THE LAWS OF PHYSICS

Basics of Motion. Motions is defined as the change in position over a given time. By
definition, it means that everything behaves linearly, so the objects and scenarios
involved are only moving along one (1) of the three (3) known axes that we use (x, y, z).

Distance is the total measured length between two (2) given points.

Displacement. It is described as the amount and direction of a change in an object's

position from that object's original location.

Time. Describe the movement and evolution of items across time. The most common
units used to measure time are seconds, minutes, and hours.

Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration

Speed is the scalar quantity defined as the total distance covered per unit time.
Velocity is the measured speed measured between two (2) specified points.

Acceleration is the change in velocity per unit of time.

Formulas and Representation

 Kinematics: Two-Dimensional Motion

In two-dimensional kinematics, the x-axis and y-axis indicate the horizontal and vertical
components, respectively, and the position, velocity, and acceleration of an object can
be represented by two-dimensional vectors.
Newton's laws of motion can be used to obtain the equations of motion for two-
dimensional motion, which can then be applied to determine the location, speed, and
acceleration of an object at any given moment.

The formula for the resultant velocity of an object in two-dimensional motion is given by:
Solving for the resultant velocity,

V = sqrt (vx^2 + vy^2)

Solving for distance applies the same

R = sqrt (a^2 + b^2)

2D motion requires an angle of displacement, especially for resultant values. For this,
we use 𝑆𝑂𝐻 − 𝐶𝐴𝐻 − 𝑇𝑂𝐴:

𝑆𝑂𝐻, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒/ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝐶𝐴𝐻, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡/ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑇𝑂𝐴,𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒/𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

Launch Velocity (𝒗̅𝟎). The magnitude of the speed of an object or projectile being
launched from the ground
Impact Velocity (𝒗̅𝒇). The velocity of the object as it comes closer to its destination.
Angle of Elevation (𝜽). The angle of an object’s initial velocity concerning (wrt) the
range.
Maximum Height (𝒚𝑴𝑨𝑿). The highest altitude the object reaches along its trajectory.
Range (𝒙𝑴𝑨𝑿). The maximum horizontal displacement an object can attain.
Flight Time (𝑻). The total amount of time an object takes to travel from the initial point
to its destination.

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Law of Inertia
The idea of mass, which is a measurement of an object's inertia, or resistance to
change in motion, is intimately tied to this law. Compared to lighter items, heavier
objects have a higher inertia and are more challenging to accelerate or change their
motion.

Force = Mass * Acceleration

Law of Acceleration
Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly related to the
net force and inversely related to its mass. Acceleration of an object depends on two
things, force and mass.

OTHER CONCEPTS OF CLASSICAL PHYSICS

GRAVITY
Refers to the attraction between two mass-containing objects. It is the force that imparts
weight to material objects and causes those same objects to descend toward the
Earth's center. The mass of the objects and their separation from one another
determine the gravitational force. As the distance between the items grows, the
gravitational force becomes weaker.

The formula is: F = G(m1*m2)/r^2, where F is the gravitational force, m1 and m2 are
the masses of the objects, r is the distance between the objects and G is the
gravitational constant.
CONSERVATION LAWS AND ENERGY

The law of conservation of energy maintains that regardless of internal system

changes, the overall amount of energy in a closed system remains constant.

The law of conservation of mass states that no matter what changes occur inside a
closed system, the overall amount of mass stays constant.

The conservation of momentum law asserts that no matter what changes occur
inside a closed system, the system's overall momentum stays constant. This means that
an object's or system's momentum can only be changed from one object or system to
another. It cannot be generated or destroyed.