REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE-LOCAL

Crystal Violet

Crystal Violet or Gentian Violet is a known dye derived from triphenylmethane that has

antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties. It is used as a treatment to skin infections

that are associated with gram-positive bacteria and molds (Gentian Violet, 2021). Using crystal

violet dye to initially stain the slide is the first step in the gram staining procedure. The second

stage, also known as fixing the dye, entails using iodine to create a combination of crystal violet

and iodine in order to prevent the dye from being removed easily. The dye is then removed with

a decolorizer, frequently a solvent made of ethanol and acetone. The fundamental idea behind

gram staining is the capacity of the bacterial cell wall to hold onto the crystal violet dye after

being exposed to solvent. Gram-negative organisms have higher lipid content than gram-positive

microbes, which have higher peptidoglycan content (Tripathi N;Sapra A, 2022).

Beetroot

Beetroot is a plant crop that can be found in the markets here in the Philippines.

According to Gabby’s Practical English-Filipino Dictionary , Filipino term for beets is remolatsa,

from the Spanish remolacha. This goes for the entire beet plant and its edible roots (Does

Philippines Have Beetroot? – BioSidmartin, 2020). Beetroot is the main source for the natural

red dye. (FDA approved E162) The main component of the extracted "beetroot red" is

betanine. Studies have shown betanines have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities.

The study is on the development of a statistical method for optimizing extraction conditions
(Beet, Beta Vulgaris GARDEN BEET, Jun de Cai / Herbal Medicine / Philippine Alternative

Meeicine / StuartXchange, 2021).

RELATED STUDIES

Bioremediation of Crystal Violet by Organic Matter and Assessment of Antimicrobial

Properties of the Obtained Product

The study investigated the waste beet pulp shreds for the use as a sorbent for removing crystal

violet dye from aqueous solutions and investigating the antimicrobial properties of the obtained

material. During the preparation of the BPSCV (beet pulp shreds with adsorbed crystal violet)

material, the equilibrium and kinetic studies of the crystal violet dye (CV) sorption process on

BPS were carried out. The equilibrium tests allowed for the selection of the best-fitted isotherm

model and the determination of the sorption capacity of the material. It turned out that the

Langmuir isotherm model had the best fit (R2 > 0.98) and the sorption capacity equaled 28.07

mg/g. The pseudo-second-order model R2 > 0.999 (obtained from kinetic studies) and FT-IR

analysis confirmed that the sorption process of the CV on BPS is chemical. The minimal growth

inhibition antimicrobial tests showed that the obtained material inhibits the growth of chosen

microorganisms. Escherichia coli (MIC = 500 ppm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 300

ppm) are more resistant to BPSCV than Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC =

100 ppm).
REFERENCES:

Beet, Beta vulgaris GARDEN BEET, Jun de cai / Herbal Medicine / Philippine Alternative

Meeicine / StuartXchange. (2021). Stuartxchange.org. http://www.stuartxchange.org/Beet

Chwastowski, J., Staroń, P., Pięta, E., & Paluszkiewicz, C. (2022). Bioremediation of Crystal

Violet by Organic Matter and Assessment of Antimicrobial Properties of the Obtained

Product. Sustainability, 15(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010067

Does Philippines have beetroot? – BioSidmartin. (2020, December 22). Biosidmartin.com.

https://biosidmartin.com/does-philippines-have-beetroot/

Gentian Violet. (2021). Philmedicalsupplies.com.

https://philmedicalsupplies.com/product/gentian-violet-30ml-2s/

Tripathi N;Sapra A. (2022, August 8). Gram Staining.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32965827/#:~:text=The%20first%20step%20in

%20gram,prevent%20easy%20removal%20of%20dye.