PT's IAS Academy

PAPER.II
GEilERAt STUDIES.I
lndian Heritage and Culture,
Unit 3 H istory and Geog raphy of the
W orld and Society
1EGIURT - 4 Unit 3
The Freedom Struggle-its
0thet u[]isings in lndia various stages and important
contri bu tors/contri butions f rom
different parts of the country

Throughout the British Raj in India, various groups and communities found reasons to retaliate against the oppressive
regime, from time to time. This session deals with some significant uprisings against the British, other than the 1857
struggle for independence.

1.0 THE MUNDA REBELTION

The Munda rebellion is one of the most important and prominent 19th
century tribal rebellions in the subcontinent. Birsa Munda led this
movement in the region south of Ranchi in 1899-1900. The Ulgulan (Great
Tumult) was aimed at establishing Munda Raj and independence. The Mundas
traditionally enjoyed a preferential rent rate as the khuntkattidar (original
clearer) of the forest. But in course of the 19th century they had seen this
khuntkatti land system being eroded by th e jagirdars and thikadars coming
as merchants and moneylenders.

This process of land alienation had not been started by the British but the
establishment and consolidation of British rule accelerated the mobility of the
non-tribal people into the triba! regions. The instances of forced labour or
beth begarialso increased dramatically. Unscrupulous contractors, moreover,
had turned the region, into a recruiting ground for indentured labour. Yet
another change associated with British rule was the appearance of a number of Lutheran, Anglican and Catholic missions'
The spread of education through missionary activities made the tribals more organised and conscious of their rights. Tribal
solidarity was undermined as the social cleavage between the Christian and non-Christian Mundas deepened. The agrarian
discontent and the advent of Christianity, therefore, helped the revitalisation of the movement, which sought to reconstruct
the tribal society disintegrating under the stresses and strains of colonial rule.

Birsa Munda (1874-1900), the son of a sharecropper who had received some education
from the missionaries came under Vaishnava influence and in 1893-'94 participated in a
movement to prevent village wastelands from being taken over by the Forest Department.
In 1895 Birsa, claiming to have seen a vision of god, pioclaimed himself a
prophet with miraculous healing powers. Thousands flocked to hear the 'new word'
of Birsa with its prophecy of an imminent deluge. The new prophet became a critic of the
traditional tribal customs, religious beliefs and practices. He called upon the Mundas to
fight against superstition, give up animal sacrifice, stop taking intoxicants, to wear the
sacred thread and retain the tribal tradition of worship inlhe sarna or the sacred grove.
(Sarna can be regarded as the sacred grove of Sar(sal) trees where the Goddess Anna
resides). It was essentially a revivalist movement, which sought to Purge Munda
society of all foreign elements and restore its pristine character. Christianity
influenced the movement as well and it used both Hindu and Christian idioms to create the
Munda ideology and worldview.

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 1.1 Various aspects of the Munda Rebellion
An agrarian and political angle was then inserted into what initially
was a religious movement. From 185B onwards, Christian tribal Ryots
had been on the offensive against alien landlords and bonded tabor.
This was the mulkai ladai (struggle for land) also known as the
Sardari ladai. The complexion of Birsa Munda's religious movement
changed through its contact with the Sardar movement. Initially the
Sardars (tribal chiefs) did not have much to do with Birsa, but once
his popularity swelled they drew on him to provide a stable base for
their own weakened struggle. Though influenced by the Sardars,
Birsa, however, was not their official colleague or spokesperson
(mouthpiece) and despite the common agrarian background of the
two movements, there were a lot of differences between them. The
Sardars initially professed loyalty to the British and.even to the Raja
of Chhotanagpur and only wanted the elimination of intermediary
interests. Birsa, on the other hand, had a positive political programffi€,
his object being the attainment of independence, both religious and political. The movement sought the assertion of the
rights of the Mundas as the real proprietors of the soil. This ideal agrarian order, according to Birsa, would be possible
in a world free from the influence of European officials and missionaries, thus necessitating the establishment of the Munda
Raj.

The British, who feared a conspiracy, jailed Birsa for two years in 1895, but he returned from jail, much more
of a firebrand. A series of nocturnal meetings were held in the forest during 1898-'99, where Birsa allegedly urged the
killing of thikadars, jagirdars, rajas, hakims and Christians.

The rebels attacked police stations and officials, chu rches and
missionaries, and though there was an undercurrent of hostility against
the dikus (the outsiders), there was no overt attack on them except
in a couple of controversia! cases. On Christmas Eve 1899, the
Mundas shot arrows and tried to burn down churches over an area
covering six police stations in the districts of Ranchi and Singhbhum.
Next, in January 1900, the police stations were targeted and there
were rumours that Birsa's followers would attack Ranchi on B January,
!eading to panic there. On 9 January, however, the rebels were
defeated. Birsa was captured and died in jail. Nearly 350 Mundas
were put on trial and of them, three were hanged, and 44 transported
for Iife.

The government attempted to redress the grievances of the Mundas

through the survey and settlement operations of 1902-'10. The
Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act of 1908 provided some recognition to their khuntkatti rights and banned beth begari.
Ch hotanagpu r tribals won a degree of legal protection for their !and rig hts.

2.O THE INDIGO REVOLT

Indigo Planting was started in Benga! in 1777 by Louis Bonard. With the expansion
of British power, the indigo cultivation became more and more commercially profitable because
of large demand of blue dye in Europe. The indigo planters left no stone unturned in making
profits. They mercilessly pursued farmers to grow indigo instead of food crops. They
provided loans at very high interest rate. Once a farmer took this loan he remained indebted
forever and passed it on to his successors. The price payed by the planters for this cash
crop was very low, just 2.5olo of the market price. The farmers were forced to sell at this
price lest the planters would destroy their mortgage property. The governmental rules and
regulations also favored the planters.

By the Act of 1833, the planters were given free hand resulting in increased oppression of
the peasants. Even the zamindars, money lenders and other influential people favoured the
indigo planters. Due to this severe oppression the farmers revolted. The farmers were in
no possession of arms so it was purely a non-violent revolt,
Louis Bonard
The revolt started from Nadia where Bishnucharan Biswas & Digambar Biswas
first took uP arms against the planters. It spread like wildfire to Murshidabad, Birbhum, Burdwan, pabna, Khulna,
Narail etc and the indigo planters were put into public trial and executed. Indigo depots were burnt down. Many planters
fled to avoid being caught. The zamindars also became the target. The revolt was mercilessly suppressed and'a large
number of peasants were put to death by the police and military. Only some zamindars supported the peasants of whom
Ramratan Mullick of Narail is the most known.

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2.t The effect of Indigo Revolt

The revolt had a strong effect on the government which immediately appointed "The Indigo
Commission" in 1860. In the report E.W.L. Tower noted that "not a chest of indigo reached
England without being stained with human blood". It was surely a major victory for the
peasant to incite such emotions in European minds.

2.2 Cultural effects

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Dinabandhu Mitra's 1859 play Neel Darpan is based on this revolt. It

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was translated into English by Michael Madhusudan Dutta and published
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by Rev. James Long (1814-1887), who was a humanist, educator and
a missionary to India. It attracted much attention in England, where Dinabandhu Mitra
people were stunned at the savagery of their countrymen. The British
Government sent Rev. Long to a trial and he was briefly imprisoned, and fined. Kaliprasanna Sinha
paid the fine for him.
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The play was the first play to be staged commercially at the National Theatre in Kolkata.
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3.0 THE SANTHAL UPRISING

The Santhal country extended from Bhagalpur in Bihar in the north to

Orissa in the south, the centre being Damin-i-Koh (meaning the skirts
of the hill), situated near the Rajmahal Hills, stretching from Hazaribagh
to the borders of Bengal.The Santhal tribes reclaimed from wild
jungles every square foot of arable land, where they cultivated and
lived peacefully till the arrival of Bengali and other traders and
merchants. The latter persuaded the Santhal peasants to buy luxury
goods on credit, and later at harvest time forced them to pay back
the loans along with interest. The balance against the Santhal in the
mahajan-cum-trader's book increased year by year, till the poor
peasant was compelled to give Up, not only his crops but gradually
his plough and bullocks, and finally his land, to meet the demands of
the traders. As the debt grew upon them, many were reduced to
bonded slaves pledging their future descendants to the service of the
creditors' families.

The leaders of the Santhal rebellion were two brothers - Sido

and Kanu of Bhagnadihi. The rebellion swept across the entire
Santhal region from Bihar to Orissa. Frustrated in their repeated
attempts in the past to seek justice from courts and minions of the law,
the peasants raised the cry - " Death to the money-lenders, the police,
the civil court officers and the landlordsl'It thus took on in effect the
natu re of an anti-feudal and anti-state movement. Notorious landlords,
traders and mahajans were selected and killed. Later historians
expressed their shock at the "brutalities" committed by the rebels, but
perhaps chose to ignore the years of grinding brutality that the
peasants had to suffer at the hands of the landlords and traders. The
poor and landless peasants of other lower castes and village artisans
also joined the Santha! rebels. They defeated the British troops in
several encounters, forcing the colonial administration to declare martial
law over a vast expanse from Birbhum and Murshidabad in Bengal to
Bhagalpur in Bihar - the area where the rebels succeeded in destroying
all semblance of British rule. The Santhal rebellion was finally crushed
by the British troops. About 10,000 rebels perished in the unequal fight
between peasants armed with bows and arrows on the one side and
soldiers equipped with firearms, on the other.

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4.O THE SANYASI REBELLION

The Sanyasi Rebellion refers to short period of a dozen

odd years through th e t770s when the Hindu renunciates
and Muslim "fakirs" who had taken to ascetic life along
lines institutionalised in the Sanatan way of !ife rebelled
against the British EmPire.

The rebellion was limited to Murshidabad and Baikunthapur

forests of Jalpaiguri, in north-west of the province. There
were three distinct extended events over a couple of
decades which grouped together is called the Sanyasi
rebellion .

A large number of ascetics called Sanyasis used to travel

from North India to different parts of Bengal and beyond,
and to shrines in north-east region including Assam. En
route, they used to rely for monetary su pport on the
village heads and local landlords. However, with "diwani"
or collection rights won by East India ComPdnY, the
regime's tax demands from the populace increased and local landlords and headmen were unable to provide support to
the Sanyasis. Crop failures, and famine, which killed ten million people, or an estimated one-third of the population of
Bengal, compounded the problems when much of the arable land lay fallow'

In t77L, dbout 150 of the renunciates were put to death

by the British Company troops, for no apparent reason.
It led to a violent retaliation, especially in Natore in
Rangpur, now in modern Bangladesh. Some historians
however argue that the particular reaction never gained
popular su pport and hence cou !d not be considered a
major cause behind the rebellion.

The other two movements i nvolved a sect of

Hindu ascetics, the Dasnami Naga sanyasis. It was
alleged that they engaged in lending out money on
interest while passing through the region and collected
it on their way back. The British looked upon this as an
encroachment on their domain and declared the Dasnamis
as brigands, liable for criminal offense. They arranged
not only for prevention of such money gathering, which
right they felt belonged to the Company, but also to
stop their entry into the province. The entire propaganda may have been a cover, since a large body of people on the
move would always be a challenge and a possible threat to law and order administrators anywhere.

Many clashes occurred in the years following the Great

Famine; but they continued sporadically up until 1802.
During those last three decades of 18th Century the
rebellion spread all over the province. The Company's
forces tried to prevent the Sanyasis and fakirs from
entering the province, or from collecting their money.
They were met with resistance and fierce clashes often
ensued. In these instances, the regime's troops were not
always victorious, inviting cheers from the oppressed
population of the day.The Company's hold was poor
over territories in far-flung and forested areas of Birbhum
and Midnapore districts, as a result of which it often
faced reverses in their clash with Naga ascetics and
suffered humbling losses.

The Sanyasi rebellion was the first of a series of revolts

that the British faced in western districts of Benga!
province, which included practically the whole of present-
day eastern states of Bihar, Odisha and Paschim Banga. The Chuar Rebellion of Midnapore and Bankura took place L798'
'99, Laik Rebellion in Midnapore extended through 1806-'L6, and the Santhal Revolt posed a severe task in 1855-'56.

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 The inspiration the Sanyasi Rebellion gave to these uprisings that foilowed is
without doubt. Later, it was instituted in vernacular literature by India's first modern
novelist, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. His novel, Ananda Math (Monastery Of Bliss),
inspired many a rebel in early 20th century and its song, Vande Mataram, is now the
National Song of India.

5.0 THE VELLORE MUTINY

The Vellore Mutiny was the first large scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British.
Many historians see this as a precursor to the 1857 rebellion.. Even though this mutiny was
short lived and lasted only one day, it was violent and bloody and mutineers stormed into
the Vellore Fort and killed and wounded as many as 200 British soldiers. This sudden
outbreak was suppressed by the British and around 100 mutineers were executed and a Bankim Chandra Chatterji
smaller number were court-martialed,

The main cause of this mutiny, like the 1857 rebellion, was a religious one too.
The sepoy dress code was changed in 1805. Under the new dress code, the Hindu soldiers
I
were not allowed to wear any kind of religious marks on their foreheads and it was made
mandatory for Muslims to shave their beards and trim their moustache.

General Sir John Craddock, Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army, made it compulsory for
all solders to wear a round hat, which was largely associated with Europeans and Christians
in place of the turban they had been wearing. Both Hindus and Muslims were enraged by
this. Rumours had also started circulating that this was the beginning bf a process of
converting them to Christianity. This further infuriated the soldiers.

The British, on the other hand, made these changes thinking that they would improve the
soldiers' looks. In May 1806, a few soldiers who protested against this change in uniform Colonel Fancourt
were sent to Fort St. George where they were given 90 lashes each, and then removed from
the army. Nineteen other sepoys who protested were given 50 lashes each and were asked
to apologize to the East India Company. This rebellion was further instigated by the sons
of the deceased Tipu Sultan who were nursing many grudges against the British and helped
the sepoys in their uprising.

The garrison of the Vellore Fort composed of four companies of the British Infantry and
three battalions of the Madras Infantry. In the early hours of the morning 10th July, 1g06,
the sepoys began their attack and started by killing Colonel Fancourt who was commanding
the garrison. Next to be killed was Colonel Me Kerras of the 23rd regiment, after which
Major Armstrong was gunned down by the soldiers. Major Cootes who was outside the fort
hurried to Ranipet and informed Colonel Gillespie who reached the fort immediately.

In the meantime, the rebels had announced Tipu Sultan's son Futteh Hyder as their new ruler
and had hoisted a tiger flag atop the fort. This uprising was brought to an end by Colonel Major Cootes
Gillespie. 800 Indian soldiers had died in this mutiny and 600 soldiers were imprisoned in
Vellore and Tiruchi' Some rebels were shot dead by the British and some were hanged and
eventually the mutiny was brought to an end.

Tipu Sultan's son was sent to Kolkata (then Calcutta) and the Commander-in-Chief and the
Governor were recalled. Also, religious interference with the soldiers was done away with
and so was flogging of soldiers in the Indian regiment.

There is quite a bit of similarity in the Vellore Mutiny of 1806 and the Rebellion
of 1857, though the latter was on a much larger scale and is often described as the first
war of Indian Independence. In 1857, the sepoys tried to quell British rule by announcing
Bahadur Shah Zafar as the Emperor of India, just like the mutinees tried to give power to
Tipu Sultan's son in 1806. Apart from that, anger against disrespect of religious sentiments
of the soldiers was another major cause of unrest.
Colonel Gillespie

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 Various UPrisings in India
centres Of Res'Etance (1763-1856)

I Srnyasi, x 1763-t
-1 I Raisha hi, !763, ! t766, Patna , L767, 40 I r. Pi, tB24
I :alp.tguri, RangP L77L, L776,
I Prrnea , t77o-71
pur , t7 66-67
4L Kittur, Belgaum District. , t824-t829
2 M id n a

42 Kolis, x Thanna District., 1828-30

3 Rajas of Dhalbhum, t766-77

Peasants under Shanrsher, Ghazi's Leadership, Roshanabad, 43 Rarnosb,x Poona, t826'29

4
flripura), L767-68
Garos,x also called Pagal Panthis' revolt, Sherpur
44
5 Sandip, island south of Noakhali, t769-70 Mymensingh District., L$ZS-Z7, L832-34

45 Gadadhar Singh, Assam, 1828-30

6 Moamarias, Jorhat and Rangpur, t769-99
* Chittagorg, t77 6'89 46 Kumar Rupchand, Assam, 1830
7 Chakmas,
47 Kha sis, * unde r Tirot Singh, 1829-33
I Gorakhpur, Basti and Bahraich, t78L
48 Singhphos, * Assarn-Burma border, 1830-3L, L843
9 Peasants, RangPur, t783
49 Akas,* Assam, 1829, 1835-42
10 Birbhum and BbhnuPur, 1788-89
Wahabis,x Bihar, Bengal, N. W. F. P', Punjab, etc', 1830
50
11 Chuar* Peasants, M'rlnaPur, 1799 6L

51 Titu Mir, }4-Parganas, 1831

tz Peasants, Bakarga nj Distr'rct., t792
52 Peasants, MYsore, 1830-31
13 Vizia na ga ram t794
53 Visha kha patna m, 1830-33
L4 Bedn ur, t799-1800
54 Bhunji,x Manbhum, 1832
15 Kerala Varma Raja, Kottayam, L797, 1800-05

Sylhet, t787-99, Radhara m, 1787, Khasis,* 1788 55 Coorg, 1833-34

16
Agha Muhammas Reza, t799
55 Gonds,* SambalPur, 1833
L7 Vazir Ali, Awa dh, L799
57 Naikda,x Rewa Kantha, 1838
18 Ganjam and Gumsur, 1800, 1835-37
58 Fara zis,* FaridPur , t838-47
19 Palamau, 1800-02

Poligars,* nnnevel[, Rarmathapuram, Sivaganga, Sivag[i, Madurai, 59 Khantas,* SadiYas, Asdsam, 1839
20
North Arcot, etc., t795-1805
60 Surendra Sai, SambalPur, t839-52
zt Vellore MutinY, 1806
61 Badami, 1840
22 Bhiwani, 1809
6? Bundelas, * Saga r, t842
23 Naiks* of Bhograi, Midnapur District', 1810-09
Salt rbts, Surat, t844
z4
* t844
25 Chiefs of Bundekhand, 1808-12 - Gadka ri, Kolha Pur,

Savantavadi, North Konkan Coast, t844'47

26 Abdul Rahman, Surat, 1810
Narshimhs ReddY, Kurnool, t846'47
27 Hartal and aoitation in Benares, 1810-11
67 Khonds, x Orissa, 1848
z8 Parlakinredi, western border of Ganjam District,, 1813-34
6B Nagpur, 1848
29 Cutch, 1815-32
69 Garos,* Garo Hills, 1848-66
30 Rohillas,x Bareilly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Rampur, 1816
Abors, * North-eastern India, 1B4B-1900
Hathra s, * 1817
7A
3t
etc', 1817-18 7L Lushais, x Lushai Hills, 1849-92
3Z Paiks,* Cuttack, Khurda, Pipli, Puri,
t846, 1852 72 Nagas,* Naga Hiils, 1849-78
33 Bhils, Khandesh, Dhar, Malwa, 18L7-3L,

Kols,* Singhbhum, Chota Nagpur, Sambalpur, Ranchi, Hazari Bagh, 73 Urna rzais,* Bannu, 1850-52
34
Palarnau, Chaibasa, t82O-37
74 Survey riots, Khandesh, 1852
35 Mers,* Merwara, 1819-21
Dhfann nf the BenoalArnv. Barrackpore , t824 75 Saiyads of Hazara, 1852
36
76 Nadir Khan, RawalPindi, 1853
37 Gujars,* Kunja (near Roorki), l8Z4

38 Sindgi (near BijaPur), L824 77 Santhals, * Rajmaha l, Bhagalpur, Birbhum, etc', 1855-56'
39 Bhiwani, Rewari, Hissar, Rohtak, L824-26
* Indicatas a tnoaelnc connrutniftt, a tnbe, or a XrouP ol PTias(II-I-3-4)
IC E

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 pAlrY PRACTICE QUIZ
Pape r - ll Gene ral Stud ies r I
Unit3(IECTURE -41
0ther uprisings in India
O Sugqested Time : 10 min Tota Lq u esti o ns
=
2O

1. which one of the following revolts was made famous by 7. Indigo planting had started in Bengat in
Bankim chandra chatterjee in his noval Anand Math?
(A) 1777 (B) 1783
(A) The Bhil uprising (c) 183 3
(B) Rangpur and Dinapur uprising (D) 1860

(C) Bishnupur and Birbhum rebeilion

B. Consider the following statements.
(D) The Sanyasi rebellion
I. The indigo planters mercilessly pursued farmers to grow
tndigo instead of food crops.
2 The chhotanagpur Tenancy Act of 19oB was the result of II. The indigo planters provided toans at very high interest
(A) The Munda Rebellion rate.
(B) The Vellore Mutiny III. The price payed by the planters for this cash crop was
(C) The Indigo Revolution very low.
(D) The Sanyasi Rebellion which of the above were the reasons for the Indigo uprising?
(A) I and II (B) rr and rrr
3. Consider the fol lowing statements. (C) I and III (D) I, Ir and IrI
r. The Munda rebellion sought to estabtish Munda Raj
and independence. 9. The Indigo uprising was started by
II. The spread of education through missionary activities (A) Sido and Kanhu
made the tribals more organised and conscious of their (B) Birsa Mu nda
rig hts.
III. An agrarian and political angte was then inserted into
(c) Bishnucharan Biswas & Digambar Biswas
the Mu nda rebellion which in itially was a religious
(D) None of the above
movement.
IV. Birsa was captured and died in jai!. 10. which one of the following can be described as an anti-
which of the above statements is/are correct? feudal and anti-state movement?
(A) I and II (B) I, II and III (A) The Santhal Uprising
(C) II, III and IV (D) All of the above
(B) The Vellore Mutiny
(C) The Indigo Revolution
4. The complexion of Birsa Munda's religious movement changed
(D) The Sanyasi Rebellion
through its contact with the
(A) Sardarmovement (B) Ulgulan 11. The Santhal uprising was started by
(c) Bhil Uprising (D) None of the above (A) Sido and Kanhu
(B) Birsa Mu nda
5 The dikuswere (c) Bishnucharan Biswas & Digambar Biswas
(A) Local landlords (B) British Officers (D) None of the above
(C) Peasants (D) Sepoys
L2, The Santhal rebels fought the British with
6 'Neel Darpan' was written by (A) Guns and cannons
(A) Sido and Kanhu (B) Birsa Mu nda (B) Bows and arrows
(C) Dinbandhu Mitra (D) Ban kim Chandra (C) Lath is
(D) All of the above
13. In which area were the santhal rebets successful in
destroying all semblance of British rute?
(A) Birbhum (B) Bhagalpur
(C) M ursh ida bad (D) Bhagnadihi

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 18. Which of the following has the same causes as the 1857
!4. The monetary support from village heads to the Sanyasis
stopped because of War of IndePendence?
(A) increased tax demands from the populace. (A) The Santhal Uprising (B) The Vellore Mutiny

(B) croP failures, and famine. (c) The Indigo Revolution (D) The sanyasi Rebellion

(C) Both (A) and (B)

(D) None of the above 19. The Vellore mutinY lasted for
(A) 1 day (B) 10 days

15. Who were declared by the British as brigands?

(C) 1 month (D) 1 5 days

(A) Fa kirs
(B) Peasa nts 20. The Vellore mutinY haPPened on
(C) Dasnami Naga SanYasis (A) 10th July, 1818 (B) 10th Julv, 1806

(D) All of the above (c) 23rd J uty, 1808 (D) 24th August, 1809

16. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's Anand Math is an account of

(A) The Santhal UPrising
(B) The Vellore MutinY
(C) The Indigo Revolution
(D) The SanYasi Rebellion

L7. Who were the main participants in the Sanyasi Rebellion?

(A) Hindu renunciates (B) Muslim Fakirs
(C) Local peasants (D) Both (A) and (B)

pencil/pen'
Please make sure that you mark the answers in this score-sheet with an HB
marking of answers must be done in t'he stipulated time for the test. Do not take extra time over and above the time limit.
The

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