Globalization:

• “the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer”
(Larson, 2001)
• “refers to international exchange/sharing of labour force, production, ideas,
knowledge, products, & services” across borders (YMCA, 2006)
• “It is nothing but recolonization in a new garb” (Jain Neeraj, 2001)
• “De-territorialization” – or... The growth of “supraterritorial” relations between
people.
(Jan Aart Scholte, 2000)
Metaphors of Globalization
A. Solid- The history that precedes the globalization paved way for people, things,
information, and places to harden over time.
B. Liquid-This refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information,
and places in the contemporary world; Changes in stock market are in a matter of
seconds;
C. Pores-Pores make something easy to be absorbed. Fashion, music, language, arts,
cuisines, and other cultural matters can be easily absorbed by another nation because of
the flow of accessible places through travel and internet. e.g. Korean pop invading the
Filipinos’ hearts
Flows of other kinds such as; the poor illegal migrants, flow of legal/illegal information
via blogs, child pornography, fake news, etc.
HISTORY OF MARKET INTEGRATION
• Before the modern economy, people produced only for their families. But as the
world gain more demands from the growing population, economy required from
various sectors to work together to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and
services.
• We need to know also what caused the shift in the way people produce for their
needs.
• But let’s be aware first of the definition of market integration.
• Market integration refers to how:
• two or more markets can trade with each other.
• In case of high integration, it means that there is low barriers on trade as well as
prices are similar in the two markets.
• In case of low integration, high barriers to trade as well prices fluctuate between
these markets.
• Foreign trade helps the integration of markets because it reduces barriers to trade
and increases fluidity between markets. As foreign trade increases, the price will go
down until it reaches the price which is in the original market from where the trade
has been made.
• Economy is a very vital part of a household, society, country, and the whole world
system. It is important to note that though economy is thought of numbers, it is
composed of people. They or we are the organizers, producers, traders, and
consumers of the goods and services in the local and global community (Aldama,
2018).
To better understand economy, we could see the production division is divided into
four sectors:
Primary sector – extraction of raw materials (e.g. mining, fishing and agriculture).
Secondary sector – manufacturing/ producing finished goods (e.g. Construction
sector, manufacturing, and utilities, e.g. electricity).
Tertiary sector – concerned with offering intangible goods and services to
consumers. (e.g. retail, tourism, banking, entertainment and  I.T. services).
Quaternary sector - knowledge/intellectual economy
(education, media, consultation firms, research and development, and even
blogging)
From the history of global market integration, we could see the big economic
changes. These are the following:
A. Agricultural Revolution (AR)
There were three agricultural revolutions that changed history:
• The First AR was the transition from hunting and gathering to planting and
sustaining.
 
• The Second AR increased the productivity of farming through mechanization and
access to market areas due to better transportation.
• The Third AR involved hybridization and genetic engineering of products and the
increased use of pesticides and fertilizers. 
• Terms that We Need to Come to Terms with
• Agriculture: The raising of animals or the growing of crops on tended land to
obtain food for primary consumption by a farmer’s family or for sale off the farm.
• Farming: The methodical cultivation of plants and/or animals. 
• Hunting and gathering: The first way humans obtained food. Nomadic groups
around the world depended on migratory animals, wild fruit, berries, and roots for
sustenance. 
• Agricultural mechanization has been defined in a number of ways by different
people. Perhaps the most appropriate definition is that it is the process of
improving farm labour productivity through the use of agricultural machinery,
implements and tools
• Hybridization is the process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of
another species or variety
• Genetic Engineering deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism
by manipulating its genetic material.
• B. Industrial Revolution (IR)
This second economic revolution gave rise to the industry for tools, such as steam
engines and mechanization of production. Partial automation using memory-
programmable controls and computers. This revolution reached our present era
automate an entire production process - without human assistance. Known
examples of this are robots that perform programmed sequences without human
intervention. just like the AR, this revolution went through phases.
1st Industrial Revolution
This began in the 18th century, through the use of steam power and mechanisation
of production.
What before produced threads on simple spinning wheels, the mechanised version
achieved eight times the volume in the same time.
The use of steam power for industrial purposes was the greatest breakthrough for
increasing human productivity. Instead of weaving looms powered by human
muscle, steam-engines could be used for power. Developments such as the steam
ship or (some 100 years later) the steam-powered locomotive brought
about further massive changes because humans and goods could move great
distances in fewer hours.
2nd Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution began in the 19th century through the discovery
of electricity and assembly line production. Henry Ford (1863-1947) was known for
his idea of mass production from a slaughterhouse in Chicago: The pigs hung from
conveyor belts and each butcher performed only a part of the task of butchering the
animal. Henry Ford carried over these principles into automobile production and
drastically altered it in the process. While before one station assembled an entire
automobile, now the vehicles were produced in partial steps on the conveyor belt -
significantly faster and at lower cost.
3rd Industrial Revolution
The Third Industrial Revolution began in the ’70s in the 20th century through
partial automation using memory-programmable controls and computers. Since the
introduction of these technologies, we are now able to automate an entire
production process - without human assistance. Known examples of this are robots
that perform programmed sequences without human intervention.
4th Industrial Revolution
At present, we are implementing the Fourth Industrial Revolution.This is
characterised by the application of information and communication technologies to
industry and is also known as "Industry 4.0". It builds on the developments of the
Third Industrial Revolution. Production systems that already have computer
technology are expanded by a network connection and have a digital twin on the
Internet so to speak. These allow communication with other facilities and the output
of information about themselves. This is the next step in production automation.
The networking of all systems leads to "cyber-physical production systems" and
therefore smart factories, in which production systems, components and people
communicate via a network and production is nearly autonomous.
C. Information Revolution (Info Rev)
The information revolution led us to the age of the internet, where optical
communication networks play a key role in delivering massive amounts of data. The world
has experienced phenomenal network growth during the last decade, and further growth
is imminent. The internet will continue to expand due to user population growth and
internet penetration: previously inaccessible geographical regions in Africa and Asia will
come online. Network growth will only be accelerated by improvements in integrated
circuits. Transistor size has been halved every two years since the middle of the last
century. The new internet-based global economy requires a worldwide network with high
capacity and availability, which is currently limited by submarine optical communication
cables.
Global Media Cultures
The advancement in technology has afforded more people to enjoy global media
communications. Through cable and satellite equipment, the Internet and World Wide
Web, media corporations have turned global and have made information around the
world become available to the audience in just a click on the computer.  In this digital age,
global media are “the principal bearers of the symbolic and informational content through
which people make sense of their world, and their relations to distant others”.
A. Defining Mass Communication, Mass Media, and Culture
Mass communication refers to information transmitted to a large number of audience.
The transmission of mass communication may happen using one or many different kinds
of media (singular medium), which is the means of transmission, whether print, digital, or
electronic. 
Mass media specifically refers to a means of communication that is designed to reach a
wide audience. Mass media platforms include radio, newspapers, magazines, books, video
games, and Internet media such as blogs, podcasts, and video sharing. A mass media
message may be disseminated through several forms of mass media (e.g. an ad campaign
with television, radio, and Internet components). 
Culture generally refers to the shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that
characterize a social group, organization, or institution. Cultures are fluid, diverse, and
often overlapping. 
B. Understanding the Roles of Media
1. Entertainment
Media can extend our imaginations and allow us to temporarily escape our own realities
and create a world of fantasy. People tend to resort to media as a form of entertainment
most especially when they experience great hardship in life. The depressing state during
the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, for instance, made Victorian readers explore
and love the world of fairies and other fictitious beings. In times of devastation and
calamities, Filipinos are drawn to TV programs, telenovelas, KDrama, and others. Crafting
many and different stories, the media shows that it has power to transport us to the
uncharted territory. 
2.Information and education
Media can deliver news and updated information around the globe through newspapers
and news-oriented television and radio programs. Through advanced media technologies,
readers or viewers in the Philippines can have easy access to programs, audio and video
recordings as they are aired in America, France, Singapore, or India.
Other forms of media like books and magazines can provide a lengthy discussion and
analysis of relevant subjects. Many articles posted online contain substantial content
about wide-ranging topics or almost everything that a person can think of. Even
universities have provided courses and learning materials online.
For example, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has opened its gates to
learners with internet connection access by posting free lecture notes, exams, and audio
and video recordings of classes on its OpenCourseWare website. Other educational
institutions have also introduced similar platforms through MOOC, Coursera, and others.
3. Public forum for the discussion of important issues
In traditional media, the readers are given a space in newspapers or other periodicals to
react or respond to issues through their letters to the editor. This reader engagement is a
form of public discourse that has been useful to newspapers as it gauges the readers’ pulse
on important matters of social, political, economic, and national concern. With the
proliferation of the internet media, the reader’s reaction to certain issues comes with
immediacy as blogging or podcasting has become a more convenient avenue for them.
4. Acting as a watchdog for government, business, and other institutions
Newspapers, television, and radio are bearers of massive information, but the length and
depth of discussion they provide significantly differ. This reminds us that not all media are
created equal. Depending on the purpose, whether it is for entertainment, for education,
for information, or for discourse, the forms of mass communication can vary in terms of
production cost and the length of time required. In terms of print media, books are
durable and able to contain lots of information, but are relatively slow and expensive to
produce; in contrast, newspapers are comparatively cheaper and quicker to create,
making them a better medium for the quick turnover of daily news. Television provides
vastly more visual information than radio and is more dynamic than a static printed page;
it can also be used to broadcast live events to a nationwide audience, as in the annual State
of the Union address given by the U.S. president. However, it is also a oneway medium—
that is, it allows for very little direct person-to-person communication. In contrast, the
Internet encourages public discussion of issues and allows nearly everyone who wants a
voice to have one. However, the Internet is also largely unmoderated. Users may have to
wade through thousands of inane comments or misinformed amateur opinions to find
quality information.
C. History of Mass Media and Culture
The printing press, invented in the 15th century by German printer Johannes
Gutenberg, paved the way for the mass production of print media, which used to be
produced handwritten. The production cost was cheaper and the distribution and reach to
a wider group of readers became faster with newly developed transportation modes.
Three centuries later, in 1810, Freidrich Koenig, another German printer, ushered the
industrialization of printed media by hooking steam engines up to a printing press. In the
early 1800s, the production rate of a hand-operated printing press was about 480 pages
per hour, but with the use of Koenig’s machine, the production of printed materials
doubled. After two decades, in the 1930s, the machine operated printing press produced
3,000 pages per hour.
This period saw the rise of the daily newspaper. The newspaper became the
source of the local daily news of Americans who were living in unfamiliar territory. They
depended on the print media to cope with the rapidly changing world, both in social and
economic terms. In fact, the media even became influential to people’s decision on what to
do with their extra time and money. This was during the Industrial Revolution.

Soon after, the major daily newspapers were threatened by the low-priced penny
papers. Murder, gossips, and other sensational daily news were given more space in the
penny papers than those political news. Although cheap and containing scandalous stories
that seemed to be entertaining to many, the penny press (parallel to today’s tabloids) was
able to capture a wide market base. The major daily newspapers, however, remained
focused on the wealthier and more educated readers.
At the turn of the 20th century, radio was introduced and turned out to be instantly
popular. Compared to telephone, radio was cheaper, but it had an enormous power to
reach a large number of listeners and deliver information to the same event at the same
time. In America, radio was used in Calvin Coolidge’s pre election speech and in
advertising to approach and win countless audiences in the privacy of their homes. Radio
contributed to this sense of unified identity - the American lifestyle driven and defined by
consumer purchases. In the 1920s, radio boosted consumerism, which pushed production
of goods to an unprecedented height. Then came the Great Depression in the 1930s.
Demand for goods dropped while production continued. Suffice it to say, the
overproduction of goods badly hurt the economy.
After World War II, television, a third form of mass communication, came into existence.
About two-thirds of American households owned a television. In fact, there was a notably
significant increase in the number of television units in American households within a 7
year period since it was first introduced in 1946.
D.Technological Transitions
New media technologies both spring from and cause social changes.Below are significant
technological transitions:
Electricity made people view time differently as regards work and play. 
The electrical telegraph, invented by Samuel Morse in 1837, made sending of messages
possible between persons from distant places.
Wireless communication emerged and eventually led to the development of radio,
television, and other broadcast media.
Radio was introduced initially for military communication, and later for home use as
well. The first practical wireless radio system was developed by Italian-born Guglielmo
Marconi.
In the 1920s, large media networks—including the National Broadcasting Company
(NBC) and the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)—were launched, and they soon
began to dominate the airwaves. 
Cinema and television became the by-product of the developed photographic
technologies in the 19th-century. French inventors Joseph Niépce and Louis Daguerre and
the British scientist William Henry Fox Talbot were among the inventors who created a
form of photography at the same time.
In the United States, Kodak camera came into being in 1988. Thanks to George Eastman
who saw the need for an inexpensive, easy-to-use camera for Americans. Americans
viewed the first moving pictures with the first U.S. projection-hall opening in Pittsburgh in
1905. 
By the 1920s, Hollywood had Charlie Chaplin belonging to the roster of its first stars.
Gone With the Wind and The Wizard of Oz in color films with full sound were shown by
the end of the 1930s.
Moving pictures became more popular than radio, cinema, and live theater.
In the United States, the rise of competing commercial stations (e.g. CBS and NBC) was
evident. In Great Britain, the government managed broadcasting through the British
Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 
In 1969, management consultant Peter Drucker predicted that the next major
technological innovation would be a personal computer.
Finally, people witnessed the dawn of the computer technology that led to the Internet
age. With these technological advances, hundreds of thousands of components could be
carried on a microprocessor
Globalization of Religion
Author or Source                                        Suggested Definition
Patrick H. "Try to define religion and you invite an argument."
McNamara
American Heritage  "Belief in and reverence for a supernatural power recognized as the creat
Dictionary of the universe; A particular integrated system of this expression; T
 emotional attitude of one who recognizes the existence of a superhu
powers."
St. Augustine  "If you do not ask me what time is, I know; if you ask me, I do not know."

Jalalu'l-Din Rumi  "The lamps are different, but the light is the same."

Thomas Hobbes  "To say that [God] hath spoken to [someone] in a dream, is no more
dreamed that God spake to him!"
Immanuel Kant  "Religion is the recognition of all our duties as divine commands."

Ludwig Feuerbach  "Religion is a dream, in which our own conceptions and emotions a
separate existences, being out of ourselves."
Thomas Hobbes  "To say that [God] hath spoken to [someone] in a dream, is no more
dreamed that God spake to him!"
Immanuel Kant  "Religion is the recognition of all our duties as divine commands."

Ludwig Feuerbach  "Religion is a dream, in which our own conceptions and emotions a
separate existences, being out of ourselves."
E. B. Tylor "Belief in spiritual things“

Thomas Hobbes  "To say that [God] hath spoken to [someone] in a dream, is no more
dreamed that God spake to him!"
Harriet Martineau "Religion is only the sentiment inspired by the group in its members
outside of the consciousness that experiences them, and objectified.“
Rudolph Otto Religion is "a propitiation or conciliation of powers superior to man which
direct and control the course of nature and of human life."
George Bernard  "Religion is what an individual does with his solitariness."
Shaw
Harriet Martineau  "The very fact that they are so many and so different from one another is
that the word 'religion' cannot stand for any single principle or essence
collective name."
Harriet Martineau  "Religion is the belief in an ever-living God, that is, in a Divine Mind and
Universe and holding moral relations with mankind."
Rudolph Otto  "Religion is that which grows out of, and gives expression to, experience
various aspects."
George Bernard  "There is only one religion, though there are hundreds of versions of it."
Shaw
The Nature of Religion
• The development of religion has taken different forms in different cultures. Some
religions emphasize belief while others emphasize practice. Some religions focus on
subjective experience of the religious individual while others consider activities of
the religious community to be most important.
• Social constructionism says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all
spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions
and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western
cultures.
• Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that
relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have
narratives, symbols, traditions, and sacred histories that are intended to give
meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe.
• Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication
theory that examines the development of jointly-constructed understandings of the
world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality.
• Sacred Buddhist Ritual in Nepal: Leader Jigdal Dagchen Sakya leading the
empowerment into practice at Tharlam Monastery, Boudha, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Religion is a collection of:
• cultural systems,
• belief systems, and
• world views that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and to
moral values.
• The most known religions across the world are:
• Christianity: The God is Jesus, Holy Bible is their holy scriptures
• Islam: Their God is Allah, Quran is their holy book
• Hinduism: with 811 million adherents, practicing polytheism

Buddhism: 380 million adherents , they worship Buddha

• Religion has entered the “information age” and has globalized at accelerating rates,
in the methods religions use for teaching and in belief systems
 • Tools of uniting people all over the world on religious basis:
 Printed literature such as books and pamphlets, movies/tv shows, social media like
Twitter, Youtube , commercials, and podcast
 cell phone apps and much more.
 These made possible for any religion to spread beyond national borders, allowing
even small new religious movements to engage in overseas activities and leading to
new unseen religious developments
 Small religious movements are also spreading, from the celebrities like Tom Cruise,,
Kaballah with Madonna, Britney Spears, Demi Moore, Claudia Schiffer, Red String
and Scientology following and advertising them.
Expansion of terrorism on religious basis:
• Videos and audios in the Internet of sermons read by missionaries which contain
extremist ideas, call for crimes, murders, and terrorist attacks
The possibility of communicating with anyone across the world and sharing ideas provoke
the spread of terrorists and expansion of their band
Globalization has a great impact on religion. As people and cultures move across the globe,
as ideas are mobilized and transported by media technology, the religious globalization
will go on and on. It has its pro and cons. People should cope with the flow of information
and choose their own and peaceful way.
Consider this: Conflict and Compromise in Religion
Even if many theorists predicted the death of religions due to modernization of societies,
which tend to make people materialistic, religion is still an active force in our time
and place.
Conflict:
“Politics and religion are connected in most societies. The contemporary world is
rife with conflicts within and among religions. From the Middle East, where sects
of Islam battle
to control countries, to the United States where Christian sects battle in courtrooms
to make their religious beliefs the law of the land, to Europe where the role of personal
religious symbols in public life is controversial, religion’s role in modern life is contested.”
(Chirico, 2014, p.323)
Compromise:
“Science, social problems, and secularization diminished the authoritative structures of
religions providing for the possibility that many religions have pathways to truth,
salvation,
and a better life. Ecumenical trends and religious tolerance emerged.
People engaged religious ideas from other traditions to reconcile their religious
differences.
Religions opened themselves to mutual influences, East and West.”
(Chirico, 2014, p.327)
These terms are used to compromise:
• Secularism - the principle of separation of the state from religious institutions
e.g. secular school (not adhering to any religious doctrine); secular music (songs not
written for church)
• Ecumenism - the principle or aim of promoting unity among the world's Christian
churches e.g. Ecumenical Chapel (non-religious chapel or place of prayers/worship);
Ecumenical Church (allows all types of Christian adherents to gather in one church)

Global Migration

 Human migration has been understood as a normal act and is seen as a

global phenomenon, although its process is complex.
 Whether internal or international, migration reflects an individual’s
reaction to:
a.current state,
b. difficulty,
c. conflict,
d. income inequalities, or
e. lack of job opportunities.
 An individual who desires to migrate does not act alone; members of the
households and the communities tend to become co-makers of the
 decision since new culture, opportunities, expectations and challenges
are the realities that the individual must acknowledge.
Describing Migration
 immigration (to enter, or in-migration)
 emigration (to depart, or out-migration), and
 remigration (to return, or return migration)
 internal migration
 international migration
Migration is basically understood as any movement done by a person from:
• point A to point B
• movements of populations from south to north, east to west
• poor to rich, and
• insecurity toward security
For thousands of years, migration has been a practice, and thus, it is no longer a
unique concept but is always a complex process. The dynamic nature of human migration
(or mobility, a more up-to-date term) presents the persons or the population as social
actors, making critical decisions with regard to the kind of life that they will create and
recreate in the new place where they see themselves secure. Note: The decision to move
to a place is not only made by a person, but it normally involves the entire family.
Who are the migrants?
The United Nations Migration Agency identifies the migrants as those who “have
moved across an international border or within a State away from his/her habitual place
of residence, regardless of:
(1) the person’s legal status
(2) whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary
(3) what the causes for the movement are, or
(4) what the length of the stay is
This definition limits the description of migrants to only those who have crossed
international borders, that means from one country to another.
 However, those who have moved from one province to another within their home
country (e.g. people from Marawi who have decided to reside in Davao, Cebu, or in other
parts of Luzon) are excluded
 The emphasis given on the length of absence in the place or country of origin
as the standard criterion to categorize a person migrant can blur one’s
understanding of migration. The following scenarios are presented :
 One problem in this definition of migrants is the classification of those people who
are working across the border. They can be Malaysians working in Singapore doing
their daily or regular trips or Mexicans crossing the US border.
 Students who have moved to another country for academic or research purposes or
others who move for a short period of time may have been excluded in the count

 In this light, it is helpful to clarify that the discussion of migration in most

studies is centered on international migration, which can be either short term or
long term.
 Short-term international migrant is a person who moves to a country other than
his or her usual residence for a period of at least 3 months but less than a year (12
months) except in cases where the movement to that country is for purposes of
recreation, holiday, visits to friends and relatives, business, medical treatment or
religious pilgrimage
 long-term international migrant is a person who moves to a country other than
that of his or her usual residence for a period of at least a year (12 months), so that
the country of destination effectively becomes his or her new country of residence
 Between short term and long-term international migration, it is the latter that is
given more attention since the spread of culture, language, customs, religion,
and others is aptly measured over long periods.
 Identifying Reasons for Migration

 There are various reasons why people in all walks of life move to every corner of
the world. Ernst Georg Ravenstein in his “Laws of Migration” explained that there
are “forces that pushed people out of their homelands (e.g., overcrowding,
poverty, environmental factors, war) and pulled them into new places (jobs,
opportunity, freedom, available land). These forces were later identified as push
and pull forces and came to be known as push-pull theory.
 Viewed in this context, an individual entertaining the idea of migrating to another
country, sees his or her present place of residence negatively that he feels pushed
away, and he thinks of another place so attractively that he feels pulled toward it.
These push and pull factors can pertain to economic, social, cultural, and
environmental factors.
 1. Economic reason:
 To seek employment. People move to another country to search for better
jobs or more economic opportunities. They come from professions that are varied
and wide-ranging. They are composed of doctors, nurses, physical therapists,
engineers, scientists, educators to name a few. Developed countries have great
demand for farm workers and domestic or manual laborers, and thus, a great
number of migrants who are highly industrious and determined to earn money for
their families are very much willing to do the “Three-D jobs” - the dirty, difficult, and
dangerous jobs that natives do not want to do.
 The United States and Canada have become popular destinations of people from
Asia and Latin America. In Europe, Italy has been identified as one of the countries
that Filipinos, especially Batanguenos, choose to go to. Most male migrant workers
from the Philippines for example go to the Middle East and work in construction
projects while most female migrant workers would go to Italy and other
neighboring European countries.
 2. Social reason:
 Individuals move to join family or to realize their dream of having a better
quality of life.
 3. Cultural reason:
 To escape slavery and political instability, conflict, persecution, terrorism, or
human rights violations. In the past centuries, people were forced to move to other
countries as slaves and prisoners, but in recent times, their forced migration is
largely due to political instability or cultural diversity.  People who move as refugees
and asylum seekers (e.g. contemporary Somalis) do not think of returning to their
home country “for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality,
membership in a social group, or political opinion”. They have no homes and almost
no possessions. They wait until a country lets them in or when they are told that it is
safe for them to return to their country of origin.
 4. Environmental reason:
 New Zealand attracts migrants because of its magnificent mountains and
sceneries, and Florida lures Americans because of its beach and warm weather.
 These are examples of environmental pull factors. However, other migrants are
pushed to move to another country because of the adverse physical conditions,
especially with the onset of global warming and the resulting climate change that
hit developing countries like the Philippines really hard. A usual case in the country
during the wet season is having too much water that causes flooding,
landslides, and erosion while during the dry season, there is too little water
that can cause drought. Both conditions can put human life in danger and add
to the level of extreme poverty that the poor are already experiencing.

Globalization and Migration

Globalization and migration are two separate processes, but their roles are
intertwined, be it in the personal, social, and national development. Dickinson (2017)
explained that “in theory, you can have globalization without migration, and
migration without globalization. In practice, though, the two spheres unavoidably
overlap and are very much interconnected” (pp. 7-8). People move around the world
because of the promise that globalization brings. Their migration links countries and
improves international and political relations, resulting in the crafting of some
countries’ bilateral agreements. Apart from this, it boosts and intensifies larger socio-
economic activities across borders. Accordingly, the globalization of migration can be
considered as “the tendency for more and more countries to be crucially affected by
migratory movements at the same time”
Movers are diverse, and this diversity can be rooted to culture, upbringing, age,
gender, education, skills, experience, and resources. Of course, a lot of challenges can
occur in the process of migration and settlement, but these challenges tend to be
overcome better by those movers who have the necessary skills, managed expectations,
and resources to blend in the new destination than by those who are poor.
Theories of Global Stratification
As society has socioeconomic classes, so is the world classified economically.
Theories :
1. Modernization Theory (MT)
- It frames the world’s division as a function of technological & cultural differences
between nations.
- It holds on the idea that being rich could be reached. But this theory also argues that
the tension between tradition and technological change is the biggest barrier to growth
MT states that a society that is high in family systems and traditions may be less willing to
adopt new technologies & social systems.
When individualism replaced communalism in Europe, it became a perfect breeding
ground of modernization.
 Walt Rostow’s Four Stages of Modernization
a. Traditional Stage
- refers to societies that are structured small, local communities with production
typically done in family settings that have limited resources and technology
b. Take-off Stage
- here people began to use their talents to produce things beyond necessities;
innovations created new markets for trade
c. Technological Maturity Stage
Nations began to push for social & economic change, such as having basic schooling for
everyone & developing more democratic political systems
d. High Mass Consumption
It is when the country is big enough that production becomes more about wants & needs.
The social support systems in place ensure that all of their citizens have access to basic
necessities
2. Dependency Theory and Latin American Experience
This phenomenon started when European & USA began colonizing; dependency theory
focuses on how poor people have been wronged by richer countries.
Dependency theorists saw that:
 • the development of peripheral nations is stagnant because of the exploitative nature
of the core nations;
• Less developed periphery countries serve the interests of the wealthier countries &
end up having little to no resources to put forward their own development
 Immanuel Wallerstein Model of Capitalist World Economy
- Terms emerged:
1. Core nations: industrialized
2. Semi-periphery: middle-income countries, has closer ties to the core nations
3. Peripheral nations: less developed
The Global City
Defining Global City
• This term global city was popularized by Sasskia Sassen, a sociologist
• Her criteria for what constitutes a global city are primarily economic.
• They are homes of the world’s top stock exchanges where investors buy and sell shares
in major corporations.
• E.g. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE,USA), Financial Times Stock Exchange
(FTSE,London)
• The value of shares traded in NYSE, for ex. is $19,300 billion, that of the shares in
Philippine Stock Exchange is only $231.3 billion
Developments on the Criteria of Global City • Los Angeles: movie –making • San Francisco:
home of powerful internet companies Facebook, Twitter, & Google : many top IT
programmers/engineers from Asia moved to San Francisco Bay Area to become key
figures in Silicon Valley’s technology boom
London: preferred destination for many Nursing degree holder Filipinos • Sydney:
commands greatest proportion of capital • Melbourne: Sydney’s rival global city due to
many magazines have referred to it as the world’s “most livable city” – a place with good
transportation, thriving cultural scene, & an easy pace of life
The Economist Intelligence Unit added other criteria like market size, citizen’s purchasing
power, size of the middle class, & potential for growth. e.g. “tiny” Singapore - considered
Asia’s most competitive city due to its strong market, efficient and incorruptible
government, and livability. It also houses the regional offices of many major global
corporations
Economic Power = GLOBALITY Examples : NY may have the largest stock market, but
Tokyo houses the most number of corporate(co.) headquarters ( 613 co. headquarters
against 217 in NY), :Shanghai, China has become the manufacturing center of the world; It
has the world’s busiest port, moving over 33 million container units
Global Cities are: - 1. Centers of authority Washington D.C. White House, Capitol Building
of Congress, Supreme Court, the Lincoln Memorial, and Washington Monument Canberra,
Australia home to the country’s top politicians, bureaucrats, and policy advisors (the
image after this slide shows Canberra City)
2. Cities that house major international organization United Nations in New York
European Union in Brussels ASEAN in Jakarta European Central Bank in Frankfurt *
A decision made in those city can affect the political economy of an entire continent
and beyond
3. 3. Centers of higher learning and culture - Seen through the influence of its
publishing industry like in NY, London, Paris - Top University/School like Boston
where Harvard University is, London for Princeton University, and Singapore where
National University of Singapore is hailed as one of the world's top universities -
Australia’s third largest export is its Education
4. Less Obvious Global City
Copenhagen- in Denmark can be toured in 30min by bicycle; one of the culinary
capitals of the world
Manchester- in England had many prominent post-punk and new wave bands music
Seoul – in Korea has many band groups who captivated many young fans in more
than 75 countries by their song and dance moves
Singapore – houses some of the region’s top TV stations & news organizations (MTV
Southeast Asia & News Channel) New York – evident in songs by Jay Z & Alicia Key’s
“Empire State of Mind”; Frank Sinatra’s “New York, New York” , * songs of Simon
Garfunkel
Singapore – houses some of the region’s top TV stations & news organizations (MTV
Southeast Asia & News Channel) New York – evident in songs by Jay Z & Alicia Key’s
“Empire State of Mind”; Frank Sinatra’s “New York, New York” , * songs of Simon
Garfunkel