Lifting and Rigging Operation and Maintenance

Supervision
(BVF2233):
Chapter 1: Introduction to Lifting and Rigging
DR. NOR KHONISAH BINTI DAUD & Ts. KHAIRIL ANUAR BIN ABDUL HAMID
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
FTKKP
khonisah@ump.edu.my
09-4315784
0182374531
 Learning outline

1. Introduction to Lifting and Rigging

2. Laws in lifting and rigging
3. People in lifting and rigging operation
4. Lifting and Rigging Risk Management
5. Hazard Identification
Introduction to Lifting and Rigging
➢ Lifting is a lifting operation as 'an operation concerned with the lifting or
lowering of a load'. A 'load' is the item or items being lifted, which includes a
person or people.

➢ Lifting equipment means work equipment for lifting and lowering loads.
This includes lifting accessories and attachments used for anchoring, fixing
or supporting the equipment

➢ Rigging is both a noun (connection), the equipment, and verb, the action of
designing and installing the equipment, in the preparation to move objects. A
team of riggers design and install the lifting or rolling equipment needed to
raise, roll, slide or lift objects such as with a crane or block and tackle.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-NSKuccD-g
 OSHA 1994
Employer and Employee Resposibilities
Occupational Safety and Healthy Act 1994

Occupational Safety and Healthy Act Philosophy 1994

“Task to maintain OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and HEALTHY at the
workplace is the responsibility of”

Who create the risk

AND
Who work with the risk

Sec 15: General Responsibility of Employer

Sec 24: General Responsibility of Employee
Sec 15: General Responsibility of Employer
Sec 24: General Responsibility of Employee
Please guess the below.
Sec Description
Bekerjasama dengan majikan dan orang lain
Menyediakan cara selamat untuk mengendalikan bahan
Memakai PPE
Penalty: RM50 000 or 2 Years Jail or Both
Menyediakan penyelenggaraan tempat kerja
Menjaga KKP dirinya dan orang lain
Penalty: RM1 000 or 3 Months Jail or Both
Menyediakan sistem kerja selamat
Mematuhi arahan KKP
Menyediakan arahan, pendidikan dan prosedur
Mengadakan akses yang selamat
Sec 15: General Responsibility of Employer

Sect Description

15 To provide provision and maintenance of safe plant and systems

15 Arrangement of operation, handling, storage, and transport of plant and

substances that are free from risk to health
15 Provide such information, training, and supervision

15 Maintenance to workplace access and it’s condition are safe and without
such risks
15 Provision and maintenance of a working environment related to safety
and welfare at work
15,16,17 OSHA Penalties : RM50,000 or 2 years Jail or BOTH
Sec 24: General Responsibility of Employee

Sect Description

24 Take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and other
person who may affected by his act at work
24 To cooperate with his employer or other person during performing the
duty at work
24 To wear PPE at all times provided by employer depending on risk and
hazard at workplace
24 To comply with any instruction and measure set by the employer or any
other person by or under this Act or any other regulation related to OSH
24 OSHA Penalties : RM1,000 or 3 months Jail or BOTH

25 Intentionally : RM20,000 or 2 years Jail or BOTH

Factory and Machinery Act 1967, 27th Edition
 Lifting Operations and Lifting
Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998
• Came into force on 5 December 1998

• Replaced existing legal requirements relating to the

use of lifting equipment, e.g. the Construction
(Lifting Operations) Regulations 1961, the Docks
Regulations 1988 and the Lifting Plant and
Equipment Regulations 1992

• Aim to reduce risks to people’s health and safety

from lifting equipment provided for use at work
 What does LOLER do?
Require that lifting equipment provided for use at work
is:

• strong and stable enough for the particular use and marked to
indicate safe working loads;

• positioned and installed to minimise any risks;

• used safely;

• subject to ongoing thorough examination and inspection by

competent people
Equipment covered by the
Regulations
• Any equipment used at work for lifting or lowering
loads
• Attachments used for anchoring, fixing or
supporting it
• Cranes, fork-lift trucks, lifts, hoists, mobile
elevating work platforms (cherry pickers), and
vehicle inspection platform hoists
• Lifting accessories such as chains, slings, eyebolts
etc
• LOLER does not apply to escalators
To whom do the Regulations
apply?
• Employers and self-employed persons who either
provide lifting equipment, or control the use of
lifting equipment in the work area

• They do not apply if equipment is being provided

for use primarily by members of the public

• Employees do not have specific duties under

LOLER, but they do have general duties under the
HSW Act and the Management of Health and
Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (MHSWR)
 LOLER requirements
It should be ensured that all lifting equipment is:

• sufficiently strong, stable and suitable for the

proposed use

• positioned or installed to prevent the risk of injury

• visibly marked with any appropriate information to

be taken into account for its safe use
LOLER requirements continued
Additionally, it must be ensured that:

• lifting operations are planned, supervised and

carried out in a safe manner by people who are
competent

• where equipment is used for lifting people it is

marked accordingly, and it should be safe for such
a purpose

• where appropriate, before lifting equipment

(including accessories) is used for the first time, it
is thoroughly examined
 How the Regulations relate to
other health and safety legislation
• Section 2 of the HSW Act requires all employers
to ensure the health, safety and welfare of all
their employees

• The MHSWR contain important duties which relate

to the carrying out of a risk assessment to identify
measures that can be taken to eliminate, or reduce,
the risks presented by the particular hazards in
the workplace

• The Personal Protective Equipment at Work

Regulations 1992, may also apply
How are the Regulations
enforced?
• Health and safety inspectors enforce the
Regulations

• If employers have duties under LOLER they will be

given time to assimilate any new requirements

• Where there are serious risks, or the requirements

are not new, inspectors will be prepared to take
firm enforcement action
 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY

RIGGER
Inspect sling& gears
Install sling& gears
Uninstall sling& gears
Store sling& gears

• Must apply intelligence, common sense and

experience
• Anticipate what will happen when the load is
moved
• Thought process must take place before the
work is started
Questions that must be answered by rigger
• What is to be done with the load?
• What tools are needed?
• Do the tools have the capacity to handle the loads and forces involved?
• How can the hookup be made?
• What will happen when the load is first moved?
• What will be the travel path of the load to reach the desired location?
• How will the load be set down at the desired location?
• What other factors are involved (weather, electrical wires, sloping
grades, visibility)?
• Are additional personnel needed to control the load safely during the
process?
 SIGNALMAN
• Make sure safe working
environment
• Signal instructor to crane
operator
• Stop the operation if there is any
risk happed.
 CRANE
OPERATOR
• Crane inspection
• Operate the crane safely
• Park the crane at safe position
 LIFTING
SUPERVISOR
• Work planning
• Develop lifting plan
• Inspection before lifting work
• Prepare the tool box
TAG LINE MAN
• Control the position of load using
tag line or push-pull wood
• Berada dalam posisi selamat, di
luar zon jatuh pada setiap masa
• Berkomunikasi dengan signalman
sentiasa
 Slinging and Lifting – basic
guidance
Always:

• Ensure that only authorised slingers/signallers attach or

detach loads or signal the crane/lifting plant operator
• Discuss operations with the crane/lifting plant operator
• Before lifting, ensure capacity of crane/lifting plant is
sufficient to land the load
• Include the weight of the chain/slings etc in the load on the
lifting hook
• Seek expert advice when using lifting tackle
• Obtain information that pre-fabricated rebar assemblies
Slinging and Lifting – basic
guidance
Never:

• Wrap hand/tag lines around the body

• Use tie wires or banding to lift loads
• Leave a suspended load unattended
• Pass loads over the public
• Use lifting accessories for pulling or towing
• Ride or climb on lifting machines or suspended loads
• Lift near power lines
• Stand or walk beneath a load
SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR RIGGING &
SLING

25
 TRAINED,
QUALIFIED
OPERATORS

SAFE
LIFTING

EFFECTIVE, PROPER
EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT
MAINTENANCE DESIGN

THE SAFETY TRIANGLE

26
 Rigging - Plan
• Who is responsible for the
rigging?
• Is the equipment in safe
condition?
• Are the working load limits
adequate?
• Will the load be under control?
• Are there any unusual loading
or environmental conditions?

27
 Rigging Basics – The Load
• Load weight may be obtained
from:
– equipment nameplate
– packing list
– drawings
– shipping tag
– weighing the load
– an estimate or calculation of load
weight

28
Pre-operational site activity and
inspection
1. Review the site for possible hazards:
• Overhead lines
• Unstable soil
• High wind conditions 4. Operating procedures:
• Other work activities in the area • Step-by-step instructions
• Applicable rigging precautions
2. Characteristics of the load: • Safety measures
• Hazardous or toxic materials • Emergency procedures
• Weight
• Dimensions
• Center of gravity
3. Rigging sketches and information:
• Lift points
• Methods of attachment
• Sling angles
• Load vectors
• Boom and swing angles
• Crane orientations
• Rated capacities
• Other factors affecting equipment operation
 General Safety Guidelines

• Pre-use and periodic

inspection is required
on all sling and rigging
components

OSHA 1926.251, 1910.184

22
 Periodic inspection Periodic inspection Frequent inspection Label*
frequency/records performed by ? frequency/records

Chain slings OSHA 1910.184(e)(3) – at OSHA – competent OSHA – before use OSHA – size, grade, rated
least annually with person (1910.184(d) w/o records cap., & reach
records ASME - competent ASME: normal –monthly; ASME: mfgr., grade, size,
ASME: normal – annually; person severe service – daily no. of legs, reach,
severe service – monthly to weekly w/o records rated load for hitches
to quarterly with records

Wire rope OSHA – none OSHA – no periodic OSHA – before use OSHA – none
slings ASME – based on service, at ASME – competent (1910.184(d) ASME – mfgr., size, rated
least annually with person ASME – daily w/o records load for type of hitch
records & angle

Synthetic OSHA – none OSHA – no periodic OSHA – before use OSHA – rating @ each type
web slings ASME – recommended at ASME - competent (1910.184(d) of hitch, type of
least annually based on person ASME - daily w/o records material
service, records ASME – mfgr., mfgr. Stock
recommended no., rated load for each
type of hitch, material
type & construction

Metal mesh OSHA – none OSHA – no periodic OSHA – before use OSHA – rated @ vertical
slings ASME - based on service, at ASME - competent (1910.184(d) and choker hitch
least annually; records person ASME – daily w/o records loading
recommended ASME – mfgr., rated load
for hitch & angle,
width and gauge

* Sling I.D., per ASME B30.9, shall be maintained to be legible for the life of the sling
23
 General Safety Guidelines

• Rigging equipment
shall not be loaded
beyond its
recommended
working load limit
(WLL)

OSHA 1926.251 24
 General Safety Guidelines

• When not in use,

rigging shall be
removed from work
area and properly
stored

OSHA 1926.251
33
 General Safety Guidelines
• During lifting, personnel shall be
alert for possible snagging

ASME B30.9
34
 General Safety Guidelines
• Slings should be long
enough so that rated
load is adequate

ASME B30.9
35
 General Safety Guidelines
• Multiple leg slings shall be
selected so as not to
introduce into the leg, a load
greater than permitted

Note: select multiple leg slings based

on two
legs supporting the entire weight of the
load and
the other leg(s) balancing the load.

ASME B30.9
36
 General Safety Guidelines

• Shock loading should be

avoided

ASME B30.9
37
 General Safety Guidelines
• The load shall be applied to
the center of the hook
(unless the hook is designed
for point loading)

ASME B30.9
38
 General Safety Guidelines
• When used in a choker
hitch, prevent the load on
any portion of the sling
from exceeding the rated
load

ASME B30.9
39
 General Safety Guidelines

• Slings shall not be

shortened by knotting
or twisting

ASME B30.9
40
 General Safety Guidelines

• Slings should not be pulled from

under a load when the load is
resting on the sling

ASME B30.9
41
 General Safety Guidelines

• Slings should not

be dragged on the
floor

ASME B30.9
42
 General Safety Guidelines

• Sharp corners in contact with the sling

should be padded

ASME B30.9
43
 General Safety Guidelines

• Do not place body, fingers, etc.

between the sling and load or hook

ASME B30.9
44
 General Safety Guidelines

• Personnel shall not

ride the sling (or
load)

ASME B30.9
45
 General Safety Guidelines

• Personnel should
stand clear of
suspended load

ASME B30.9
46
 General Safety Guidelines

• And not “Be” the

suspended load!!

47
 N O H O M E M A D E S LINGS

WARNING
No wire rope sling shall be fabricated using wire rope clips!!

Preferred sling construction is to use

a Flemish eye splice with a mechanical
sleeve (turn back construction is not
recommendable)

48
Lifting Work Risk
Management
Hazards of using lifting equipment

The hazards: associated with the use of lifting equipment in

construction are:
➢ Hazards related to the loads, e.g. crushing due to impact of
moving objects or loads falling from vehicles because they are
not slinged properly or the wrong type of slings were used
➢ Hazards from moving vehicles or collapsing structures, i.e.
cranes falling over because of improper fixation or strong wind,
unsafe loads, loads exceeding the safe weight limits,
trapping/crushing risk in the use of MEWPs while working at
height, falling from height , limbs or bodies caught in machinery
➢ falling from lifting platforms or being crushed when the platform
moves
➢ musculoskeletal hazards related to force exertions, poor
working postures and/or repetitive work
➢ hazards related to poor environment that may interfere with
communication between workers or concentration needed for
the task (noise) or cause sweaty, slippery objects (heat, poor
ventilation)
➢ Contact with overhead electrical cables.
Possible causes of these hazards may be: poor mechanical
design (breaks in use, not powerful enough, components fracture
or malfunction), poor workplace design, malfunction of the
(manual, mechanical, electronic) signalling system, not using the
proper equipment for the purpose or misuse (not using as
designed, e.g. the load was too heavy), loads insecurely
attached, poor maintenance (breaks or emits noxious gases) or
untidy workplace, human error when operating machines or
erecting scaffolding.
Job Hazard Analysis

49
Risk assessment of lifting operations
Employers are required to assess the health and safety risks that
their employees face and to reduce these risks to an acceptable
level. In short, an effective risk assessment should comprise the
following steps:

➢ Identify hazards and those at risk

Think about the work that is done and identify what may cause or
increase the risk of work related musculoskeletal
disorders. Involve the employees in this process.

➢ Evaluate and prioritize the risks

Evaluate the risk for each hazard, which means calculating the
probability of harm to occur and how severe the health effect
may be. Prioritize the risks based on the exposure, the probability
and the severity of the effect.
➢ Decide on preventive action
If health risks do exist develop a plan of action for risk reduction. Check whether the
hazard can be removed completely, whether the risk can be controlled, if protective
measures can be taken to protect the whole workforce or if personal protective
equipment is needed to protect workers if a risk that cannot be adequately controlled
by collective preventive measures.

➢ Take action
Prioritize preventive and protective measures and specify short and long term actions.
Specifying who does what and when, when a task is to be completed and the means
allocated to implement the measures.

➢ Monitor the risks, and review preventive measures (Planning)

Evaluate, on a regular basis, to see if the risk has been reduced to an acceptable level
and if new risks have emerged. Decide if further action should be taken.
Specific tools are available for risk assessment at constructions sites, of manual
handling
Requirements when using lifting
equipment

➢ nominate a competent person who is suitably trained and

experienced to ensure safe lifting operations
➢ provide adequate resources to enable lifting operations to be
carried out safely
➢ ensure that all appointees i.e. supervisors, crane operators
and operatives with duties under this procedure are properly
trained, licensed, competent and aware of those duties
➢ confirm by regular monitoring that lifting procedures are
being properly implemented.
Requirements for lifting equipment

➢ sufficiently strong, stable and suitable for the proposed use.

Similarly, the load and anything attached (e.g. timber pallets,
lifting points) must be suitable
➢ positioned or installed to prevent the risk of injury, e.g. from the
equipment or the load falling or striking people
➢ visibly marked with any appropriate information to be taken into
account for its safe use, e.g. safe working loads. Accessories,
e.g. slings, clamps etc., should be similarly marked
➢ where equipment is used for lifting people it is marked
accordingly, and it should be safe for such a purpose, e.g. all
necessary precautions have been taken to eliminate or reduce
any risk.
 Hazard Identification
Hazard (atau Ancaman)
yang boleh menyebabkan kecederaan dan kerosakan

Hazard

Hazard

Hazard

55
Hazard Identification
Hazard

Hazard

Hazard

Hazard

56
Hazard Identification
Hazard

Hazard

Hazard

Hazard

57
Hazard Identification

58
 Control Stage

Elimination
1
2 Replacement

3 Engineering

4 Administration

5 PPE
 Hazard Identification
Hazard Consequences

61
Links for video related to accidents
due to lifting and rigging
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnlwKAm2ky8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ss4lsY8a3E