Non-renewable resources and Renewable resources Renewable resources

 Solar energy
Non-renewable resources  Water
 a natural substance that is not replenished  Wind
with the speed at which it is consumed; it is a  Phosphate
finite resource like fossil fuels (oil, natural  Oil
gas, coal).  Limestone
 Non-renewable energy is a source of energy
that will eventually run out. Most sources of Population and Human Ecology
non-renewable energy are fossils fuels, such Population
as coal, gas and oil.  In human biology, the whole number of
There are four major types of nonrenewable inhabitants occupying an area (such as a
resources: country or the world) and continually being
 Oil modified by increases (births and
 Natural gas immigrations) and losses (deaths and
 Coal emigrations).
 Nuclear energy  A population is consists of individuals of the
Oil, natural gas, and coal are collectively called fossil same species living together and can be
fuels. Fossil fuels were formed within the Earth from reproduce with each other of the
dead plants and animals over millions of years— continuation of the species.
hence the name “fossil” fuels. Human Ecology
10 examples of Non-renewable resources  Human ecology is an interdisciplinary and
 Crude oil transdisciplinary study of the relationship
 Natural gas between humans and their natural, social,
 Uranium and built environments.
 Marble Demography
 Gold and silver  The study of human populations, study
 Rare earth elements historical sizes, make-up of the pop and
 Diamonds properties that affect pop growth.
 Steel What are human ecology examples?
 Phosphate  People affect ecosystems when they use
 Fossil water resources such as water, fish, timber, and
Renewable resource livestock grazing land. After using materials
 A resource that can be used repeatedly and from ecosystems, people return the materials
does not run out because it is naturally to ecosystems as waste. People intentionally
replaced such as solar, wind, hydro modify or reorganize existing ecosystems, or
geothermal, and biomass energy. create new ones, to better serve their needs.
 Renewable resources include solar energy, What are the four aspects of human ecology?
wind, falling water, the heat of the  Human ecology is a field of study grounded in
earth(geothermal), plant materials (biomass), the four referential constructs of population,
waves, ocean, temperature differences in the technology, organization, and environment.
oceans and the energy of the tides. There are three types of population pyramids:
The most popular renewable energy sources 1. Expansive Pyramid
currently are:  It is triangular in shape wherein each age
 Solar energy group displays a bar shorter than the one
 Wind energy preceding it, symbolising that more people
 Hydro energy. die as we progress through the pyramid.
 Tidal energy
 Geothermal energy
 Biomass energy
2. Constrictive Pyramid URBAN PROBLEMS
 These are used to describe populations that Major challenges of urban growth include affordable
are elderly and shrinking. Constrictive housing, urban pollution, and inequalities in access to
pyramids can often look like beehives and services and amenities. Urban sprawl is an issue for
typically have an inverted shape with the all growing urban areas. Developing countries have a
graph tapering in at the bottom. higher formation of informal or squatter settlements.
3. Stable Pyramid URBAN PROBLEMS/ Challenges
 Stationary population pyramids are those that  Overcrowding or Overpopulation
show a somewhat equal proportion of the  Unemployment
population in each age group. There is not a  Housing problems
decrease or increase in population; it is  Development of slums
stable.  Sanitation problems
What are the branches of human ecology?  Water shortage problems
 The disciplines of anthropology, geography,  Health hazards
sociology, and psychology represent specific  Degraded environmental quality.
branches of human ecology. Cultural ecology Negative effects of urbanisation
or ecological anthropology arise from the  Population increases causes housing
interaction of ecology (evolution of systems) problems.
with anthropology.  Overcrowding
Human ecology aims to study the interactions  Unemployment
between human beings and their social, physical  Development of Slums
and biological environment. It gives insights that can  Water and Sanitation Problems
be used to guide actions favoring balance and  Poor Health and Spread of Diseases
harmony in the eco- systems of which people are an  Traffic Congestion
integral part.  Urban Crime
Causes of Urbanization
Environmental Issue and Social Issue Economic, political, and social issues merge with
Environmental change is also a social justice issue. circumstances of modernization to make people want
Consequences typically are worse for some groups to migrate from rural to urban areas.
than for others. People with less social, economic, Solutions to Urbanization
and political advantage are more likely to experience
 Building Sustainable and Environmentally-
negative effects from pollution, resource shortages,
friendly Cities
severe weather incidents and other environmental
 Provision of Essential Services
problems.
 Creation of More Jobs
 Population Control
Is environmental issues part of social issues?
Five ways to make cities healthier and more
Environmental problems are also social problems.
sustainable.
Environmental problems are problems for society—
 Promoting urban agriculture
problems that threaten our existing patterns of social
 Encouraging healthy diets
organization and social thought.
 Reducing and managing food waste
Environmental problems are as well problems of
 Boosting green spaces for healthier
society—problems that challenge us to change those
environments and improved lifestyles
patterns of organization and thought.
 Reconnecting cities with surrounding rural
In today's world majority of the environmental issues,
Areas.
we face are also social issues. These environmental
issues becoming social issues when they tend to
impact a large number of individuals in society. Some
well-known examples of this would be climate
change, global warming and deforestation.
WATER Primary Pollutants
CONSERVATION A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly
 Water conservation is the practice of using from a source. The major indoor primary pollutants
water efficiently to reduce unnecessary water combustion pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO),
usage. nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine and
 Conserving water saves energy. Energy is ultrafine particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
needed to filter, heat and pump water to (PAHs), and formaldehyde. At elevated levels, carbon
your home, so reducing your water use also monoxide causes headaches, fatigue, and queasiness.
reduces your carbon footprint. Examples:
 Using less water keeps more in our ecosystems  Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
and helps to keep wetland habitats topped  Carbon monoxide (CO)
up for animals like otters, water voles, herons  Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
and fish.  Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Household water use:  Particulate matter (PM)
Drinking-1%  Mercury
Toilets: 23% Secondary Pollutants
Faucets: 17%  Secondary pollutants are much more
Outdoor watering: 8% hazardous than primary pollutants as these
Leaks: 11% hazardous emissions generated by primary
Washing clothes: 15% gases such as carbon dioxide monoxide can
Shower: 19% contribute to air pollution in the
Other use: 6% environment. Acid rain will be produced as a
Residential average water use result of this. This will have an adverse effect
Outdoor: 59% on historical monuments.
Toilet: 11%  Examples of a secondary pollutant include
Clothes washer: 9% ozone, which is formed when hydrocarbons
Shower: 7% (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) combine in
Leak: 6% the presence of sunlight; NO2, which is
Faucet: 6% formed as NO combines with oxygen in the
Bath: 1% air; and acid rain, which is formed when
Dishwasher: 1% sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with
water.
Pollution and its factors  Different types of secondary pollutants
Pollution include:
 Pollution is the introduction of harmful  Ozone (O3)
materials into the environment. These  Sulfuric acid and nitric acid
harmful materials are called pollutants. (component of acid rain)
 Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash.  Particulate matter.
They can also be created by human activity,  Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
such as trash or runoff produced by factories.  Peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs
Pollutants damage the quality of air, water,
and land. Types of pollution
Classification of Pollutants AIR POLLUTION
Pollutants can be classified as primary and secondary  Air pollution is contamination of the indoor
pollutants. or outdoor environment by any chemical,
 Primary pollutants are carbon dioxide, nitrogen physical or biological agent that modifies the
oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and natural characteristics of the atmosphere.
CFC.
 Secondary pollutants are acid rain and ozone.
  Household combustion devices, motor
vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires
are common sources of air pollution.
 Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to
heat homes, by-products of manufacturing
and power generation, particularly coal-
fueled power plants, and fumes from
chemical production are the primary sources
of human-made air pollution.
 Both short- and long-term exposure to air
pollution can lead to a wide range of
diseases, including stroke, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, trachea, bronchus and
lung cancers, aggravated asthma and
lower respiratory infections.
WATER POLLUTION
• Water pollution is the contamination of water
sources by substances which make the water
unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning,
swimming, and other activities.
 Pollutants include chemicals, trash, bacteria,
and parasites. All forms of pollution
eventually make their way to water.
MAIN CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
• Global warming.
• Deforestation.
• Industry, agriculture, and livestock farming.
• Rubbish and faecal water dumping.
• Maritime traffic.
• Fuel spillages
LAND POLLUTION
• Land pollution — or the degradation of our soil
by outside contaminants — is largely the
result of unsustainable agricultural practices,
the improper disposal of waste (both
hazardous and non-hazardous), mining (often
called “mineral extraction”), illegal dumping
and littering.
Here are some examples of land pollution:
• Litter on every corner or on the side of the
road.
• Oil spills.
• Illegal dumping in natural habitats.
• Debris or damage caused from unsustainable
logging practices.
• Pesticides and other farming chemicals.
• Nuclear accidents or radiation spill
• The Main Causes of Land Pollution. While
there are many causes of land pollution, the
main contributors include litter, waste,
urbanization, construction, mining,
extraction, and agriculture.
• Soil pollution causes a chain reaction. It alters
soils' biodiversity, reduces soil organic matter
and soils' capacity to act as a filter. It also
contaminates the water stored in the soil and
groundwater, and causes an imbalance of soil
nutrients
Land pollution prevention
• Cleanup. Environmental remediation consists
of removing pollution from the soil,
groundwater or surface water.
• Green agriculture.
• Sustainable forest management.
• Proper waste disposal.
• The "3 R's" Rule & Education
NOISE POLLUTION
• Not all sound is considered noise pollution.
The World Health Organization (WHO)
defines noise above 65 decibels (dB) as noise
pollution. To be precise, noise becomes
harmful when it exceeds 75 decibels (dB) and
is painful above 120 dB.
• Unwanted sound (noise) can damage
physiological health. Noise pollution is
associated with several health conditions,
including cardiovascular disorders,
hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus,
hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other
harmful and disturbing effects.
Modify the paths by which the noise travels through
the air to the people exposed, examples:
• Erect enclosures around machines to reduce
the amount of noise emitted into the
workplace or environment.
• Use barriers and screens to block the direct
path of sound.
• Position noise sources further away from
workers.
• Exposure to loud noise can also cause high
blood pressure, heart disease, sleep
disturbances, and stress. These health
problems can affect all age groups, especially
children.
 • Noise pollution impacts millions of people on a • Nuclear Power Plant.
daily basis. The most common health • Coal-fired power Plant.
problem it causes is Noise Induced Hearing • Industrial Effluents.
Loss (NIHL) • Domestic Sewage.
• Loud noise can create physical and • Hydro-electric power.
psychological stress, reduce productivity, • Thermal Power Plant
interfere with communication and
concentration, and contribute to workplace • Radioactive contamination occurs when
accidents and injuries by making it difficult to radioactive material is deposited on or in an
hear warning signals. object or a person. Radioactive materials
LIGHT POLLUTION released into the environment can cause air,
• Light pollution, or artificial light at night, is the water, surfaces, soil, plants, buildings, people,
excessive or poor use of artificial outdoor or animals to become contaminated.
light, and it disrupts the natural patterns of • Radioactive pollution is caused by the
wildlife, contributes to the increase in carbon unmitigated release of radioactive elements
dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, disrupts and waste into the land, water, air, or nearby
human sleep, and obscures the stars in the living organisms. These radioactive materials
night sky. then release ionizing radiation which pollutes
• Too much light pollution has consequences: and contaminates its surroundings
1.it washes out starlight in the night sky
2.interferes with astronomical research
3. disrupts ecosystems
4.has adverse health effects
5. wastes energy.
Components of light pollution include:
• Glare – excessive brightness that causes visual
discomfort.
• Skyglow – brightening of the night sky over
inhabited areas.
• Light trespass – light falling where it is not
intended or needed.
• Clutter/overlighting – bright, confusing and
excessive groupings of light sources.

• Thermal pollution is the discharge of heated water

into bodies of water. The main contributors to
thermal heat pollution are thermal or nuclear
power plants; industrial effluents such as
petroleum refineries, pulp and paper mills,
chemical plants, steel mills and smelters; sewage
effluents; and biochemical activity.
• Thermal pollution is caused by industrial activity,
which introduces heat into the environment in an
uncontrolled manner, for example: The use of
water as a cooling system: the main causes of this
pollution are industrial and manufacturing plant.