CHAPTER 1

Historical Antecedents
In the Course of Science
And Technology

JOFREN P. BACERDO RN,RM,LPT,MAN

 LEARNING OUTCOMES

• AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER, THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

1. EXPLAIN HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECTED THE SOCIETY AND
ENVIRONMENT AND VICE VERSA.
2. IDENTIFY INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES THAT CHANGED THE WORLD OVER
THE COURSE OF HISTORY; AND.
3. DISCUSS THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES.
 ANCIENT TIMES

• IN THE ANCIENT TIMES, PEOPLE WERE CONCERNED WITH TRANSPORTATION AND

NAVIGATION, COMMUNICATION AND RECORD-KEEPING, MASS PRODUCTION,
SECURITY AND PROTECTION, AS WELL AS HEALTH, AESTHETICS, AND
ARCHITECTURE.
TRANSPORTATION WAS SIGNIFICANT DURING THAT TIME BECAUSE PEOPLE
WERE TRYING TO GO PLACES AND DISCOVER NEW HORIZONS.
COMMUNICATION WAS ALSO ESSENTIAL IN THEIR ENDEAVORS TO DISCOVER
AND OCCUPY NEW PLACES
WEAPONS AND ARMORS WERE IMPORTANT AS WELL IN THE DISCOVERY OF
NEW PLACES OR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW ALLIANCES WITH OTHER TRIBES.
A PRIMARY CHALLENGE THEY FACED WAS THE CONSERVATION OF LIFE.
 SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

• SUMERIA IS LOCATED ON THE SOUTHERNMOST TIP OF

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA. SUMERIANS ARE KNOWN FOR
THEIR HIGH DEGREE OF COOPERATION WITH ONE
ANOTHER AND THEIR DESIRE FOR GREAT THINGS.
 CUNEIFORM

• ONE OF THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS OF SUMERIANS

IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST WRITING SYSTEM
KNOWN AS CUNEIFORM. IT IS A SYSTEM THAT UTILIZES
WORD PICTURES AND TRIANGULAR SYMBOLS WHICH
ARE CARVED ON CLAY USING WEDGE INSTRUMENTS
AND THEN LEFT TO DRY.
 URUK CITY

• IT IS THE GREAT WONDER NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE

THE FIRST TRUE CITY IN THE WORLD BUT ALSO FOR THE
WAY IT WAS ERECTED. THERE WERE NO BUILDING STONES
IN THE LOCATION OF THIS CITY AND LUMBER WAS LIMITED
MAKING A CONSTRUCTION A BIG CHALLENGE.
 THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR

• ANOTHER ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL FEAT

OF THE SUMERIANS IS THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR.
THE ZIGGURAT, ALSO CALLED THE MOUNTAIN OF
GOD, WAS BUILT IN THE SAME MANNER THAT THEY
CONSTRUCTED THE CITY OF URUK.
 IRRIGATION AND DIKES

• AS POPULATION INCREASED, SO DID THE

DEMAND FOR FOOD. THE SUMERIANS
WERE CHALLENGED TO MASS PRODUCE
FOOD ITEMS BUT THE ELEMENTS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT SEEMED UNCOOPERATIVE.
 SAILBOATS

• ANOTHER CHALLENGE TO THE SUMERIANS WAS

TRANSPORTATION. AT THAT TIME, THE WHEEL WAS
NOT INVENTED; THE MAIN MODE OF
TRANSPORTATION WAS THROUGH WATERWAYS
SUCH AS RIVERS AND SEAS.
 WHEEL

• IN THE LATTER PART OF THEIR HISTORY, THE SUMERIANS

WERE ABLE TO INVENT THE WHEEL SINCE THE
SPECIALIZED TOOLS NEEDED TO CREATE IT WERE
ALREADY AVAILABLE. THE FIRST WHEELS WERE NOT
MADE FOR TRANSPORTATION BUT FOR FARM WORK
AND FOOD PROCESSES.
 THE PLOW

• ANOTHER FARM TECHNOLOGY INVENTED BY THE

MESOPOTAMIANS IS THE PLOW. HUMANS
EVOLVED FORM BEING FOOD GATHERERS TO
FARM CULTIVATORS.
 ROADS

• IN ORDER TO FACILITATE FASTER AND EASIER TRAVEL, THE

SUMERIANS DEVELOPED THE FIRST ROADS.
WITH THIS WORK, THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC
BECAME FASTER AND MORE ORGANIZED.
 BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

• BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION EMERGED NEAR THE TIGRIS

AND EUPHRATES RIVERS. THE BABYLONIANS
WERE GREAT BUILDERS, ENGINEERS, AND
ARCHITECTS.
 HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

• TODAY, PEOPLE CAN ONLY MARVEL AT THE BEAUTY OF THE FAMOUS

HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON FROM
STORIES OF HISTORIANS AND PAINTINGS
THAT PORTRAY THE PALACE. IT WAS SAID
TO BE A STRUCTURE OF MADE UP OF
LAYERS UPON LAYERS OF GARDENS THAT
CONTAINED SEVERAL SPECIES OF PLANTS,
TREES, AND VINES.
 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

• ANOTHER EARLY CIVILIZATION FAMOUS FOR ITS LEGACY IS THE

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION LOCATED IN NORTH AFRICA.
MANY STORIES TELL ABOUT ENGINEERING FEATS OF
THE EGYPTIANS ESPECIALLY REGARDING THE INFRAS-
TRACTURES ESTABLISHED BY THE PHARAOHS.
 PAPER OR PAPYRUS

• ONE OF THE EARLIER CONTRIBUTION OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

WAS THE PAPER OR PAPYRUS. ALTHOUGH
EGYPT WAS NOT THE FIRST TO DEVELOP
A SYSTEM OF WRITING, THEY WERE ABLE
TO MAKE WRITING EASIER FOR THE WORLD.
 INK

• WHEN THE EGYPTIAN INVENTED THE PAPYRUS OR THE PAPER, ENGRAVING

CEASED TO BE USED IN WRITING. AS A RESULT, THE EGYPTIAN INVENTED INK BY
COMBINING SOOT WITH DIFFERENT CHEMICAL TO PRODUCE INKS OF DIFFERENT
COLORS.
 HEIROGLYPHICS

• LIKE THE SUMERIANS, EGYPTIANS ALSO DEVELOPED A SYSTEM OF WRITING

USING SYMBOLS, KNOWN AS HIEROGLYPHICS.
ALTHOUGH SOME SAY THAT HIEROGLYPHICS
WAS ADAPTED FROM THE EARLY WRITING SYSTEM
ESTABLISHED IN MESOPOTAMIA AS A RESULT OF
TRADE BETWEEN CIVILIZATIONS, THE EGYPTIAN BELIEVED
THAT THIS WRITING SYSTEM WAS PROVIDED TO THEM BY
THEIR GODS.
 COSMETICS

• THE EGYPTIANS ALSO INVENTED THE USE F COSMETICS. ALTHOUGH

COSMETICS IN THE MODERN TIMES ARE USED TO
IMPROVE AND HIGHLIGHT THE FACIAL FEATURES
OF THE PERSON, THEIR FUNCTION IN ANCIENT
EGYPT WAS FOR BOTH HEALTH AND AESTHETIC
REASONS
 WIG

• ANOTHER COSMETIC INVENTION OF ANCIENT EGYPTIANS IS THE WIG.

AT PRESENT, WIGS ARE USED TO ENHANCE THE
APPEARANCE OF PEOPLE WHO ARE BALDING
OR THOSE WHO WANT TO TRY NEW HAIR
LOOKS.
 WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA

• ANOTHER IMPORTANT ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CONTRIBUTION IS THE

WATER CLOCK THIS DEVICE UTILIZES GRAVITY
THAT AFFECTS THE FLOW OF WATER FROM
ONE VESSEL TO THE OTHER.
 GREEK CIVILIZATION
• GREEK IS AN ARCHIPELAGO IN THE SOUTHEASTERN
• PART OF EUROPE KNOWN AS THE BIRTHTPLACE OF WESTERN
• PHILOSOPHY,
• SOME OF THE MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE GREEKS INCLUDE
• IN DEPTH WORKS ON PHILOSOPHY AND MATHEMATICS. MORE
• THAN COLISEUMS AND THE OLYMPICS, THE GREEK CIVILIZATION
• HAS CONTRIBUTED MUCH TO THE WORLD ESPECIALLY IN THE FIELDS
• OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
 ALARM CLOCK

• ONE OF THE MOST UTILIZED GADGETS TODAY WAS INVENTED BY

THE ANCIENT GREEKS IS THE ALARM CLOCK.
ALTHOUGH THE ALARM CLOCK DURING
THAT TIME DID NOT RESEMBLE THE PRESENT-
DAY ALARM CLOCK, THE PURPOSE WAS JUST
THE SAME, TO TELL AN INDIVIDUAL WHEN TO
STOP OR WHEN TO START.
 WATER MILL

• WATERMILLS WERE ALSO CONSIDERED AS ONE OF THE MOST

IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS OF GREEK
CIVILIZATION TO THE WORLD. THEY WERE
COMMONLY USED IN AGRICULTURAL
PROCESSES LIKE MILLING OF GRAINS
WHICH WAS A NECESSARY FORM OF
FOOD PROCESSING DURING THAT TIME.
 ROMAN CIVILIZATION

• THE ROMAN EMPIRE WAS

PERCIEVED TO BE THE STRONGEST
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ENTITY IN
THE WEST.
 NEWSPAPER

• ONE OF THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS

OF THE ROMANS IS THE NEWSPAPER.
• THE FIRST NEWSPAPERS, KOWN AS
GAZETTES,CONTAINED
ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE ROMAN
EMPIRE TO THE PEOPLE.
 BOUND BOOKS OR CORDEX

• WITH THE INVENTION OF

PAPER , IT BECAME EASIER
FOR CIVILIZATIONS TO WRITE
DOWN EVERYTHING THAT
HAPPENED IN THEIR TIME.
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

• ROMAN ARCHITECTURE IS ONE OF

THE MOST VISUAL CONTRIBUTIONS
OF THE ANCIENT ROMAN EMPIRE TO
THE WORLD.
• ROMAN ARCHITECTURE WAS
CONSIDERED A CONTINUATION OF
GREEK ARCHITECTURE, HENCE ,
THE RESEMBLANCE.
 ROMAN NUMERALS

• ALTHOUGH OTHER NUMBER SYSTEM

HAD ALREADY BEEN ESTABLISHED
BEFORE THE ROMAN NUMERAL,
THESE OLD SYSTEMS COULD NOT
KEEP UP WITH HIGH CALCULATION
REQUIREMENTS DUE TO THE
INCREASING RATE OF
COMMUNICATION AND TRADE
AMONG THE NATIONS.
 CHINESE CIVILIZATION
• THE CHINESE CIVILIZATION IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE OLDEST
CIVILIZATION IN ASIA , IF NOT THE WORLD.
• ALSO KNOWN AS THE MIDDLE KINGDOM, CHINA LOCATED ON THE FAR
EAST ASIA.
 SILK

• ONE OF THE THINGS THAT CONNECTED FAR EAST CHINA TO THE WORLD.
 GREAT WALL OF CHINA

• ONCE CONSIDERED THE ONLY

MAN-MADE STRUCTURE THAT COULD BE
SEEN FROM OUTER SPACE, THE GREAT
WALL OF CHINA IS SAID TO BE THE
LARGEST AND MOST EXTENSIVE
INFRASTRUCTURE THAT THE NATION
BUILT.
• MADE WITH STONE, BRICK, WOOD,
EARTH, AND OTHER MATERIALS, IT
SHOWCASED THE EXTENT OF CHINESE
 GUN POWDER

• IS ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING

INVENTIONS IN CHINA.
• ORIGINALLY, IT WAS DEVELOPED BY
CHINESE ALCHEMISTS WHO AIMED TO
ACHIEVED IMMORTALITY.
 MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
• THE START OF THE MIDDLE AGES WAS MARRED BY MASSIVE INVASIONS
AND MIGRATIONS.
• WAR WAS PREVALENT DURING THIS TIME.
 PRINTING PRESS

• AFTER THE CHINA DEVELOPED WOODBLOCK PRINTING, JOHANN GUTENBERG

WAS ABLE TO INVENT THE PRINTING PRESS, A MORE RELIABLE WAY OF
PRINTING USING A CAST TYPE.
 MICROSCOPE

• ZACHARIAS JANSSEN WAS ABLE

TO DEVELOPED THE FIRST
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE.
• THE MICROSCOPE WAS THE KEY
IN DISCOVERING NEW MEANS IN
PREVENTING AND CURING
VARIOUS ILLNESS
(DAVIDSON,2015)
 MICROSCOPE

• TO DEVELOPED THE PROPER MEDICINES

FOR ILLNESS, EXPERTS MUST
UNDERSTAND THE SICKNESS THROUGH AN
INVESTIGATION . THUS THEY NEEDED A
DEVICE THAT COULD MAGNIFY THINGS
INVISIBLE TO THE EYE.
 TELESCOPE
• SINCE THE MIDDLE AGES WAS ALSO KNOWN AS THE AGE OF THE
EXPLORATION, THE NEED FOR NAUTICAL INVENTIONS WAS HIGH.
 WAR WEAPON

• ALL SIDES MUST DEVELOP WEAPONRIES NOT ONLY AS OFFENSIVE TOOLS BUT
ALSO AS DEFENSIVE INSTRUMENTS.
 MODERN TIMES

• THE BOOMING WORLD POPULATION DURING THE NINETEENTH

CENTURY ONWARDS DEMANDED THAT MORE GOODS BE
PRODUCED AT A FASTER RATE.
 PASTEURIZATION
• LOUIS PASTEUR, A FRENCH BIOLOGIST, MICROBIOLOGIST, AND
CHEMIST.
• HE INVENTED PASTEURIZATION, THE PROCESS OF HEATING DAIRY
PRODUCTS TO KILL THE HARMFUL BACTERIA THAT ALLOW THEM
TO SPOIL FASTER.
 TELEPHONE

• THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TELEPHONE BY ALEXANDER GRAHAM

BELL WAS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INVENTIONS THAT TIME.
 CALCULATOR
• THE CREATION OF THE MODERN
CALCULATORS DID NOT ONLY
PAVE THE WAY FOR EASIER
ARITHMETIC CALCULATIONS ,
BUT ALSO RESULTED IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF MORE
COMPLEX PROCESSING
MACHINES LIKE THE
COMPUTER.
 PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
• DESPITE BEING CONSIDERED A DEVELOPING COUNTRY , THE
PHILIPPINES ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO THE GLOBAL ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
 SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE

• AN AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
THAT CAN CROSS NOT ONLY
FLOODED STREETS BUT ALSO
RIVERS AND LAKES.
• IT MAY ALSO BE UTILIZED TO
TRAVEL ISLAND TO ISLAND
.SINCE THE PHILIPPINES IS AN
ARCHIPELAGO, THE
SALAMANDER IS A USEFUL
INVENTION THAT HAS A LOT OF
POTENTIAL.
 SALT LAMP

• AISA MIJENO WAS ABLE TO

INVENT A LIGHTING SYSTEM THAT
UTILIZES A MATERIAL ABUNDANT
IN THE PHILIPPINES-SALT WATER.
• SHE INVENTED THE SUSTAINABLE
ALTERNATIVE LIGHTING (SALT)
LAMP AN ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY
LIGHT SOURCE THAT RUNS ON
SALT WATER.
 MEDICAL INCUBATOR

• A FILIPINO PEDIATRICIAN DR. FE

DELMUNDO, DEVISED AMEDICAL
INCUBATOR MADE FROM
INDIGENOUS AND CHEAP
MATERIALS WHICH DID NOT RUN ON
ELECTRICITY. ITS MAIN PURPOSE
WAS TO MAINTAIN CONDITIONS
SUITABLE FOR NEWBORN, USUALLY
PRE-TERM BABY.
 MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP
SYSTEM
• DOST-ITDI WAS ABLE TO INTRODUCE THE
MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/ LARVICIDAL TRAP
SYTEM ALSO KNOWN AS OL TRAP . THIS
TRAP SYSTEM IS MADE OF NATURAL
INGREDIENTS THAT ARE LETHAL TO
MOSQUITO S BUT SAFE FOR HUMANS AND
THE ENVIRONMENT.
 EJEEPNEY

• A MAJOR INNOVATION THA CHANGED IN

THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY IN THE
PHILIPPINES WAS THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE JEEPNEY. HOWEVER THE DIESEL
POWERED JEEPNEY PRODUCES LARGE
QUANTITIES OF BLACK SMOKE AND IS
USUALLY A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR OF
NOISE POLLUTION DUE TO TO ITS
PRIMITIVE EXHAUST SYSTEMS. TO
COUNTER THIS DISADVANTAGES THE
ELECTRIC JEEPNEY OR EJEEPNEY WAS
DEVELOPED.
THANK YOU!!!
 CHAPTER 2 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES

AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER,THE STUDENT

BE
SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION
BUILDING
LEARNING OUTCOMES.
• AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER THE STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• 1. EXPLAIN HOW EARLY FILIPINOS APPLIED SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES IN THEIR
LIVING.
• 2. PRESENT GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EXPLAIN
THE IMPORTANCE TO THE NATION AND
. 3. DISCUSS THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATION BUILDING.
 PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

• SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILLIPPINES BEGAN IN THE PRE

COLONIAL PERIOD.
• - EARLY FILIPINO SETTLERS ALREADY USING CERTAIN PLANTS AND HERBS AS MEDICINE.
• - SYSTEMS OF FARMING AND ANIMAL RISING WERE ALSO IMPLEMENTED.
• FILIPINOS HAD ALSO DEVELOPED DIFFERENT MODES TRANSPORTATION, WHETHER
TERRESTRIAL OR MARITIME.
• BUILDING THE RICE TERRACES BY HAND- IS A COMPLICATED ENGINEERING FEAT WAS
ACHIEVED BY NATIVE OF CORDILLERA.
• THEY WERE ABLE TO CULTIVATE CROPS ON THE MOUNTAINSIDES IN COLD TEMPERATURE.
• THEY INCORPORATE AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM THAT USE WATER FROM FOREST AND MOUNTAIN
TOPS.
 COLONIAL PERIOD
• COLONIZATION BY THE SPANIARDS PROVIDED THE PHILIPPINES WITH MODERN
MEANS OF CONTRUCTIONS .
• IN ADDITION THE SPANIARDS GOVERNMENT DEVELOP HEALTH AND EDUCATION
SYSTEM THAT WERE ENJOYED BY THE PRINCIPALIA CLASS.
• THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION MODERNIZED ALMOST ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE IN
THE PHIL. THEY ESTABLISHED A GOVERNMENT AGENCY, THE BUREAU OF
SCIENCE FOR THE SOLE NURTURING DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY.
 POST COLONIAL PERIOD
• AFTER ACHIEVING INDEPENDENCE FROM THE COLONIZERS, THE PHILIPPINES ,
UNDER DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATIONS, THEY CONTINUED PROGRAMS IN
SCIENCE IN TECHNOLOGY.
• MARCOS SAW THE KEY TO NATION-BUILDING IS THE CONTINUING
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
• HE ESTABLISHED AND STRENGTHENED PAG ASA, NAST.