Topic One Number and Algebra

Topic Content Notes

1.1 Arithmetic Sequences 1. Common difference
1. = + ( − 1) Explicit Form
2. Arithmetic means
2. = + Recursive Form
3. Use of sigma notations ∑
( )×
3. = 4. Sigma properties
( ( )× )×
4. =

5. = +( − )×

6. − = for n> 1

1.2 Geometric Sequences 1. Common ratio

1. = ×
2. lim =0 | |<1
→
2. = ×
3. Compound interest
×( ) ∙
3. = F = P × (1 + )

r is annual rate, t is number of years, n is number

4. = ×
of compounded times.

5. − = for n> 1 4. Annuity

1
 ( )
6. Infinite geometric series F=P×( ) end of period

( )
lim = | |<1 F=P×( − 1) beginning of period
→ 1−
1.3 Binomial Theorem !
1. ( + ) = ∑ ( )× × 1. = )!
!×(

2. Expanding to negative index – power series: 2. Coefficient of constant terms, or of term

( + ) = (1 + ) , ∈

1.4 Complex Number Operation 1. Names of different forms

1. = √−1 = −1 = −√−1 =1
Cartesian, standard, rectangular,
2. a + bi + c + di = (a + c) + (b + d)i
trigonometry, polar, modulus-argument,
3. a + bi − (c + di) = (a − c) + (b − d)i Euler’s, exponential

4. (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i 2. Real part, imaginary part

( ) ( )
5. = ∙ =

6. a + bi & a − bi --- conjugates

∗
7. Z ∙ = | | and ( )∗ = ( ∗
)

8. P(x) is a polynomial with real coefficient,

2
 If P(c) = 0 ⟹ P( ∗ ) = 0

1.5 Complex Plane 1. Argand diagram

1. | | = + =| + |
2. Parallelogram rule of addition
∗|
2. | | = | | ∙ | = | || |
3. Conversion between different forms
∗
3. Z ∙ = | | and | |=| |

4. Z = x + yi = r(cos + sin ) = ∙ =

r= + , tan = , = arg( )

1. ∙ = ∙ [cos( + ) + sin( + )]

2. = [cos( − ) + sin( − )]

∗
3. = (cos(− ) + sin(− ))

4. = (cos(− ) + sin(− ))

1.6 Power and Roots 1. De Moivre’s Theorem

1. r = 1,

Z = r(cos + sin ), + = 2 cos

− = 2 sin
= (cos + sin )
2. Roots of unity

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 2. Roots −1=0

Z = r(cos + sin ), Roots are conjugate pairs and

( − 1)( + + ⋯+ + + 1) = 0
√ = √ (cos + sin ), 3. Express cos using (cos )

k = 0,1,2, … , n − 1 4. Express (cos ) using cos

1.7 Proof 1. Simple deductive proof, numerical and algebraic; how to lay 1. The symbols and notation for equality and

out a left-hand side to right-hand side (LHS to RHS) proof. identity.

2. Proof by contradiction 2. IF is divisible by 2, then is even – proof
by contradiction
3. Proof by counterexample
3. +1( ∈ ) is a prime number – proof by
counterexample
1.8 Mathematical Induction Four steps Can be applied in areas like

1. When n=1, prove that P(1) is true 4. Prove a formula

2. Assume n=k, P(k) is true 5. Prove divisibility

3. When n=k+1, prove because P(k) is true then P(k+1) is true 6. Trigonometry

4. Conclusion 7. Complex number