FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

MODULE NAME: DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND ANALYSIS

MODULE CODE: 2204 FHSS
TIME ALLOWED: 6 HOURS

TOTAL MARKS: 100 MARKS

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS:
1. Write your student ID number on each page. DO NOT write your name on the examination
paper
2. All questions carry Equal Marks
3. Attempt all the questions
4. Read and Understand each question before you start answering
5. The use of relevant examples will earn you extra marks
1. Development Planning is the creation of measurable goals to support National
development plans. This includes defining how to achieve a goal and the time frame
within which this should be done. Governments work with different state agencies
and civil servants to document the plans through policy positions and set to be
achieved in particular time frames.
2. Discuss the social, economic, political, and contextual challenges, and evaluate the
theories, that explain the emergence and growth of Development Policies. (25
Marks)

Policies for economic development could involve: Improved macroeconomic conditions

(create stable economic climate of low inflation and positive economic growth) Free market
supply-side policies – privatisation, deregulation, lower taxes, less regulation to stimulate
private sector investment.

Development policy encompasses all political, economic and social measures to help

improve living conditions in developing countries in a sustainable way.

Theory of Modernization

According to Alvin So, there are three main and historical elements which were favorable to the
inception of the modernization theory of development after the Second World War. First, there was
the rise of the United States as a superpower. While other Western nations, such as Great Britain,
France, and Germany, were weakened by World War II, the United States emerged from the war
strengthened, and became a world leader with the implementation of the Marshall Plan to reconstruct
war-torn Western Europe

According to the modernization theory, modern societies are more productive, children are better
educated, and the needy receive more welfare. According to Smelser’s analysis, modern societies
have the particular feature of social structural differentiation, that is to say a clear definition of
functions and political roles from national institutions. Smelser argues that although structural
differentiation has increased the functional capacity of modern organizations, it has also created the
problem of integration, and of coordinating the activities of the various new institutions.

Theory of Dependency

The foundations of the theory of dependency emerged in the 1950s from the research of the
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECLAC-. One of the most representative
authors was Raul Prebisch. The principal points of the Prebisch model are that in order to create
conditions of development within a country, it is necessary:

a) To control the monetary exchange rate, placing more governmental emphasis on

fiscal rather than monetary policy;
 b) To promote a more effective governmental role in terms of national development;
c) To create a platform of investments, giving a preferential role to national capitals
d) To allow the entrance of external capital following priorities already established in
national plans for development;
e) To promote a more effective internal demand in terms of domestic markets as a base
to reinforce the industrialization process in Latin America;
f) To generate a larger internal demand by increasing the wages and salaries of workers,
which will in turn positively affect aggregate demand in internal markets;
g) To develop a more effective coverage of social services from the government,
especially to impoverished sectors in order to create conditions for those sectors to
become more competitive; and
h) To develop national strategies according to the model of import substitution,
protecting national production by establishing quotas and tariffs on external markets

Theory of World Systems

A central element from which the theory of world-systems emerged was the different form that
capitalism was taking around the world, especially since the decade of the 1960s. Starting in this
decade, Third World countries had new conditions in which to attempt to elevate their standards of
living and improve social conditions. These new conditions were related to the fact that the
international financial and trade systems began to have a more flexible character, in which national
government actions were having less and less influence. Basically these new international economic
circumstances made it possible for a group of radical researchers led by Immanuel Wallerstein to
conclude that there were new activities in the capitalist world-economy which could not be explained
within the confines of the dependency perspective.

Theory of Globalization

The theory of globalization emerges from the global mechanisms of greater integration with particular
emphasis on the sphere of economic transactions. In this sense, this perspective is similar to the
world-systems approach. However, one of the most important characteristics of the globalization
position is its focus and emphasis on cultural aspects and their communication worldwide. Rather
than the economic, financial and political ties, globalization scholars argue that the main modern
elements for development interpretation are the cultural links among nations. In this cultural
communication, one of the most important factors is the increasing flexibility of technology to
connect people around the world.

The main aspects of the theory of globalization can be delineated as follows:

a) To recognize that global communications systems are gaining an increasing importance every
day, and through this process all nations are interacting much more frequently and easily, not only
at the governmental level, but also within the citizenry;

b) Even though the main communications systems are operating among the more developed
nations, these mechanisms are also spreading in their use to less developed nations. This fact will
increase the possibility that marginal groups in poor nations can communicate and interact within
a global context using the new technology;
 c) The modern communications system implies structural and important modifications in the
social, economic and cultural patterns of nations. In terms of the economic activities the new
technological advances in communications are becoming more accessible to local and small
business.

3. Discuss the difference between policies, procedures, and protocols and how they
complement development policy. (25 Marks)

Policies, procedures, and protocols are all important components of organizational

management. While they share similarities, they each have distinct differences and serve
different functions in an organization. In this response, we will discuss the differences
between policies, procedures, and protocols and how they complement development policy.

Policies are formal documents that outline an organization's guidelines, principles, and rules
for decision-making and action. Policies are typically broad in scope and provide a
framework for decision-making. They define the goals, objectives, and responsibilities of an
organization, as well as the expectations for employee behavior and performance. Policies are
developed by senior management or executives and are approved by the board of directors or
a designated authority. Policies are typically reviewed periodically and updated as necessary.

Policies are general statements that establish an organization's guiding principles, goals,
objectives, and rules. They provide an overarching framework for decision-making and are
usually created by senior management. For instance, an organization's social media policy
might define what types of posts are acceptable and the consequences for violating the policy.

Procedures are a set of step-by-step instructions that outline how to perform a specific task or
activity. Procedures are more detailed than policies and are designed to provide specific
guidance for employees to follow. Procedures are typically developed by subject matter
experts and are intended to ensure consistency in the performance of tasks or activities.
Procedures are often updated as technology and processes change.

Procedures, on the other hand, are detailed step-by-step instructions for performing specific
tasks or activities. They are usually developed by subject matter experts or experienced
employees to ensure consistency in task execution. For instance, an organization's procedure
for handling customer complaints might outline the specific steps to follow when receiving,
investigating, and resolving complaints.

Protocols are a set of guidelines that outline the specific steps and actions required to achieve
a specific outcome. Protocols are typically developed for complex tasks or activities that
require a high level of coordination between multiple individuals or departments. Protocols
are more detailed than procedures and often include specific timeframes and deadlines.
Protocols are typically developed by a team of subject matter experts and are intended to
ensure that tasks or activities are completed in a timely and efficient manner.
Protocols are similar to procedures, but they are more detailed and provide specific guidance
for complex tasks or activities that require coordination between multiple individuals or
departments. They usually include timeframes, deadlines, and specific requirements to ensure
that tasks or activities are completed efficiently and effectively. For instance, a hospital's
protocol for responding to a medical emergency might outline the specific actions to be taken
by the emergency response team, doctors, and nurses.

Development policy is a set of guidelines that outlines an organization's approach to

development activities. Development policy typically includes strategies for project
development, resource allocation, and risk management. Development policy provides a
framework for decision-making and ensures that development activities are aligned with
organizational goals and objectives.

Development policy is a set of guidelines that outline an organization's approach to

development activities. Development policy usually includes strategies for project
development, resource allocation, and risk management. It provides a framework for
decision-making and ensures that development activities are aligned with organizational
goals and objectives. For instance, an organization's development policy might outline its
strategy for funding and supporting community development projects.

Policies, procedures, and protocols complement development policy by providing specific

guidelines for decision-making and action. Policies provide a broad framework for decision-
making, while procedures and protocols provide detailed guidance for specific tasks or
activities. Together, policies, procedures, and protocols ensure that development activities are
aligned with organizational goals and objectives and are completed in a timely and efficient
manner.

In conclusion, policies, procedures, and protocols are all important components of

organizational management and complement development policy. Policies provide a broad
framework for decision-making, procedures provide detailed guidance for specific tasks or
activities, and protocols provide guidelines for complex tasks or activities that require
coordination between multiple individuals or departments. Together, policies, procedures,
and protocols ensure that development activities are aligned with organizational goals and
objectives and are completed in a timely and efficient manner.
Key differences between policies, procedures, and protocols:

Policies:

a. Establish an organization's guiding principles, goals, objectives, and rules

b. Provide an overarching framework for decision-making

c. Are created by senior management or executives

d. Are broad in scope

e. Are reviewed periodically and updated as necessary

Procedures:

a. Provide detailed step-by-step instructions for performing specific tasks or activities

b. Are developed by subject matter experts or experienced employees

c. Ensure consistency in task execution

d. Are more detailed than policies

e. Are updated as technology and processes change

Protocols:

a. Provide specific guidance for complex tasks or activities that require coordination between
multiple individuals or departments

b. Include timeframes, deadlines, and specific requirements

c. Are more detailed than procedures

d. Are developed by a team of subject matter experts

e. Ensure that tasks or activities are completed efficiently and effectively

Development Policy:
a. Outlines an organization's approach to development activities

b. Includes strategies for project development, resource allocation, and risk management

c. Provides a framework for decision-making

d. Ensures that development activities are aligned with organizational goals and objectives

In summary, policies, procedures, protocols, and development policy serve different

functions but are all critical components of organizational management. Together, they
ensure that an organization's activities are efficient, effective, and aligned with its overall
mission and objectives.

4. Analyze and discuss the principles of community policy, and critique the
relationship between development policy and analysis, and their contributions to the
development of communities.(25 Marks)

Community Policy means policies that may be established from time to time by the
Community, in accordance with Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions.
THE TEN PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY Policing 
1. Organisational philosophy
Community policing is an organisational strategy that enables the police and the community
to collaborate closely in order to find innovative solutions to the issues of crime, illicit drugs,
fear of crime, physical and social disorder (from addiction to graffiti), neighbourhood decay,
and the general quality of life in the community.

2. A commitment to empowering communities

The organisational plan for community policing first requires that all members of the police
force, including both sworn and civilian staff, look into how to put the theory of power-
sharing into practice.

3. Personalised and decentralised law enforcement

Police departments must also train and cultivate a new breed of line officer that serves as a
direct conduit between the police and residents of the neighbourhood in order to execute true
community policing.

4. Proactively addressing both short-term and long-term issues

The extensive responsibilities of the community policing officer require constant, persistent
communication with the law-abiding inhabitants of the community so that together they can
investigate innovative solutions to local problems, with private persons acting as supporters
and volunteers.

5. Integrity, legality, responsibility, and trust

Community policing suggests a new agreement between the police and the people they
protect, one that holds out promise for overcoming pervasive apathy while taming any urge
towards vigilantism.

6. Increasing the Police Mandate Community policing gives the police's conventional
reactive duty a crucial, proactive component, resulting in full-spectrum policing service.

7. Assisting Individuals with Special Needs

The focus of community policing is finding innovative ways to safeguard and improve the
lives of those who are most at risk—children, the elderly, people of colour, the poor, the
disabled, and the homeless

8.  Grass-Roots Innovation and Assistance

Community policing encourages the responsible use of technology, but it also is based on the
idea that nothing can match what committed people, communicating and cooperating, can
accomplish.

9. Change internal
Community policing officers should act as generalists who bridge the gap between the police
and the communities they serve as part of a fully integrated approach that encompasses
everyone in the department.

10. Construction for the Future

Community policing offers local residents decentralized individualized police protection.

All political, economic, and social initiatives that aim to sustainably raise living standards in
developing nations are included in development policy.

Critique the relationship between development policy and analysis.

There are five fundamental methods for analysing policies: formal cost-benefit analysis,
qualitative cost-benefit analysis, modified cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis
and the most common type of policy analysis, multi-goal policy analysis
For public health and health promotion initiatives to be successful, policy analysis is seen to
be crucial. At a time when the field of PA policy research was in its infancy, the only
framework for PA policy analysis was created. Since then, PA policy research has advanced,
and we now have a more nuanced knowledge of the components that should be covered in a
thorough examination of PA policy.

Conclusion
This Community-Based Research Initiative's goal was to complete a number of public policy
studies with the following features: (1) an applied focus on local and state government; (2) a
top concern with issues affecting vulnerable and at-risk populations, especially those who
depend on health and social welfare systems and other public services; (3) a focus on issues
that are currently prominent on the "political agenda" in the sense of being important to the
country's future.
5. Individual well-being is multidimensional and policy should aim for improvements
in all of the dimensions valued by society, not just income. Inclusive development is
the only socially and economically sustainable form of development Individual well-
being is multidimensional and policy should aim for improvements in all of the
dimensions valued by society, not just income. Inclusive development is the only
socially and economically sustainable form of development. Criticallydiscuss and
analyze the objectives of development policy and policy analysis. (25 Marks)

The statement emphasizes the multidimensionality of individual well-being and argues that
development policy should aim for improvements in all dimensions valued by society, not
solely focusing on income. It also asserts that inclusive development is the only socially and
economically sustainable form of development.

Critical discussion and analysis of the objectives of development policy and policy
analysis in light of these statements

Development policy refers to a set of plans, strategies, and actions implemented by

governments and institutions to promote economic, social, and human development within a
country.

Traditionally, development policies have often focused primarily on economic growth and
increasing income levels as the primary indicators of progress. However, this narrow focus
fails to capture the complex nature of individual well-being and the broader objectives of
sustainable development.

One key criticism of the sole emphasis on income as a measure of development is that it
neglects other dimensions that are crucial for individual well-being. For example, factors
such as education, healthcare, social inclusion, gender equality, environmental sustainability,
and good governance play significant roles in shaping people's lives and their overall well-
being.
By disregarding these dimensions, development policies risk leaving behind marginalized
groups and perpetuating inequalities.

Inclusive development, on the other hand, recognizes the importance of addressing these
multidimensional aspects of well-being.

It aims to ensure that the benefits of development are shared equitably and that everyone has
the opportunity to participate in and contribute to the development process.

Inclusive development recognizes the interdependence of economic, social, and

environmental dimensions and seeks to create synergies among them.
From a social perspective, inclusive development fosters social cohesion, reduces inequality,
and promotes social justice.

By prioritizing investments in education, healthcare, and social protection, it enhances human

capabilities and empowers individuals to lead fulfilling lives.

Inclusive development also seeks to ensure the participation of marginalized groups in

decision-making processes, enabling them to voice their concerns and shape policies that
affect their lives.

Economically, inclusive development can lead to more sustainable and resilient economies.
By providing equal opportunities for all segments of society, it taps into the full potential of
human capital and fosters innovation, productivity, and economic diversification.

Inclusive development also reduces social tensions and inequalities, which can contribute to
social stability and sustainable economic growth in the long run.

Policy analysis plays a crucial role in informing the design and implementation of
development policies.

It involves evaluating the effectiveness, efficiency, equity, and sustainability of policy

interventions. In the context of the multidimensional nature of individual well-being, policy
analysis needs to incorporate a comprehensive set of indicators and evaluate the impact of
policies on various dimensions of development.

A robust policy analysis framework should consider both the short-term and long-term
effects of policies on income, education, health, social inclusion, and environmental
sustainability, among other dimensions.

It should also incorporate participatory approaches to involve stakeholders in the policy

formulation and evaluation processes.

By adopting such an inclusive and multidimensional approach, policy analysis can provide
policymakers with a more holistic understanding of the implications of their decisions and
help identify trade-offs and synergies among different dimensions of development.

In conclusion, the objectives of development policy should go beyond solely focusing on

income and embrace a multidimensional approach to individual well-being. Inclusive
development, which addresses economic, social, and environmental dimensions, is vital for
achieving sustainable and equitable outcomes.

Policy analysis should align with this multidimensional perspective and provide policymakers
with comprehensive insights into the impacts of policies across various dimensions of
development. By doing so, development policy can contribute to the well-being of
individuals and societies in a more holistic and sustainable manner.

GOOD LUCK!