HISTORY

Parliamentary Form
A democratic form of government in which people elect the
member of parliament and the elected members elect the prime
minster. Then the prime minster chooses some people for the
parliament. Prime minister can also be removed from the
powerful post because of losing of confidence on prime
minister. Parliamentary system is a system adopted and
originated in Britain.
The Constitution of India gives information about the
government form in both center and states. Article 74 and 75 it
is managing with parliament form of government at center level.
And article 163 and 164 manages with parliamentary form of
government at state level. Modern democratic government had
classified into two executive and legislature on the basis of
nature of relations. The executive assembly is responsible for it
polices and acts. The executive assembly is also not responsible
for its policies and acts.
Key Features Of Parliamentary Form Of Government
 Nominal And Real Executives
 Majority Party Rule
 Collective Responsibility
 Political Homogeneity
 Double Membership
 Leadership Of Prime Minster
  Dissolution Of Lower House

Nominal And Real Executives

Prime minister is the real executive head and the president is the
nominal head of the parliamentary form of government.
President is head of the state and the prime minister is the head
of the government. According to the article 74 provides for a
council of minister headed by the prime minister to aid and
advise the president in the exercise of his function. The advice
so tender is binding on president.

Majority Party Rule

The political party which secures majority seats in Lok Sabha
forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as a
prime minister by president on the advice of prime minister.
However, when no single party gets the majority, a coalition of
parties may be invented by the president to form the
government.

Collective Responsibility
 This is bedrock principle of the parliament government.
The minister collectively responsible to the parliament in
general and to the Lok Shaba in particular. They act as a
team, and swim and sink together. The principle of
collective responsibility implies that the Lok Shaba can
remove the minister from the office by passing a vote of no
confidence.

Political Homogeneity

Usually members of the council of minister belong to the

same political part, and hence they share the same political
ideology. In case of coalition government, the ministers are
bound by consensus.

Double Membership

The ministers are members of both the legislature and

executive. This means that a person cannot be a minister
without being a member of parliament. The constitution
specifies that a minister who is not a member of the
parliament for a period of six consecutive months ceases to
be a minister.

Leadership Of The Prime Minister

The prime minister plays the leadership role in this system

of government. He is the leader of council of ministers,
leader of parliament and the leader of the party in power. In
 these capacities, he plays a significant and highly crucial
role in the functioning of the government.

Dissolution Of The Lower House

The lower house of the parliament can be dissolved by

president by the recommendation of the prime minister. Or
prime minister can advise the president to dissolve the Lok
Shaba before expiry of the original term and hold fresh
elections.

Advantages
Harmony Between Legislature And Executive

This ensures the harmony and cooperation relation between

the legislature and executive organs of the government. The
executive is a part of the legislature and the both are inter
dependent at work. That is why there are less fights
between the legislature and executive organs.

Responsible Government

In parliamentary system the government establishes a

responsible government. These ministers are responsible
for the omission and commission. The parliament has
control over various things like question hour, discussion,
adjournment motion, no confidence motion, etc.

Prevents despotism
 Over here there are groups instead of single person. This
dispersal of authority the checks the supreme tendencies of
the executive. Moreover, the executive can be removed by
the no-confident motion.

Wide Representation

In this kind of system, it is possible to provide

representation to all sections and regions in the
government. The prime minister while selecting his
minister scan take this factor this factor into consideration.

Disadvantages
Unstable Government

The parliament does not provide a stable government.

There no guarantee that the government can survive its
occupation. The ministers depend on the majority
legislators for their continuity and survival for their office.

No Continuity Of Policies

The parliamentary system cannot keep the laws or orders in

proper place at right time at long period of time. This is due
to uncertainty of the occupation that he or she had in the
government. The ruling party is usually followed by the
changes in the government.
 Dictatorship Of The Cabinet

Harold J Laski says that the parliament system gives the

executive an opportunity for cruel government.
Ramsay Muir the former British prime minister also
complained of ‘dictatorship of the cabinet’.

Against Separation Of Powers

In this system of government, the two bodies are together

and inseparable. The cabinet acts as the leader of the
legislature as well as executive. Therefore, the whole
system of government goes against the letter and spirit of
the theory of separation of powers.

Presidential System
When a country follows the presidential form of
government it means that there is only one head for state
and government. The election held for the president in the
presidential form of government is by direct elections or
sometimes the president may be elected through the
electoral college.
Some representative and constitution democracies have a
presidential system of government, which is based on the
separation and sharing of powers among the three:
legislature, executive and judicial. The united states are the
originator and primary example of the presidential system,
 a model that is followed in only a few other democracies
such as Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines. The
presidential system forms a democracy, has a strong and
independent chief executive with extensive powers related
to both domestic, or internal, affairs and foreign policy.

Key Features Of Presidential Form Of Government

 Single Executive
 Executive Account
 Recognized Opposition
 Supremacy of the Constitution
 Presidential Pardon

Single Executive

In a presidential system of Government, one of the features

is the existence of a single executive which means that the
executive arm of the government is headed by a single
person who is the head of state and the head of the
government which means he performs both the ceremonial
functions and the governmental functions, he is known as
the president.

Executive Account
  The president is always directly elected by the people
(citizens); hence the president drives his mandate from the
people, and he is accountable to them directly for his
actions and in-actions in office.

Recognized Opposition

Another feature of the presidential system of government is

that the role of the opposition is clear; it is expressly stated
by the constitution. Party discipline is, therefore, not very
strong.

Supremacy Of The Constitution

 In a presidential system of government, the constitution is

the supreme law of the land. Anyone who exercises his
powers outside the constitutional mandate is deemed to be
in contravention of the constitution. Such actions would be
nullified by the judiciary.

Presidential Pardon

 A feature of a presidential system of government is

presidential pardon. A president can grant pardon to a
convict who has a life sentence, death sentence or a long
sentence and this is solely at his own discretion.

Advantages
 Direct Reflection Of People’s Choice
As the president is elected by the people, it is a direct
choice rather than being elected by the member of
parliaments and legislative assembly.

Stricter Separation Of Powers

Parliamentary system there is a over lap in legislature and

executive, thus weakening the prospects of legislature
holding executive accountable.

Faster Decisions

US president is more powerful, than India president

domestically hence faster decision making is possible in the
former. Thus, in the presidential form there is a misuse of
power and likely to be less dominant and arrogant.

People’s Participation

Popular election of the chief executive is supported to

simulate citizens’ interests in public affairs and competition
for one important office concentrate public attention on the
issue of the day more effectively than the elections for
legislative seats.

Disadvantages
 Autocratic

The presidential system appears to be autocratic because

the president is empowered to act more or less in his
discretion.

Deadlock On Important Issue

Conflicts between the legislature and the executive may

lead to deadlocks.

Irresponsible

It is irresponsible because the executive Is made

independent of legislature. There is no effective means by
which the responsibility for the exercise of power may be
ensured

Differences Between Parliamentary System And

Presidential System

Presidential system

Key features

1) The executive can veto acts by the legislature.

2) The president has a fixed tenure and cannot be removed
by a vote of no-confidence in the legislature.
 3) Generally, the president has the power to pardon or
commute judicial sentences awarded to criminals
4) The president is elected directly by people or by
electoral college.

Merits of presidential system

1) Separation of powers:- Efficiency of administration is

greatly enhanced since the three arms of the government
are independent of each other.
2) Less influence of the party system:- political parties do not
attempt to dislodge the government since the tenure is
fixed.
Demerits of presidential system
1) Less responsible executive head :- since the legislature has
no hold over the executive and the president, the head of
the of the government can turn authoritarian.
2) Rigid government :- presidential systems are often accused
of being rigid. It lacks flexibility

Parliamentary System Of Government

Key features
1) Close relationship between the legislature and executive
2) Executive responsibility to legislature
3) Dual executive
4) No fixed tenure

Merits parliamentary system

Responsible government:- the members of legislature can

ask questions and discuss matters of public interests and
put pressure on the government. The parliament can check
the activities of the executive.

Representing government:- in this system, the parliament

offers representation to diverse groups of the country. This
is mainly important for a country like India.

BIBLIOGR
APHY
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