UNIT 7

I, Grammar
1. Modal Verbs expressing degree of certainty
 Weak possibility: may, might, could
 Probability/ possibility: should, may
 Habitual possibility: can
 Future prediction: will
 Very high degree of certainty: must ( 100% true)
2. Speculations about the past:
Modal V + have + pII
                 have been Ving
                 have been VpII 
3. Modal verbs: Other uses
a. Ability
 Present: can(‘t), be able to
 be able to: after auxiliary V or V taking an infinitive or -ing form ( hope, enjoy,... )
E.g: can’t draw, enjoys being able 
 Past: 
 could (n’t) + Vinf: general ability
( + V of perception (see, hear,...): specific occasion )
 was/were able to, phrases ( managed in, succeed in,...): specific occasion in the past,
after V taking inf/-ing
 Future: 
 will/won’t be able: ability
 can/can’t: specific arrangement
* will be + Ving: future plan, will + V: future fact
b. Necessity
 Lack of necessity or obligation: needn’t, don’t need to, don’t have to
 Necessity in the past: had to + inf, needed to + inf
 Sth not necessary + did not happen: didn’t have to
 Sth not necessary + did happen: needn’t + perfect inf
 Sth necessary + đ bt nó có xảy ra hay ko: didn’t need to + inf
c. Mild obligation and advice
 Ask for and give advice: should, ought to (less common in questions)
 Give advice, warning abt present, future: Had better
 Criticism, regret in the past: should
 Criticize: could  
E.g: You could’ve given me more money
 To say what other think is true (được cho là): be supposed to
d. Permission
 Request permission: can, could ( formal )

 Give/refuse permission: can/can’t
 Things are/are not permitted: be allowed to
 Make formal requests + give/refuse permission: may/may not
e. Willingness
 Will, shall
  Willingness in the past: would + inf
*would: only general willingness
wouldn’t: can refer to a refusal on a specific occasion
f. Strong obligation and prohibition
 From speaker: must
 From “external” sources: have to
 Past: had to+ inf
 Present and future: mustn’t
II. Vocabulary 
7A/
1. hit the nail on the head: to say sth right
2. spot on: exactly right :))
3. swallow one’s word: nuốt lời, thừa nhận đã nói j sai
4. strike/hit the right note: do sth appropriate
5. fall/be wide off the mark: ko chính xác
6. back the wrong horse: sp wrong person
7. bark up the wrong tree: to blame the wrong person to make the wrong choice / wrong idea
8. get off on the wrong foot: khởi đầu ko thuận lợi
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Adj Synonym Antonym

intellectual : thông minh highbrow : tinh hoa lowbrow

elaborate : tinh xảo intricate : phức tạp primitive : nguyên thủy

fascinating : lôi cuốn intriguing: hấp dẫn dreary : khô khan

captivating : cuốn hút enchanting: mê hoặc repellent = revolting : kinh

tởm

comprehensible : hiểu transparent: trong suốt => dễ thấu impenetrable : ko hiểu đc

đc hiểu

offensive : phản cảm provocative: gây khó chịu unobtrusive: k phô trg
provoke ( v )

peculiar : kì quặc whimsical : kì lạ conventional : thông thường

dull : boring uninspiring evocative : gợi lên

evoke ( v ) : gợi lên

7B/ Grammar
7C/ Music
1. soothing (a): xoa dịu
sooth sb (v): xoa dịu
2. ethereal (a): thanh khiết : light and delicate
3. lilting (a): pleasant to listen to
 4. brisk (a): quick, energetic, active
5. fre’netic (a): involving a lot of excited movement or activating 
6. surging (a): to move quickly and with force in a particular direction
7. raucous (a): /ˈrɔːkəs/ : loud and unpleasant : jarning
8. jaunty (a): happy and confident
9. mellow (a): smooth and soft, pleasant
10.  ‘menacing (a): threatening
7D/ Art & Frame
1. edifice (n): a building, especially a large, imposing one
2. ailing (adj):  old and out of date
3. mecca (n): an ideal place for (=thánh địa)
4. blueprint (n): a photographic print of a plan for a building or a machine, w/ white lines on a blue
background
5. on end = continuously
6. fondness (n): affection
7. plethora (n): an amount that’s greater than is needed or can be used
8. spawn (v): to cause sth to develop or be produced (start)
9. tenacious (adj): that does no stop holding sth or give up sth easily, determined
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1. disorder: an untidy state, a lack of order or organization
2. playfulness: the quality of being full of fun and waiting to play
3. teetering: looking unstable
4. swishy: sth especially a piece of sth that moves through the air making a soft sound
( = bồng bềnh )
5. gleaming: bright and shiny from being cleaned
6. unconventional: different from usual
7. haphazard: not having an obvious order or plan
8. flamboyance: the quality of being very noticeable in style, order
9. asymmetry: the state of 2 halves, sides or parts that are not exactly the same in shape or size
Conditional Phrases
1. unless = if….not 
2. in case = trong trường hợp
3. as long as = so long as = On condition
= provided (that) -> đứng đầu câu: Providing
4.  If so = nếu vậy
5. suppose = giả sử -> đầu câu: Supposing
6. otherwise = nếu không thì
 Cấu trúc
1.                                                  + should V                           
            If + S  + happen to V                +    S will V:  Nếu tình cờ lmj
                                                             + should happen to + V  
2. Without       N
3. But for         + V _ Ing ( chỉ dùng nếu 2 vế cùng chủ ngữ ) 
But for being supported by my friends, I never would have survived that difficult time
4. If it had not been / weren't for The fact that + HTĐ / QKĐ ( tùy vào loại điều kiện)

Eg: I was supported by my parents, so I finished my course.

=> Without my parents’ support, I wouldn’t have finished my exam.
=> Without being supported by my parents, I wouldn’t have finished my exam.
=> Without the fact that my parents supported me, I wouldn’t have finished my exam.
5. Even if = Kể cả khi
6. Only if = Chỉ khi

7. If + S + had + P2
=> Had + S + ( not ) + P2
      Were + S + ( not ) + to + have + P2

Inversions
I, General rules
 Nếu trong câu có trợ động từ thì đảo lên trước chủ ngữ 
                            động từ khuyết thiếu
                            động từ thường
II, Specific cases
 Negative expression: never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, barely… + Trợ V + S + V
 So + adj + S/NP + that + clause
 Such + be + S/NP + that + clause
 Adverbial clause + V + S
E.g: A man stood on a stone -> On a stone stood a man
 No sooner + QKHT / HTHT ( nếu ở hiện tại ) than S Ved
Hardly/Barely/Scarcely + QKHT when/ before + S Ved
 Not only + đảo ngữ; but + S + also + V
 Adj + as/though + (It)/NP + Vbare/V
 The problem/ truth/ fact that … + be + Clause

 Cleft sentence: It/That + be + NP + relative clause 

                         All + S + V + be + (to) + V(bare)/NP
 Adj as/though it (may) be, …
 All = What
 S + did/do/does + V (bare)
 At no time + đảo ngữ
 Under no circumstances
On no account
 Only after
 Only later
 Only once
 Only then
 Only when + Clause
 Only if + Clause: chỉ nếu
Only by
Only with
Only in this way
  If and when, what if, if only, only if, if not

ELLIPSIS
 N after a number, a quantifier, a superlative Adj or this/ that/ these/ those
 Words after the auxiliaries: be, do, have, modal V
 Inf in a “ to + inf” clause
 Clause after question words
 Main verbs when there are 2 clauses with the same structure and V
 Verb Patterns

 
 

 
 
1)
need + Vbare = need to + Vbare
needn’t + Vbare = don’t need to + Vbare

2) see
    watch                                V: xem toàn bộ quá trình
    observe      +     sb    +       
    feel                                    V_ing: xem một phần của hành động
    hear
    overhear
3) ACTIVE and PASSIVE
a. need, want, deserve,...
 to V: active meaning                 ->   deserve to go to the jail
 Ving: passive                            -> This question needs checking
b. go, lie, run, sit, stand
 Ving: active meaning                -> I saw him sitting
 VpII: passive meaning                     -> The children sit engrossed during story time
 to V: express purpose

c.

 Perfect inf: to + have + Ving

-> nhấn mạnh về kết quả hành động 
  Perfect cont inf: to + have been + Ving
 Passive: to + be + VpII / being + V
-> chia động từ dựa vào V1
4) to  +V_ing

be accustomed to + V_ing = used to V

get used to Ving: quen dần vs cj
dedicated to Ving: tận tụy
objected / opposed to Ving: phản đối cj
look forward to Ving: mong đợi cj

UNIT 8

8A, Vocab

1. behemoth (n) : a huge creature

2. benchmark (n) : quy chuẩn
3. dystopia >< utopia : an imagined place where everything is pleasant
4. gridlock (n) : tắc vcl
5. tenement (n) : large building divided into apartments
6. thoroughfare (n) : main road
7. sewage system : hệ thg cg rãnh
8. hazardous : nguy hiểm
9. negotiate (v) : thương lượng / tìm đường qua cj
10. city dweller : ng thành phố
11. squalid (a) : filthy
squalor (n)
12. pockmark (n) : rỗ ( dành cho mặt )
                        lỗ chỗ, ko đẹp
13. distressingly = alarmingly
14. infrastructure (n) : cơ sở hạ tầng
15. acute medical condition : sắp chết
16. unprecedented (a) : chưa có tiền lệ
17. impoverished (a) : poor
18. stark (a) : rõ ràng
19. eke out (v) : rặn ra
20. pitfall (n) : a common mistake
21. panacea (n) things that solve all prob
22. plight (n) : an unpleasant condition