Theme 1: Regulations during

working and techniques of

safety working in the
bacteriological laboratory.
Immersion microscope.
Cocci.
Simple methods of staining.
 Basic forms of bacteria

spherical (cocci) rod-shaped

spiral filamentous
Bacterial shapes and arrangements
CELL DIVISSION
Arrangement of cocci based upon division

Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
Neisseria meningitidis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogenes

Staphylococcus aureus
 Morphology of cocci

Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pneumoniae

Tetracocci Sarcina Erythrocytes and cocci

Staphylococcal impetigo
Staphylococcal abscess

Multiple Furuncles
Toxic shock syndrome
• The child has been
hospitalized with
scalded skin
syndrome.
Staphylococcus
aureus was detected
in blisters. What
virulence factor
causes necrosis of
epidermis?
• Exfoliative toxin.
S. pyogenes
Superficial infection

Tonsilitis
Non-suppurative sequellae of Streptococcal infections
• Acute rheumatic fever (follows streptococcal
pharyngitis).
• Acute glomerulonephritis
Scarlet fever
 S. mutans and dental caries

• Dental decay (caries) is

caused by a bacterial
infection in the biofilm
(plaque) on the teeth, which
is formed by a sticky glucose
polymer called glucan.
• The glucan biofilm contains
bacteria and food debris and
forms on the surface of the
tooth.
• S. mutans is the main
causative agent of dental
caries. As they grow, the
bacteria secrete acids which
break down the tooth’s hard
enamel on the surface.
 Systemic infections of N.meningitis
• Meningococcemia – bacteria in blood.

• Meningitis - inflammation of meninges.

Light microscope
The course of rays in the dry (a) and oil-
immersion (b) systems
• Characteristics of immersion
microscope:
• The resolution or resolving
power is 0.2 micrometers (i.e.,
0.0002mm=0.2
micron=200nm).
• The magnifying power of
objective lenses is 90 times.
• The total magnification of
immersion microscope is the
product of the magnifying
power of the two individual
lenses (ocular and objective).
Direct staining and indirect staining
• Dyes or stains may be
divided into two groups:
basic and acidic.
• If the color portion of the
dye resides in the
positive ion, as in the
above case, it is called a
basic dye (examples:
methylene blue, fuchsin,
crystal violet, safranin).
• If the color portion is in
the negatively charged
ion, it is called an acidic
dye (examples: nigrosin,
congo red).
 Simple method of staining:
methylene blue and fucsin stain