisted area status has been assigned to areas
that are less economically advantaged. New businesses setting up in these areas are eligible
for financial assistance.

The following schemes provide regional aid:

➔ The Regional Growth Fund (England)

➔ Regional Selective Assistance (Scotland)
➔ The Welsh Government Business Finance (Wales)
➔ Selective Financial Assistance (Northern Ireland)

Other strategies include:

➔ The launch of the Northern Powerhouse concept to encourage industrial development in
northern cities such as Manchester, Leeds and Sheffield.
➔ Enterprise Zones
➔ Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)
➔ Planned transport improvements e.g. HS2
➔ Government incentive packages to attract TNCs
The Global Population and Mobility

Geographic mobility is the measure of how populations and goods move over time.
Geographic mobility, population mobility, or more simply mobility is also a statistic that
measures migration within a population.
Population mobility is a main factor in the globalization of public health threats and risks,
specifically the distribution of antimicrobial drug–resistant organisms. Drug resistance is a major
risk in healthcare settings and is emerging as a problem in community-acquired infections.

Causes of Migration ECONOMIC FACTORS

• Lack of employment opportunities or differentials in employment opportunities and wages; the

lure of a well-paid job in a developed country is a powerful driver of international migration.

• Lack of educational institutions across developing countries has also tremendously contributed
to the reasons for migration

Types of Migration

• Internal Migration - refers to people moving from one area to another within one country.

• International Migration – people moving from one country to another across borders

SOCIAL FACTORS

• To have a better lifestyle CULTURAL FACTORS

• Way out to show creativity, talent, and skills.

Shanghai considers having a post-industrial status achieved through the conversion of land
uses, especially from industrial to commercial uses.

Val Colic-Peisker identifies being cosmopolitan, and post-industrial as leading attributes of a

global city. It is called a world city or sometimes alpha city or world center and is a city that is
the primary node in the global economic network. (Saskia Sassen (Sociologist) popularized the
term global city in the 1990s.)

The First 3 Global Cities in Tax Change

● New York
● Tokyo
● London
Characteristics of Global City

• Economically superior.
• A variety of international financial services, notably insurance, real estate, banking,
accountancy, and marketing.
• Headquarters of several multinational corporations in finance, The existence of financial
headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial institutions.
• Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area.
• Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities.
• Information and Technology capable at the very least.
• Corporate Friendly.
• Globally linked or networked.
• Global Cities are centers of authority.
• Global Cities are considered centers of political influence.
• Global Cities are centers of higher learning and culture.

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