LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

4305CIVH STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Solutions

May 2020 2 Hrs

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES – Candidates are requested to read the

following instructions and complete the answer book cover sheet as far as
possible before starting the examination

Answer ALL Questions.

Start each answer on a new page and clearly state the number of the
question.

Your student number, the subject of the examination and the question number
should be written on each separate sheet of paper used.

Where appropriate illustrate answers with neat annotated sketches.

Students will be given handout with design formulas.

Students can use a calculator.

4305CIVH
1. For the beam shown in Figure 1 carry out the following:

a) If (𝑃 = 𝑞 × 𝑎), Draw the free body diagram and calculate the reaction
forces at supports A and C (5 marks)
b) Assume P = 25kN, a = 1m and (Cy = 3Ay).
i- Calculate the value of q. (5 marks)
ii- Calculate the shear forces at B, D and draw the shear force
diagram (5 marks)
iii- Calculate the bending moments at A, B, C, D, E and draw
the bending moment diagram (10 marks)
Note: q is a UDL

Figure 1

4305CIVH
 1 Answer:

a) Students to draw free body diagram with vertical reactions at A and C

and a horizontal reaction at A (1 mark)

Free-body diagram

P= q * a
ΣΜc=0;
qa*3a – q*a*(a+a/2) - Ay *4a=0
3qa -1.5qa = 4Ay
Ay = 1.5qa / 4
Ay =3/8 qa = 0.375 qa (1.5 mark)

ΣFx=0;
Ax=0; (1 mark)

ΣFy=0;
Ay+Cy – 2 * qa=0;
Cy= 2qa – 3/8 qa
Cy =13/8qa = 1.625 qa (1.5 mark)

b) i) P=25kN, a = 1m, Cy = 3Ay

ΣFy=0;
Ay+Cy = 25 + q * 1;
4Ay= 25 + q
Ay =25/4 +q/4 (2 marks)

ΣΜc=0;
25*3 – Ay*4 – q*1.5=0
75 – 4*(25/4 +q/4) -1.5q= 0
75 -25 –q -1.5q = 0
q = 50/2.5
q =20kN/m (2 marks)

Ay = 6.25 + 5 = 11.25 kN (1 mark)

4305CIVH
 b) ii) Students to show on a diagram the shear forces. (3 marks) for the
correct values, shape and profile of the shear forces.

At B (left)= +11.25 kN (0.5 mark)

At B (right)= -13.75 kN (0.5 mark)
At D (left) = +20 kN (0.5 mark)
At D (right) = +20 kN (0.5 mark)

b) iii) Students to show on a diagram the bending moments. (5 marks)

At A: BM @ 0 =0 kNm
At B: BM @ 1 m = 11.25 kNm
At C: BM @ 4 m = (11.25*4)-(25*3) = -30 kNm
At D: BM @ 5 m = 20*0.5*1= -10 kNm
At E: BM @ 6 =0 kNm

(5 marks for above)

4305CIVH
2. For the truss shown in Figure 2, Carry out the following:

a) Indicate whether the structure is statically determinate or a

mechanism (2 marks)

b) Calculate the support reactions (3 marks)

c) Using the method of joints, or otherwise, determine the forces in all

the members within the truss system and state whether they are in
tension or compression (10 marks)

d) Define a statically determinate truss (5 marks)

e) Describe the lab process to evaluate the forces of truss members

(5 marks)

Figure 2

4305CIVH
2 Answer

a) The truss is statically determinate. 2j =m+3; 2*6 = 9+3; 12=12 OK (2

marks)

b) Free-body diagram (3 marks)

∑Fx=0; Dx = 0

∑MD=0; Ay *8 -50*4 =0
Ay= 50*4/8 = 25 kN

∑Fy=0
Ay+Ey = 50; Ey = 25 kN

c) At Joint B:
∑Fy=0 and ∑Fx=0 will yield
FBC= FAB=0 (2 marks)

At joint A

θ= tan-1(3/4) = 36.87, sinθ =0.6, cosθ=0.8

∑Fy=0
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐹𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
FAC = -25/0.6 = -41.667 kN
AC in compression

4305CIVH
 ∑FX=0
FAF + FAC *cosθ = 0
FAF =-(-41.667 * 0.8) = 33.333kN
AF in tension
(2 marks)

At joint E

∑FX=0
FFE = 0

∑Fy=0
FED +Ey=0; FED =-25 kN
ED in compression
(2 marks)

At joint D

Dx = 0
∑Fy=0
-FFD * sinθ +FED=0; FFD = FED/0.6 = 41.667 kN
FD in tension

∑FX=0
-FFD * cosθ –FCD=0; FCD = -41.667* 0.8 = -33.333 kN
CD in compression
(2 marks)

4305CIVH
 At joint F

∑FX=0
FFD * cosθ –FAF=0; FAF = 41.667* 0.8 = 33.333 kN
AF in tension

∑Fy=0
FFC+ 41.667* 0.6 -50 = 0
FFC =25 kN
FC in tension
(2 marks)

d) 2j =m+r statically determinate truss, where j number of joints and m

number of members and r the number of reaction forces. A truss is
considered statically determinate if all of its support reactions and
member forces can be calculated using only the equations of static
equilibrium. For a planar truss to be statically determinate, the number
of members plus the number of support reactions must not exceed the
number of joints times 2. (5 marks)

e) Students are expected to talk about the truss experiments and describe
the process (i.e. measure the strains, calculate A of rods, find stresses
as the Young’s modulus is known, find forces) (5 marks)

4305CIVH
3. Design a steel column to take a design axial load of 3500kN. Assume fy =
275N/mm2. The column is fully fixed at both ends with a length of 7.0m.
Assume the steel grade of 275N/mm2.

a) Specify a suitable UC and carry out a classification check on the

section
(10marks)

b) Determine the critical buckling load for the column

(5marks)

c) Determine the buckling resistance of the column is sufficient

(10marks)

3 Answer:
a) Assume Young’s modulus of steel is 210000 N/mm2.
Fully fixed at both ends.
fy = 275N/mm2.
Design load NEd = 3500kN
Assume the section is class 1
Then, Nc,Rd=NEd= Afy/γm0
Rearrange to determine the area of steel required A = NEd γm0 /fy

A = 3500 000*1.0/ 275 = 127.27cm2

(2marks)

Therefore try section 254*254*107, A=136cm2 (2marks)

Flange Buckling:

c/tf = 5.38 ≤ 9ε= 9*0.92 = 8.28, hence Class 1 for the flange

Web Buckling:
d⁄tw = 15.6 ≤ 33ε = 33*0.92 = 30.36, hence Class 1 for the web.

Therefore Class 1 for the cross section (3marks)

Nc,Rd = Afy/M0
= 136 *102 *275/1.0
= 3740kN
Therefore NEd / Nc,Rd <1.0
3500/3740 = 0.94, hence ok (3marks)

b)
For fixed-fixed section L = 0.7L = 0.7*7000 = 4900mm
Ncr = 2EIz/Lo2
= 2*210*103*5930*104/49002
= 5119kN (5marks)

4305CIVH
c)
Buckling checks
NEd / Nb,Rd <1.0
Nb,Rd = A fy/M0
For class 1
 =  Afy/Ncr
= (136*102*275/5119*103)
= 0.85
(3marks)
Imperfection factor
 = 1/[+(2 -2)0.5]
Where  = 0.5(1+(-0.2)+2)
h/b = 266.7/258.8 = 1.03
Hence as h/b < 1.2, tf = 100mm, therefore from Table 6.2 the buckling curve
=c,
thus  = 0.49
 = 0.5(1+(-0.2)+2)
 = 0.5(1+0.49(0.85-0.2)+0.852)
 = 1.02
(2marks)

 = 1/[+(2 -2)0.5]
 = 1/[1.02+(1.022 -0.852)0.5]
 = 0.631
(2marks)

Nb,Rd = A fy/M0
Nb,Rd = 0.631*136*102* 275/1.0
Nb,Rd = 2361.3kN

Ned / Nb,Rd <1.0

3500/3738.4 = 1.482, which is larger than 1.0. Therefore section will buckle, a
larger section is needed and the process repeated.
(3marks)

4305CIVH
4. A concrete beam has been designed to resist an ultimate design moment
M of 102.5 kNm. The concrete beam has a breadth b of 250 mm and a
depth d of 400 mm. Assume the characteristic strength of concrete fck is 30
N/mm2 and of reinforcement steel fyk is 500 N/mm2.

a) Describe what is a singly and what is a doubly reinforced concrete

beam
(5 marks)

b) Using the guidance provided by Eurocode 2, determine if the concrete

beam will be singly or doubly reinforced
(5 marks)

c) Using the guidance provided by Eurocode 2, design the steel

reinforcement for the above concrete beam and produce a suitable
cross-sectional sketch of the reinforced concrete beam, indicating the
arrangement of the reinforcement bars and associated spacing.

(15 marks)

4 Answer:

a) Singly Reinforced Beams: The beam that is longitudinally reinforced

only in tension zone, it is known as singly reinforced beam. In Such
beams, the ultimate bending moment and the tension due to bending
are carried by the reinforcement, while the compression is carried by
the concrete.

Doubly reinforced beams: The beam that is reinforced with steel both in
tension and compression zone, it is known as doubly reinforced beam.
This type of beam is mainly provided when the depth of the beam is
restricted. If a beam with limited depth is reinforced on the tension side
only it might not have sufficient resistance to oppose the bending
moment.

(5 marks)

b) b = 250 mm
d = 400 mm
𝑀
𝐾=
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘

102.5 ∗ 106
𝐾=
250 ∗ 4002 ∗ 30

K= 0.085, thus K < Kbal = 0.167.

Therefore singly reinforced concrete section (5 marks)

4305CIVH
 c)
𝑧 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − 𝐾 ⁄1.134) = 400 (0.5 + √0.25 − 0.085⁄1.134)

z = 367.4 mm (3 marks)

𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧

102.5 ∗ 106
As =
0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 367.4
As = 641.4 mm2 (3 marks)

Students to select similar rebars to provide sufficient steel area

required (eg. 4 H16) As provided = 4* 201=804mm2 (2 marks)

Maximum reinforcing steel allowed:

Minimum cover = Φ+10 = 16+10 = 26mm assume 30mm
h = d+Φ/2+cover = 400+16/2+30=438mm

𝐴𝑠,𝑥=0.04∗250∗438=4380 𝑚𝑚2> 804 𝑚𝑚2→𝑂𝐾 (1 marks)

𝐴𝑠,𝑛=0.0013∗250∗400=130 𝑚𝑚2< 804 𝑚𝑚2 →𝑂𝐾 (1 marks)
𝐴𝑠,𝑛=0.078∗302/3/500*250∗400=151𝑚𝑚2< 804𝑚𝑚2 →𝑂𝐾 (1 marks)

Max Bar Diameter: Φ25

Minimum clear spacing= max {20, Φ} =max {20, 16}=20
Maximum clear spacing= 250 – Φ=250–16=234 mm
Produce a suitable cross sectional sketch (4marks)

4305CIVH