MAST10019 Calculus Extension Studies: Tutorial Sheets

MAST10019
Calculus
Extension Studies
Tutorial sheets
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
© University of Melbourne 2016

This compilation has been made in accordance with the
provisions of Part VB of the Copyright Act (1968) for the teaching purposes of
the University of Melbourne. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted by any form, except as permitted under this act.
MAST10019 Calculus Extension Studies
Content last updated: December 4, 2019
Revision
Note: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct notation
throughout.
Complex Numbers
1. Let z = a + ib with a, b real. Write each of the following in terms of a and b.
z
(a) z z̄ (b) (c) z + z̄
|z|2
z
(d) z − z̄ (e) (f) |z|
z̄
2. (a) Find the real and imaginary parts of
(3 − i)(2 + i)
(b) Evaluate
(4 − i)(3 − i)(8 + 4i)

(4 + 2i)(1 + 3i)
Exponentials and Logarithms

3. Using properties of logarithmic and exponential functions, solve the following equations for x.
(Note that log always means the natural logarithm loge .)
√
q
2
(a) log x = 1 (b) ex = 5

2x x x−2 x−3
(c) e − 2e − 3 = 0 (d) log = 1 + log
x+1 x+1
Differentiation
4. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
x+2 tan x
(a) x2 ex (b) (c)
x−1 x
√

1 1
(d) x2 − 7x (e) x sin (f)
x x log x
Integration
5. Evaluate the following integrals:
Z Z
(a) (x + 3)11 dx (b) (x2 + 2x) cos(x3 + 3x2 − 47) dx
Z Z
x
(c) sin2 2x dx (d) √ dx
1+x
x4 − 3x2
Z Z
4x
(e) dx (f) dx
x5 − 5x3 − 24 (2x − 1)2
Mathematics and Statistics 1 University of Melbourne

Limits
Note: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct notation
throughout.
1. Can I get started? Match the type of the limit and the first step in finding the limit to the
given examples in the following list. You need not find the limits of the examples given.
Example First step
sin x
I. lim A. Look for common factor
x→∞ x
x2 + 2x − 1
II. lim B. Use sandwich rule
x→∞ 3x2 − 10
p
III. lim x2 + 2 − x C. Use continuity
x→∞
3x2 + 2x − 1
IV. lim D. Use the limit laws
x→−1 x2 − 1
p E. Divide numerator and denomina-
V. lim 4x2 − 5
x→4 tor by highest power
x2 + 2x + 1
VI. lim F. Use difference of two squares
x→−3 x2 + 5x + 6
x2 + 2x + 1
VII. lim 2 G. Show limit does not exist
x→3 x + 5x + 6
2. Evaluate the following limits, if they exist. Do NOT use l’Hôpital’s rule.
Explain your answers using the limit laws, continuity, or other appropriate arguments.
x−5 x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 2
(a) lim (b) lim cos (3x + tan x) (c) lim
x→5 x2 − 6x + 5 x→π x→∞ 3x3 − 9x2 + 11
4 x2 − 5x + 1 p
(d) lim (e) lim (f) lim x2 + 8x − x
x→3 (x − 3)2 x→3 x3 + 2x − 1 x→∞

4 4
(g) lim 3x sin
x→0 x
3. Using the sandwich rule, prove that

sin x sin x
(a) lim =0 (b) lim exp =1
x→∞ x x→∞ x
4. What is the (maximum possible) domain of the following function? Explain why the function is
continuous everywhere in its domain.
p
g(x) = sin x2 − 9

Hyperbolic Functions
Note: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct
notation throughout.
1. Evaluate the limit lim tanh x

x→−∞
5
2. If cosh x = what are the possible values of:
3
(a) sinh x (b) tanh x
(c) sech x (d) x
3. Find the exact values of:
(a) cosh(sin π) (b) sinh(−3 log 2)
4. Use the definition of cosh x and sinh x in terms of the exponential function to:
(a) Prove that cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y.
(b) Use the definitions of sinh to write sinh3 x in terms of hyperbolic sines of multiples
of x.
5. Find the derivatives of

√ cosh x
(a) sinh 4x + 3 (b) (c) cos x tanh 2x
x2 + 1
and determine the largest possible domain where the derivatives exist.
6. In each part, sketch the graphs of the functions on the same set of axes. Write down the
largest possible domain where the function is valid, and its range.
(a) f (x) = sinh x, g(x) = sinh(3x − 1) and h(x) = cosech (3x − 1)
(b) f (x) = arccosh x, g(x) = arccosh (x − 2) and h(x) = 5 + arccosh (x − 2)
7. (a) Show that

1 1+x
arctanh x = log , −1 < x < 1.
2 1−x
3
(b) Find u if tanh u = .
5
8. Find the derivatives of the following functions:
arcsinh x
(a) (b) xarctanh (2x − 1)
arccosh x
What is the largest possible domain where the derivatives are valid?
9. Recall that the function coth : R\{0} → R is defined by
cosh x
coth x = .
sinh x

Let f : R\[−1, 1] → R be defined by
f (x) = arccoth x
where arccoth x denotes the inverse function of coth x.

d
(a) Show that (coth x) = −cosech 2 x.
dx
d 1
(b) Using your answer to (a), show that (arccoth x) = .
dx 1 − x2
What is the largest possible domain where the derivatives are valid?

Complex Exponentials
Notes: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct
The principal argument should be used whenever the complex number is written in polar form,
that is, −π < θ ≤ π.
1. Let n ∈ Z. Simplify the following:
(a) e2nπi (b) e(2n+1)πi
(Hint: Try writing them in cartesian form.)

2. Find the polar forms of the complex numbers:
(a) z1 = 1 − i (b) z2 = 3i (c) z3 = −7 − i
Hence find the polar and cartesian forms of:

3i
(d) (e) (1 − i)9
1−i
3. Let z, w ∈ C. Using the complex exponential, show that:
z z
(a) |zw| = |z| |w| (b) =
w w
4. Using the complex exponential, show that:
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
5. Find the real and imaginary parts as indicated:

1
(a) Re (2 − 3i)e(2−3i)t e(5−2i)t

(b) Im
5 − 2i
6. Using the complex exponential, determine the 51st derivative of

√ √
(a) et cos( 3t) (b) et sin( 3t)
7. Using the complex exponential, evaluate

Z Z
−2x
(a) e cos 5x dx (b) e−2x sin 5x dx

Techniques of Integration
1. Get started! Match the form of the integrand and the next step to the given examples
in the following table.
Z
Sample f (x) Form of f (x) Next step to find f (x) dx
I. (8 − x2 )3/2 α. g(h(x))h0 (x); A. Divide by q(x)
2x p(x)/q(x) with p(x), q(x)

B. Integration by parts with u = g(x)
II. β. polynomials and deg p ≥ dv
(x + 8)3/2
2 and dx = h(x)
deg q
x3 − 10x + 2 sinha x coshb x where a, b ≥

III. γ. C. Substitution: let x = a sinh t
x3 + 4x + 1 0 and are both even integers
p(x)/q(x) with p(x), q(x)

IV. ex sin 4x δ. polynomials, q(x) factorises D. Use double angle formulae
and deg p < deg q
x2 + 1 Inverse trigonometric or hy-

V. . E. Substitution: let x = a sin t
(x2 − 1)(x + 2) perbolic function.
g(x)h(x) where g is differen-

VI. arcsinh x ζ. F. Substitution: let t = h(x)
tiable and h is integrable
√ G. Substitution: use cosh2 x −

4 7 ( x2 + a2 )k ; a constant and 2
VII. cosh x sinh x η. sinh x = 1 and let t = sinh x or
k a non-zero integer.
t = cosh x
sinha x coshb x where a, b ≥

H. Integration by parts with u =
VIII. cosh8 x θ. 0 and at least one is an odd dv
f (x) and dx =1
positive integer
√
1 ( a2 − x2 )k ; a constant and J. Use the complex exponential or In-
IX. κ.
(x + 8)3/2
2 k a non-zero integer. tegration by parts
eax cos bx or eax sin bx with

X. xex λ. K. Use partial fractions
a, b constants

Z Z
1
(a) tanh x dx (b) dx
(4 − x2 )3/2
Z Z √
3 5
(c) sinh x cosh x dx (d) x2 − 4 dx
sech 2 5x
Z Z
(e) dx (f) sinh2 x cosh2 x dx
10 − tanh 5x


2x5 + 23x3 + 45x + 9
Z Z
10
(a) dx (b) dx
(x − 3)(x2 + 1) x3 + 9x
Z Z
2
(c) x sec 4x dx (d) arccosh x dx

First Order Differential Equations
1. Determine the general solution of the following first order differential equation:
dy 1 + y2
=
dt 6y(3t − 4)
2. Solve the following initial value problem:

dy π
sin 2x + cos 3y = 0, y =0
dx 2
3. Determine the general solution of the following first order differential equation:
dy
+y cot x = 2 cosec x
dx
4. The rate at which a disease spreads during an epidemic is proportional to the product of
the fraction of the population already infected and the fraction not yet infected.
(a) If y is the fraction of the population infected after t months, show that
dy
= ky(1 − y), 0≤y≤1
dt
where k is a positive constant.
(b) If the fraction infected increases from one quarter to one half of the population in the
first month, find y(t).
(c) What fraction of the population will be infected one month later?
(d) How long will it be before 90% of the population is infected?
(e) What happens to the fraction of the population infected as t → ∞?
5. A 1 litre bag of solution with a concentration of 20 milligram/litre of a pain-killing drug

is attached to a patient immediately after surgery. As the effects of the anaesthetic
administered before surgery wear off, the nursing staff wish to increase the concentration
of the pain killer administered, so they pump a higher (100 milligram/litre) concentration
of the pain killer solution into the bag at a rate of 0.1 litre/hour. The solution in the
bag is treated as completely mixed, and is administered to the patient at a rate of 0.2
litre/hour.
(a) Express the volume of solution in the bag as a function of time. How long is it before
the bag empties?

(b) Show that the number of milligrams x(t) of pain killer dissolved in the solution in the
bag satisfies the differential equation
dx 2x
= 10 − .
dt 10 − t
For what times is the differential equation valid?
(c) Determine x as a function of t. Hence determine the concentration of pain killer in

the bag at any time.
(d) Nursing staff are concerned that the concentration of pain killer needs to reach at
least 50 milligram/litre by the end of the fifth hour. Does the concentration reach the
required level?

Second Order Differential Equations

Notes: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct notation
throughout.
1. Find the general solution y(x) to the following second order differential equations:
(a) y 00 − y 0 − 6y = 0
(b) 9y 00 + 6y 0 + y = 0
(c) y 00 + y 0 + y = 0
2. Solve the following initial value problem for x(t):

ẍ − 6ẋ + 5x = 0 , x(0) = 8 , ẋ(0) = 0
3. Find the general solution of the ordinary differential equation

y 00 + 4y = f (x)
in the following cases:
(a) f (x) = 0
(b) f (x) = x2
(c) f (x) = ex
Hence write down the general solution of the differential equation

y 00 + 4y = 2x2 + 3ex
4. Find the general solution of the following differential equation:

P 00 + 5P 0 + 4P = 6e−t .
Hence find the solution satisfying the initial conditions:
P (0) = 0, P 0 (0) = −7.
5. A 5 kilogram mass suspended from the end of a vertical spring stretches it by 1.225 metres.
The system is placed in a medium offering a resistance (in Newtons) equal to 45 times the
instantaneous velocity (in m/s). The mass is started in motion from the equilibrium position
with an initial velocity of 1 m/s in the upward direction and with an applied external force
F (t) = 365 cos(3t) Newtons downwards. The displacement of the mass below the equilibrium
position at time t seconds is y(t) metres. Take the acceleration due to gravity to be 9.8 m/s2 .
(a) Determine the spring constant.
(b) Draw a diagram showing all forces acting on the mass.
(c) Show that the equation of motion for the mass on the spring is
ÿ + 9ẏ + 8y = 73 cos(3t)
What are the initial conditions for the system?
(d) Find the position of the mass at any time.
(e) What are the transient and steady state solutions for y(t)?
(f) Give a physical interpretation of the behaviour of the system when t is large.

Functions of Two Variables

Notes: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct
1. Consider the surface p

z = f (x, y) = − 9 − 2x2 − y 2 .
(a) What is the domain and range of the function, f ?
√ √
(b) Sketch the level curves for z = f (x, y) = 0, −3, −2 2, − 5.
(c) Sketch the cross sections of the surface in the x-z plane and in the y-z plane.
(d) Find any x, y and z intercepts.
Use the above information to identify and sketch the surface.
2. (a) Find the domains for the following functions:

e−x−y
(i) f (x, y) = (ii) g(s, t) = log(3s2 − t)
3 + sin(x + y)
(b) Evaluate the following limits.
e−x−y
(i) lim (ii) lim log(3s2 − t)
(x,y)→(0,0) 3 + sin(x + y) (s,t)→(2,1)
3. Find the first order partial derivatives for the following functions.
√
(a) f (x, y) = cos(xy 3 ) (b) g(s, t) = s cosh(st)
4. Consider the function

f (x, y) = 3xy 2 + x2 e2y .
Find the first and second order partial derivatives.

f (x, y) = 2x3 + 3xy − 6y .
Let S be the surface defined by the equation z = f (x, y).
(a) Find the gradient vector ∇f .
(b) Show that the point (0, 1, −6) lies on S.
(c) Find a Cartesian equation of the tangent plane to S at the point (0, 1, −6).
(d) Write down the linear approximation
to f (x, y) at (1, −2), and use this to estimate
7 16
the value of f ,− .
10 10
(e) Suppose that x = cosh(2t) and y = sinh(3t). Using the chain rule for functions of
df
two variables, calculate at t = 0.
dt
(f) Find the directional derivative of f at (1, −2) in the direction of the unit vector from
the point (1, −2) towards the point (−2, 2).

p
6. Show that f (x, y) = log x2 + y 2 is harmonic, that is,
∂ 2f ∂ 2f
+ = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2
f (x, y) = 2y 3 + 3xy 2 + 12xy + 9x + 6y 2
(a) Find the first and second order partial derivatives.

(b) Locate and classify the stationary points of the function.
8. Evaluate the double integral Z 3 Z 1

e2x+y dx dy.
0 0
9. Use a double integral to find the volume of the region lying below the graph z = x2 + y 2
and above the rectangle 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 in the plane z = 0.


Revision Solutions x−2 x−3 x−3
(d) log = 1 + log = log e + log
x+1 x+1 x+1
1. (a) zz = (a + bi)(a − bi) = a2 + b2 .
x−2

x−3

=⇒ log = log e ·
z a + bi a bi x+1 x+1
(b) = 2 = 2 + 2 . x−2 x−3
|z|2 a + b2 a + b2 a + b2 =⇒ = e· =⇒ x − 2 = e(x − 3)
x+1 x+1
(c) z + z = a + bi + a − bi = 2a. 2 − 3e
=⇒ x(1 − e) = 2 − 3e =⇒ x = .
1−e
(d) z − z = a + bi − (a − bi) = 2bi.
d
x2 ex = ex (x2 + 2x).

z a + bi a + bi a2 − b2 + 2abi a2 − b2 2abi 4. (a)
(e) = · = = + 2 . dx
z a − bi a + bi 2
a +b 2 2
a +b 2 a + b2
d x+2 (x − 1) · 1 − (x + 2) · 1 −3
p (b) = = .
(f) |z| = a2 + b2 . dx x − 1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)2
x · sec2 x − tan x

d tan x
(c) = .
2. (a) (3 − i)(2 + i) = (3 − i)(2 − i) = 5 − 5i. The real part is 5, the imagi- dx x x2
nary part is −5.
d p 2 1 2x − 7
(d) x − 7x = (x2 − 7x)−1/2 (2x − 7) = √ .
= |4 − i||3 − i||8 + 4i| = 2|4 + 2i| |4 − i||3 − i|
(4 − i)(3 − i)(8 + 4i) dx 2 2 x2 − 7x
(b)

(4 + 2i)(1 + 3i) |4 + 2i||1 + 3i| |4 + 2i| |1 + 3i|
√

d 1 1 x 1 1 1 1
= 2|4 − i| = 2 17 (e) x sin = sin − 2 cos = sin − cos .
dx x x x x x x x

d 1 −1 1 1 + log x
√ √ √ · (x · + log x) = −
q
(f) = .
3. (a) log x = 1 =⇒ log x = 1 =⇒ x = e =⇒ x = e2 . dx x log x (x log x)2 x (x log x)2
2 p
(b) ex = 5 =⇒ x2 = log 5 =⇒ x = ± log 5.
du
5. (a) Let u = x + 3. Then = 1 and
(c) e2x − 2ex − 3 = 0 is a quadratic in ex . dx
u12
Z Z
Now e2x − 2ex − 3 = (ex − 3)(ex + 1) = 0 when ex = −1, 3. (x + 3)11 dx = u11
du
dx = +C =
1
(x + 3)12 + C.
dx 12 12
We reject ex = −1 as −1 is not in the range of exp.
du
(b) Let u = x3 + 3x2 − 47 =⇒ = 3(x2 + 2x). Therefore
Thus ex = 3 is the only solution, and x = log 3. dx
Z Z
1 du
(x2 + 2x) cos(x3 + 3x2 − 47) dx = cos u dx
3 dx
Z
1 1 1
= cos u du = sin u + C = sin (x3 + 3x2 − 47) + C.
3 3 3

Z Z
1 1 x 1
(c) sin2 2x dx = − cos 4x dx = − sin 4x + C.
2 2 2 8
du
(d) Let u = 1 + x so that x = u − 1 and = 1. Therefore
dx
u−1
Z Z
x
√ dx = √ du
1+x u
Z
= (u1/2 − u−1/2 ) du
2 3/2
= u − 2u1/2 + C
3
2
= (1 + x)3/2 − 2(1 + x)1/2 + C.
3
du
(e) Let u = x5 − 5x3 − 24 =⇒ = 5x4 − 15x2 = 5(x4 − 3x2 ). Therefore
dx
x4 − 3x2
Z Z
1 du
5 3
dx =
x − 5x − 24 5 u
1
= log |u| + C
5
1
= log |x5 − 5x3 − 24| + C.
5
du 1
(f) Let u = 2x − 1 =⇒ = 2, x = (u + 1).
dx 2
Z Z
4x 1 2(u + 1) du
dx = dx
(2x − 1)2 2 u2 dx
Z
1 1
= + 2 du
u u
1 1
= log |u| − + C = log |2x − 1| − + C.
u 2x − 1

Limits Solutions
1. I, B; II, E; III, F; IV, A; V, C; VI, G; VII, D

x−5 x−5 1 1
2. (a) lim = lim = lim = ,
x→5 x2 − 6x + 5 x→5 (x − 5)(x − 1) x→5 x − 1 4
using the limit laws and that the final denominator is not equal to zero when x = 5.

(b) lim cos (3x + tan x) = cos ( lim 3x) + tan( lim x)
x→π x→π x→π
= cos(3π + tan π) = cos(3π) = −1,

as cos(x) is continuous at x = 3π and tan(x) is continuous at x = π, and by limit laws.
(c) Dividing the numerator and the denominator by the largest term, x3 , as x → ∞ we obtain
x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 2 1 + 6/x + 4/x2 + 2/x3 1+0+0+0 1
lim = lim = = ,
x→∞ 3x3 − 9x2 + 11 x→∞ 3 − 9/x + 11/x3 3−0+0 3
1
using the limit laws and the fact that lim
= 0 for n > 0.
x→∞ xn
(d) As the numerator is a non-zero constant and the denominator → 0 as x → 3, it follows that
4
→ ∞ as x → 3. Therefore the limit does not exist.
(x − 3)2
(e) Noting the fact that the denominator is not zero at x = 3 we use the limit laws to obtain
x2 − 5x + 1 32 − 5 · 3 + 1 5
lim = =− .
x→3 x3 + 2x − 1 33 + 2 · 3 − 1 32
√
p p x2 + 8x + x x2 + 8x − x2
(f) lim ( x2 + 8x − x) = lim ( x2 + 8x − x) √ = lim √
x→∞ x→∞ x2 + 8x + x x→∞ x2 + 8x + x
8x 8 8 8
= lim √ = lim p =q =√ =4
x→∞ 2
x + 8x + x x→∞ 1 + 8/x + 1 1+0+1
lim (1 + 8/x) + 1
x→∞
using the limit laws, the continuity of the square root function and that the denominator does not
have a limit of zero.

4 4 4 4
(g) For x 6= 0, −1 ≤ sin ≤ 1, so −3x ≤ 3x sin ≤ 3x4 .
x x

4
Since lim −3x4 = lim 3x4 = 0, lim 3x4 sin

= 0 by the sandwich rule.
x→0 x→0 x→0 x
3. (a) For x 6= 0, −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1.
1 sin x 1
Then − ≤ ≤ for x > 0,
x x x

1 1 sin x
Since lim − = lim = 0, it follows from the sandwich rule that lim = 0.
x→∞ x x→∞ x x→∞ x
(b) As the exponential is a continuous function,

sin x sin x
lim exp = exp lim = exp(0) = 1.
x→∞ x x→∞ x
4. We require x2 − 9 ≥ 0 for this function to be defined. That is, we require x ≥ 3 or x ≤ −3. Hence
Domain(g) = (−∞, −3] ∪ [3, ∞).
Since polynomials, square root, and trigonometric functions are all continuous on their domains of defini-
tion, g is a continuous function as it is the composition of continuous functions.

Hyperbolic Functions Solutions 4. (a) We start with the right hand side and show it equals the left hand side:
1. We divide numerator and denominator by e−x , the largest term as x → −∞, RHS = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
e + e−x e + e−y e − e−x e − e−y
x y x y
to obtain = +
2 2 2 2
ex − e−x e2x − 1 0−1 1 x+y −x+y −(x+y)

lim tanh x = lim x
x→−∞ e + e −x
= lim 2x
x→−∞ e
= = −1, = e +e x−y
+e +e +e x+y
−e x−y
− e−x+y + e−(x+y)
x→−∞ +1 0+1 4
ex+y + e−(x+y)
using the limit laws and that lim e2x = 0. =
x→−∞ 2
= cosh(x + y) = LHS
p
2. (a) cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 ⇒ sinh x = ± cosh2 x − 1
r r (b) Using the definition of sinh(x) we obtain:
5 25 16 4
If cosh x = , then sinh x = ± −1=± =± . 3
ex − e−x

3 9 9 3 1 3x
sinh3 x = e − 3ex + 3e−x − e−3x

=
2 8
5 sinh x ±4 4 3x
1 e −e −3x
ex − e−x

(b) If cosh x = then tanh x = = 53 = ± . = −3·
3 cosh x 3
5 4 2 2
1 3
1 3 = sinh 3x − sinh x.
(c) sech x = = . 4 4
cosh x 5
√
x −x d √ 1 √ 2 cosh 4x + 3
5 e +e 5 5. (a) sinh 4x + 3 = 4 · √ · cosh 4x + 3 = √ .
(d) Since cosh x = we have = ⇒ 3ex + 3e−x = 10 dx 2 4x + 3 4x + 3
3 2 3
As square root is defined only for positive numbers and the denominator
Multiplying both sides by ex gives 3
must be non zero, the derivative exists when x > − .
4
d d
(x2 + 1) dx cosh x − dx (x2 + 1) cosh x

3e2x − 10ex + 3 = 0 d cosh x
√ √ =
10 ± 100 − 36 10 ± 64 10 ± 8 1 dx x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2
⇒ ex = = = = 3, (b)
6 6 6 3 (x2 + 1) sinh x − 2x cosh x
= .
1 (x2 + 1)2
⇒ x = log 3, log ⇒ x = ± log 3.
3 The derivative exists for all x ∈ R as it has a non zero denominator, and
is the sum, product and quotient of functions defined everywhere on R.
d d d
(cos x tanh 2x) = cos x · (tanh 2x) + (cos x) · tanh 2x
(c) dx dx dx
3. (a) cosh (sin π) = cosh 0 = 1
= 2 cos xsech 2 2x − sin x tanh 2x.
e−3 log 2 − e3 log 2 elog 2

−3 3
− elog 2 1
−8 63 The derivative exists for all x ∈ R as it is the sum and product of functions
8
(b) sinh (−3 log 2) = = = =− . defined everywhere on R.
2 2 2 16

6. (a) The graph of f (x) = sinh x has been shifted by + 13 in the positive x y
direction and has then been compressed by a factor of 3 in the x direction 7
around + 31 to obtain the graph of g(x) = sinh(3x − 1).
6 5+arccosh(x -2)
As Domain(f ) = Range(f ) = R we see that Domain(g) = R and
5
Range(g) = R.
4
Since h(x) = cosech (3x − 1) = 1/g(x), the graph of h(x) = cosech (3x − 1)
has a vertical asymptote at x = 13 where g(x) = 0.
3
As g(x) → ±∞, h(x) → 0. Thus y = 0 is the horizontal asymptote. 2
Therefore Domain(h) = R\{1/3} and Range(h) = R\{0}. arccoshx arccosh(x -2)

1
x
y cosech(3x -1)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
sinh(3x -1) 6. (a) Let y = arctanhx, then x = tanh y

4 ey − e−y
Therefore x = =⇒ xey + xe−y = ey − e−y
sinh x ey + e−y
=⇒ ey (1 − x) = e−y (1 + x)
x
- 1.0 - 0.5 1+x
0.5 1.0 1.5 =⇒ e2y =
1−x

1 1+x
-4 =⇒ y = arctanh x = log .
2 1−x
Note that, since −1 < tanh y < 1, −1 < x < 1.
-8
3 3
1+
=⇒ u = arctanh 35 = 12 log 1− 53 = 12 log 4 = log 2.

tanh u =
5 5
√ √
(1/ x + 1)arccosh x − (1/ x2 − 1)arcsinh x
2

d arcsinh x
(a)
7. (a) =
(b) We first sketch f (x) = arccosh x noting that Domain(f ) = [1, ∞) and dx arccosh x arccosh 2 x
√ √
Range(f ) = [0, ∞). x2 − 1 arccosh x − x2 + 1 arcsinh x
= √
x4 − 1 arccosh 2 x
We shift f (x) by +2 in the postive x direction to obtain g(x) = √
arccosh (x − 2). Therefore Domain(g) = [3, ∞) and Range(g) = [0, ∞). As arccosh x is defined for x ≥ 1 and we require x4 − 1 6= 0, the deriva-
tive is defined for x > 1.
We then shift by +5 in the positive y direction to obtain h(x) = 5 + d 2
arccosh (x − 2). Thus Domain(h) = [3, ∞) and Range(h) = [5, ∞). (b) (xarctanh (2x − 1)) = arctanh (2x − 1) + x ·
dx 1 − (2x − 1)2

1
= arctanh (2x − 1) + . As Domain(arctanh x) = (−1, 1), we require
2 − 2x
−1 < 2x − 1 < 1 ⇒ 0 < 2x < 2 ⇒ 0 < x < 1.
Hence Domain(arctanh (2x − 1)) = (0, 1). Thus the derivative is valid for
x ∈ (0, 1). (Note that 2 − 2x 6= 0 for these values of x.)
sinh2 x − cosh2 x

d d cosh x −1
9. (a) (coth x) = = = = −cosech 2 x.
dx dx sinh x sinh2 x sinh2 x
This is valid for x 6= 0.
(b) Let y = arccoth x. Then coth y = x.
dy
Differentiating implicitly with respect to x gives −cosech 2 y = 1.
dx
dy 1 1 1
Therefore =− =− = .
dx cosech 2 y coth2 y − 1 1 − x2
This is valid for x ∈ (−∞, −1)∪(1, ∞) as Domain(arccoth ) = (−∞, −1)∪
(1, ∞). Note that 1 − x2 6= 0 for these values of x.

Complex Exponentials Solutions

1. (a) e2πni = cos(2πn) + i sin(2πn) = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1.
(b) e(2n+1)πi = e2πni eπi = eπi = cos π + i sin π = −1.
√ π √
2. (a) |z1 | = 2 and Arg(z1 ) = − so z1 = 2e−πi/4 .
4
π
(b) |z2 | = 3 and Arg(z2 ) = so z2 = 3eπi/2 .
2
√ √
(c) |z3 | = 50 = 5 2 and, using the fact that z3 is in the 3rd quadrant,
√
Arg(z3 ) = −π + arctan 71 so z3 = 5 2ei(−π+arctan(1/7)) .

3eπi/2

3i z2 3 πi πi 3 3πi
(d) = =√ = √ exp − − = √ exp (polar form).
1−i z1 2e−πi/4 2 2 4 2 4

3 3πi 3 −1 1 3 3
√ exp =√ √ + √ i = − + i (cartesian form).
2 4 2 2 2 2 2
√ √ √
(e) (1 − i)9 = z19 = ( 2e−πi/4 )9 = ( 2)9 e−9πi/4 = 16 2e−πi/4 (polar form)
√

1 1
= 16 2 √ − √ i = 16 − 16i (cartesian form)
2 2
3. Let z = r1 eiθ1 and w = r2 eiθ2 .
(a) Then |z| = r1 and |w| = r2 .
Now

|zw| = r1 eiθ1 r2 eiθ2 = r1 r2 e(θ1 +θ2 )i = |r1 r2 | e(θ1 +θ2 )i
= |r1 r2 | = |r1 ||r2 | = |z||w|
as required.
(b) Note that if z = reiθ then z̄ = re−iθ . Thus
z r eiθ1 r
1 1 (θ1 −θ2 )i r1 −(θ1 −θ2 )i r1 (−θ1 +θ2 )i r1 e−iθ1 z
= iθ
= e = e = e = −iθ
= .
w r2 e 2 r2 r2 r2 r2 e 2 w
4. Let z = eix and w = eiy . Then Im(zw) = Im(ei(x+y) ) = sin(x + y). Also:
Im(zw) = Im ((cos x + i sin x)(cos y + i sin y))

= Im (cos x cos y + i cos x sin y + i sin x cos y − sin x sin y)
= cos x sin y + sin x cos y
Alternatively we can start with the right hand side of the equation, and use the known
expressions for sin and cos as follows:
sin x cos y + cos x sin y
eix − e−ix eiy + e−iy eix + e−ix eiy − e−iy
= · + ·
2i 2 2 2i
ei(x+y) − ei(−x+y) + ei(x−y) − e−i(x+y) ei(x+y) + ei(−x+y) − ei(x−y) − e−i(x+y)
= +
4i 4i
2ei(x+y) − 2e−i(x+y)
=
4i
ei(x+y) − e−i(x+y)
=
2i
= sin(x + y).
5. (a) Re (2 − 3i)e(2−3i)t = Re (2 − 3i)(cos 3t − i sin 3t)e2t

= Re (2 cos 3t − 2i sin 3t − 3i cos 3t − 3 sin 3t)e2t

= (2 cos 3t − 3 sin 3t) e2t

1 (5−2i)t (5 + 2i) 5t
(b) Im e = Im (cos 2t − i sin 2t)e
5 − 2i (5 − 2i)(5 + 2i)
e5t
= Im [(5 + 2i)(cos 2t − i sin 2t)]
29
e5t
= Im [5 cos 2t − 5i sin 2t + 2i cos 2t + 2 sin 2t]
29
e5t
= (2 cos 2t − 5 sin 2t)
29
d51 t √ d51 t √ √
6. (a) e cos 3t = Re e (cos 3t + i sin 3t)
dt51 dt51
d51 t √3ti
51
d (1+√3i)t

= Re ee = Re e
dt51 dt51
√ √
= Re (1 + 3i)51 e(1+ 3i)t
√
Now (1 + 3i)51 = (2eπi/3 )51 = 251 e51πi/3 = 251 e17πi = 251 e16πi eπi
= 251 eπi = −251 .
d51 √ √
Therefore 51 et cos 3t = Re −251 e(1+ 3i)t
dt
√ √ √
= Re −2 e (cos 3t + i sin 3t) = −251 et cos 3t.
51 t
(b) Using the calculations from question 1(a) we see that

d51 t √ d51 t √ √
e sin 3t = Im e (cos 3t + i sin 3t)
dt51 dt51
√ √ √
= Im −2 e (cos 3t + i sin 3t) = −251 et sin 3t.
51 t
Z Z
−2x
cos 5x dx = Re e−2x (cos 5x + i sin 5x) dx

7. (a) e
Z Z
−2x −2x+5xi
= Re e (cos 5x + i sin 5x) dx = Re e dx
Z
(−2+5i)x 1
= Re e dx = Re e(−2+5i)x + c + di
−2 + 5i

1 −2 − 5i −2x+5xi
= Re · e + c + di
−2 + 5i −2 − 5i

−2 − 5i −2x
= Re e (cos 5x + i sin 5x) + c + di
29
1 −2x

= Re 29
e (−2 cos 5x − 2i sin 5x − 5i cos 5x + 5 sin 5x) + c + di

1 −2x
= 29
e (−2 cos 5x + 5 sin 5x) + c.
(b) We notice that e−2x sin 5x = Im(e−2x (cos 5x + i sin 5x)). Thus, using the calculations
from part (a) we obtain
Z Z
−2x
sin 5x dx = Im e−2x (cos 5x + i sin 5x) dx

e
Z
−2x
= Im e (cos 5x + i sin 5x) dx
1 −2x

= Im 29
e (−2 cos 5x − 2i sin 5x − 5i cos 5x + 5 sin 5x) + c + di
1 −2x
= 29
e (−2 sin 5x − 5 cos 5x) + d.

Techniques of Integration Solutions

Z Z Z
1. I, κ, E; II, α, F; III, β, A; IV, λ, J; V, δ, K; VI, , H; VII, θ, G; sinh3 x cosh5 x dx = (u2 − 1)u5 du = u7 − u5 du
VIII, γ, D; IX, η, C; X, ζ, B
u8 u6 1 1
= − + c = cosh8 x − cosh6 x + c.
sinh x dv 8 6 8 6
2. (a) tanh x = so let v = cosh x. Then = sinh x.
cosh x dx Note: Substituting u = sinh x gives the answer 1
4 sinh4 x + 1
3 sinh6 x +
1 8
8 sinh x + c.
Z Z Z
sinh x 1
Hence tanh x dx = dx = dv
cosh x v (d) Note that the integrand is defined only for x ∈ (−∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞). Let
= log |v| + c = log(cosh x) + c. (Note that cosh x > 0 for all x ∈ R.) dx
x = 2 cosh u where u = arccosh ( 12 x). Then = 2 sinh u, and x2 − 4 =
√ √ dt
(b) Note that the integrand is defined only for x ∈ (−2, 2). Let x = 2 sin u 4 cosh2 u4 = 4 sinh2 u, so x2 − 4 = 4 sinh2 u = 2 sinh u (valid since
dx u = arccosh ( 12 x) ≥ 0 =⇒ u ≥ 0). The integral can be rewritten as:
where u = arcsin( 12 x). Then = 2 cos u. So 4 − x2 = 4 − 4 sin2 u =
du
4 cos2 u, and
1 1 1 Z p Z
= =
(4 − x ) 2 3/2 2
(4 cos u)3/2 8 cos3 u x2 − 4 dx = 2 sinh u · 2 sinh u du
Z
provided cos3 u > 0 or cos u > 0, which is true since = 4 sinh2 u du
Z
1 π π
= 2(cosh 2u − 1) du
x ∈ (−2, 2) =⇒ u = arcsin( x) ∈ − ,
2 2 2
= sinh 2u − 2u + c
so the substitution is valid. The integral can be rewritten as: = 2 sinh u cosh u − 2u + c
p x x
= x2 − 4 · − 2arccosh +c
2 2
Z Z Z
1 1 1 1
dx = 2 cos u dt = dt
(4 − x2 )3/2 (8 cos3 u) 4 cos2 u
du
= 5sech 2 5x. Therefore
Z
1 1 (e) Let u = tanh 5x. Then
= sec2 u dt = tan u + c dx
4 4
sech 2 5x
Z Z
1 sin u 1 x 2 1 1
= · +c = · · √ +c dx = du
4 cos u 4 2 4 − x2 10 − tanh 5x 5 10 − u
x 1 1 1
= √ +c = − log |10−u|+c = − log |10−tanh 5x|+c = − log(10−tanh 5x)+c.
4 4 − x2 5 5 5
(We can remove the modulus sign as tanh 5x < 10 for all x ∈ R.)
Note: we could also substitute x = 2 cos t where t = arccos( 12 x) here. Z Z 2 Z
1 1
Z Z (f) sinh2 x cosh2 x dx = sinh 2x dx = sinh2 2x dx
(c) As 3 5
sinh x cosh x dx = sinh x(cosh2 x − 1) cosh5 x dx, we let u = 2 4
Z
du 1 1 1 1 1 x
cosh x. Then = sinh x. Thus = (cosh 4x − 1) dx = sinh 4x − x + c = sinh 4x − + c.
dx 4 2 8 4 32 8

10 A Bx + C 2x5 + 23x3 + 45x + 9

Z Z
1 x
3. (a) Put 2
= + 2 Thus dx = 2x2 + 5 + − dx.
(x − 3)(x + 1) x−3 x +1 x3 + 9x x x2 + 9
=⇒ 10 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 3) du
Let u = x2 + 9. Then = 2x and
dx
=⇒ 10 = (A + B)x2 + (C − 3B)x + A − 3C. Z Z
x 1 1 1 1
dx = du = log |u| + a = log(x2 + 9) + a.
Equating coefficients gives A+B = 0, (2) C −3B = 0 and (3) A−3C = 10. x2 + 9 2 u 2 2
2x5 + 23x3 + 45x + 9
Z
Solving gives A = 1, B = −1 and C = −3.
Then dx = 23 x3 + 5x + log |x| − 12 log(x2 + 9) + c.
Z
10
Z
1 −x − 3 x3 + 9x
Thus dx = + 2 dx
(x − 3)(x2 + 1) x−3 x +1 (c) Put u = x and v 0 = sec2 4x. Then u0 = 1 and v = 1
tan 4x.
4
Z
1 x 3 Z Z Z
= − − dx. Thus x sec 4x dx = uv = uv − u0 v
2 0
x − 3 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
du
Z
1 1
Let u = x2 + 1 so that = 2x. = x tan 4x − tan 4x dx
dx 4 4
Z Z
x 1 1 1 1 1 1
Z
sin 4x
Then 2
dx = du = log |u| + a = log(x2 + 1) + a. = x tan 4x − dx.
x +1 2 u 2 2 4 4 cos 4x
Z
10 dt
Therefore dx = log |x−3|− 12 log(x2 +1)−3 arctan x+c. Let t = cos 4x. Then = −4 sin 4x.
(x − 3)(x2 + 1) dx
Z Z
2 1 1 1 1
(b) As the numerator is of higher degree than the denominator we divide: Thus x sec 4x dx = x tan 4x − − · dt
4 4 4 t
1 1
2x2 + 5 = x tan 4x + log |t| + c
4 16
x3 + 9x )2x5 + 23x3 + 45x + 9
1 1
2x5 + 18x3 = x tan 4x + log | cos 4x| + c.
4 16
5x3 + 45x + 9
1
5x3 + 45x (d) Let u = arccosh x and v 0 = 1 giving u0 = √ and v = x. Then
x2 − 1
9 Z Z Z Z
x
arccosh x = uv 0 = uv − u0 v = xarccosh x − √ dx.
2
x −1
2x5 + 23x3 + 45x + 9
Z Z
9 dt
Thus dx = 2x2 + 5 + dx. Let t = x2 − 1. Then = 2x and
x3 + 9x x(x2 + 9) dx
Z Z
9 A Bx + C Ax2 + 9A + Bx2 + Cx 1 1
Put = + 2 = . arccosh x = xarccosh x − √ dt
x(x2 + 9) x x +9 x(x2 + 9) 2 t
1 √ p
Equating the numerators gives (1) A + B = 0, (2) C = 0, (3) 9A = 9. = xarccosh x − (2 t) + c = xarccosh x − x2 − 1 + c.
2
From (3), A = 1 and from (1), B = −A = −1.

First Order Differential Equations Solutions dy

sin 2x + cos 3y = 0
dx
dy
1. We recognise this as a separable ode: ⇒ cos 3y = − sin 2x
Z dx Z
⇒ cos 3y dy = − sin 2x dx
2
dy 1+y 1 1
= ⇒ sin 3y = cos 2x + c
dt 6y(3t − 4) 3 2
6y dy 1 3
⇒ = ⇒ sin 3y = 2 cos 2x + C, where C = 3c
1 + y 2 dt 3t − 4
Z Z
6y 1 ⇒ y = 1
arcsin( 32 cos 2x + C).
⇒ dy = dt 3
1 + y2 3t − 4
Substituting the initial conditions, x = π2 and y = 0, gives
0 = 13 arcsin 32 cos (π) + C ⇒ sin 0 = − 32 + C ⇒ C = 32 .

du dv
Let u = 1 + y 2 so that = 2y and let v = 3t − 4 so that = 3. Then:
dy dt
Thus y = 31 arcsin 32 cos 2x + 23 is the solution to the initial value problem.

Z Z
3 1 1
du = dv 3. This is a linear ODE.
u 3 v Z Z
1 cos x
⇒ 3 log |u| = 3 log |v| + c cot x dx = dx = log(sin x). So the integrating factor is
sin x
1
⇒ 3 log |1 + y 2 | = 3 log |3t − 14 | + c I(x) = exp(log(sin x)) = sin x.
⇒ log(1 + y 2 )3 = log |3t − 4|1/3 + c Multiplying both sides of the ODE by I(x) gives
dy
⇒ (1 + y 2 )3 = ec |3t − 4|1/3 sin x + y sin x cot x = 2 sin xcosec x
dx
dy
⇒ 1 + y2 = ec/3 |3t − 4|1/9 ⇒ sin x + y cos x = 2
dx
d
⇒ y2 = A(3t − 4)1/9 − 1, where A = ec/3 ⇒ (y sin x) = 2
dx
p d dy d dy
⇒ y = ± A(3t − 4)1/9 − 1 Check (y sin x) = sin x + y (sin x) = sin x + y cos x.
dx dx dx dx
⇒y sin x = 2x + c
⇒y = (2x + c)cosec x
p
Hence the solution to the differential equation is y(t) = ± A(3t − 4)1/9 − 1.
Hence the solution to the differential equation is y(x) = (2x + c)cosec x.
2. This is a separable ode.

4. (a) The proportion of people infected is y, so 1 − y is the proportion of people

not infected. Thus 32−1 3 3
dy y= 2−1
= = .
∝ y(1 − y) 1+3 1+3 4
dt
This gives the required ODE, where k is the constant of proportionality. Therefore, one month later, three quarters of the population will be in-
The proportion of people must be between 0% and 100% giving 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. fected.
(b) The ODE is separable. (d) We use the form of the solution in (∗∗) to answer the question. 90% is
the same as y = 0.9, so we have
Z Z
dy 1
= ky(1 − y) ⇒ dy = k dt, y 6= 0, 1.
dt y(1 − y)
y

0.9

(t − 1) log 3 = log = log = log 9 = 2 log 3.
1 A B A − Ay + By 1−y 1 − 0.9
Put = + = .
y(1 − y) y 1−y y(1 − y)
Thus t − 1 = 2 ⇒ t = 3.
Equating numerators gives A = 1 and −A + B = 0.
We conclude that 90% of the population will be infected after 3 months.
Then B = A = 1. Thus the ODE becomes
Z Z Z 3t−1 1/3
1 1 (e) As y(t) = = we have, using the limit laws and
dy + dy = k dt 1+3 t−1 (1/3)t + 1/3
y 1−y
1/3 1/3
⇒ log |y| − log |1 − y| = kt + c lim (1/3)t = 0, that lim y = t = = 1.
t→∞ t→∞ lim (1/3) + 1/3 0 + 1/3
t→∞
y
⇒ log = kt + c (y > 0 and 1 − y > 0)
1−y Thus as t → ∞ the proportion of the population infected approaches
100%.
1/4
When t = 0, y = 14 so log = k · 0 + c ⇒ c = log(1/3) = − log 3.
1 − 1/4
When t = 1, y = 12 so 5. (a) Let V (t) be the volume of liquid in the bag in litres (l) at time t hours.
Then
1/2
log = k · 1 − log(3) ⇒ k = log 1 + log 3 = log 3. V (t) = initial amount of liquid + litres added per hour × t
1 − 1/2
− litres removed per hour × t
y
= (t − 1) log 3 = log 3t−1 .

Thus log (∗∗) = 1 + 0.1t − 0.2t = 1 − 0.1t.
1−y
Take exponentials of both sides to obtain Put V (t) = 1 − 0.1t = 0. Then t = 10.
y Thus the bag will be empty after 10 hours.
= 3t−1 ⇒ y = 3t−1 − y3t−1 or y(1 + 3t−1 ) = 3t−1 .
1−y
(b) Let x(t) be the amount of painkiller in milligrams (mg) dissolved in the
3t−1 bag after t hours. Then the concentration at time t of painkiller in the
Thus the solution is y(t) = where 0 < y < 1.
1 + 3t−1 bag (concentration out) is given by
(c) One month later is 2 months after the start, i.e. t = 2. Substituting this amount x x 10x
in the solution we obtain = = = mg/l, 0 ≤ t < 10.
volume V 1 − 0.1t 10 − t

dx
= rate painkiller is added − rate painkiller is removed
dt
= concentration in(mg/l) × litres added per hour(l/hour)
− concentration out(mg/l) × litres removed per hour(l/hour) .

x
= 100 × 0.1 − × 0.2
V
10x 2x
= 10 − 0.2 = 10 − mg/hour, where 0 ≤ t < 10.
10 − t 10 − t
dx 2
(c) As this is a linear ODE we rewrite it in standard form: + x = 10.
dt 10 − t
Z
2 1
Then I(t) = exp dt = exp(−2 log(10 − t)) = .
10 − t (10 − t)2
Multiplying through by I(t) gives
1 dx 2 10
2
+ 3
x=
(10 − t) dt (10 − t) (10 − t)2

d 1 10
⇒ 2
x =
dt (10 − t) (10 − t)2
Z
1 10 10
⇒ x= dt = +c
(10 − t)2 (10 − t)2 10 − t
⇒ x = 10(10 − t) + c(10 − t)2
80 4
When t = 0, x = 20 giving 20 = 10 × 10 + c × 100 ⇒ c = − =− .
100 5
Thus at time t the amount of painkiller in the bag is
4
x(t) = 10(10 − t) − (10 − t)2 , 0 ≤ t < 10.
5
The concentration in the bag at time t is
10x 100(10 − t) − 8(10 − t)2
C(t) = =
10 − t 10 − t
= 100 − 8(10 − t) = 20 + 8t, 0 ≤ t < 10.
(d) When t = 5 the concentration is C(5) = 20 + 8 × 5 = 60 > 50.
Therefore after 5 hours the concentration exceeds the required level.

Second Order Differential Equations Solutions 3. (a) Try y(x) = eλx . Then y 0 = λeλx and y 00 = λ2 eλx .
1. (a) Try y = eλx . Then y 0 = λeλx and y 00 = λ2 eλx . Substituting in y 00 + 4y = 0 we obtain
Substituting in y 00 − y 0 − 6y = 0 we obtain
λ2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ λ2 = −4 ⇒ λ = ±2i.
λ2 − λ − 6 = 0 ⇒ (λ − 3)(λ + 2) = 0 ⇒ λ = 3, −2.
Thus the general solution to the homogeneous ODE is yh (x) = A cos (2x)+
Thus the general solution to the ODE is y(x) = Ae3x + Be−2x . B sin (2x).
(b) Try y = eλx . Then y 0 = λeλx and y 00 = λ2 eλx . (b) The homogeneous solution was found in part (a).
Substituting in 9y 00 + 6y 0 + y = 0 we obtain As f (x) = x2 is a polynomial of degree 2, we find the particular solution
by putting yp1 (x) = ax2 + bx + c. Then yp0 1 = 2ax + b and yp001 = 2a.
1
9λ2 + 6λ + 1 = 0 ⇒ (3λ + 1)2 = 0 ⇒ λ = − . Substituting in the inhomogeneous ODE gives:
3
2a + 4(ax2 + bx + c) = x2 ⇒ 4ax2 + 4bx + 2a + 4c = x2 .

Thus the general solution to the ODE is y(x) = Ae−x/3 + Bxe−x/3 .
(c) Try y = eλx . Then y 0 = λeλx and y 00 = λ2 eλx .
Equating coefficients gives 4a = 1, 4b = 0 and 2a + 4c = 0 so we have
00 0
Substituting in y + y + y = 0 we obtain a = 41 , b = 0 and c = − 41 (2 × 41 ) = − 18 .
√ √
−1 ± 1 − 4 1 3 x2 1
2
λ +λ+1=0 ⇒ λ= =− ± i. Therefore the particular solution is yp1 (x) = − .
2 2 2 4 8
Thus the general solution of the inhomogeneous ODE is
Thus the general solution
√ to the ODE is y(x) =
√ 1 1
e −x/2
A cos 2 + B sin 23x .
3x y(x) = yh + yp1 = A cos (2x) + B sin (2x) + x2 − .
4 8
2. Try x = eλt . Then ẋ = λeλt and ẍ = λ2 eλt . (c) The homogeneous solution was found in part (a).
Substituting in ẍ − 6ẋ + 5x = 0 we obtain As f (x) = ex , we find the particular solution by putting yp2 (x) = kex .
Then yp0 2 = yp002 = kex .
λ2 − 6λ + 5 = 0 ⇒ (λ − 5)(λ − 1) = 0 ⇒ λ = 5, 1.
Substituting in the inhomogeneous ODE gives
Thus the general solution is x(t) = Ae5t + Bet , so ẋ = 5Ae5t + Bet . 1

kex + 4kex = ex ⇒ 5k = 1 ⇒ k = .
Substituting t = 0, x = 8 and ẋ = 0 into these expressions we obtain 8 = A+B 5
and 0 = 5A + B. Thus yp2 (x) = 51 ex .
Now B = −5A and 8 = A − 5A ⇒ A = −2 and B = 10. Therefore the general solution to the inhomogeneous ODE is
5t t
Therefore the solution to the initial value problem is x(t) = −2e + 10e .
1
y(x) = yh + yp2 = A cos (2x) + B sin (2x) + ex .
5

To solve y 00 + 4y = 2x2 + 3ex we notice that 2x2 + 3ex is a linear combination of 5. Let T denote the restoring force in the spring, m the mass of the body, g the
the right hand sides of the ODEs in parts (b) and (c) above. Thus the general acceleration due to gravity and R the resistance.
solution is
(a) From Hooke’s law T = k·(spring extension) where k is the spring constant.
y(x) = yh + 2yp1 + 3yp2 Let s be the extension of the spring at equilibrium. Then s = 1.225. At
1 1 1 equilibrium
= A cos (2x) + B sin (2x) + 2( x2 − ) + 3( ex )
4 8 5 mÿ = 0 = mg −T = mg −ks ⇒ k = mg/s = 5×9.8/1.225 = 49/1.225 =
1 2 1 3 x
= A cos (2x) + B sin (2x) + x − + e . 40N/m.
2 4 5
(b) Note that (for ease of drawing) we have drawn the diagram at a point
4. We first solve the homogeneous ODE, P 00 + 5P 0 + 4P = 0. t > 0 in the future where the mass is moving downwards.
Try P (t) = eλt . Then P 0 = λeλt and P 00 = λ2 eλt .

l
Substituting in P 00 + 5P 0 + 4P = 0 we obtain
λ2 + 5λ + 4 = 0 ⇒ (λ + 1)(λ + 4) = 0 ⇒ λ = −1, −4. s

0
T R
Thus the solution to the homogeneous ODE is Ph (t) = Ae−t + Be−4t . Direction
of motion y(t)
As the right hand side of the ODE (6e−t ) is in the space of solutions to the
homogeneous solution, we find the particular solution by putting Pp (t) = kte−t . mg
F(t) y
Then Pp0 = ke−t − kte−t and Pp00 = −ke−t − ke−t + kte−t = −2ke−t + kte−t .
Substituting in the inhomogeneous ODE gives (c) From Newton’s law
−2ke−t +kte−t +5(ke−t −kte−t )+4kte−t = 6e−t ⇒ 3ke−t = 6e−t ⇒ k = 2. mÿ = mg + F (t) − R − T = mg + F (t) − R − k(s + y).
Hence Pp (t) = 2te−t and the general solution to the inhomogeneous ODE is Since mg = ks we obtain mÿ = F (t) − R − ky.
Putting in the known values for m, g, R and F , gives 5ÿ = 365 cos(3t) −
P (t) = Ph + Pp = Ae−t + Be−4t + 2te−t .
45ẏ − 40y.
From this we obtain P 0 = −Ae−t − 4Be−4t + 2e−t − 2te−t . Divide by 5 and rearrange to obtain the required ODE: ÿ + 9ẏ + 8y =
73 cos(3t).
Substituting the initial conditions into P and P 0 gives 0 = A + B and −7 =
−A − 4B + 2 respectively. The initial conditions are ẏ(0) = −1 and y(0) = 0.
Then A = −B and −9 = B − 4B ⇒ B = 3 and A = −3. (d) We first solve the homogeneous equation. Try y(t) = eλt . Then ẏ = λeλt
and ÿ = λ2 eλt .
Thus the solution to the initial value problem is
Substituting in ÿ + 9ẏ + 8y = 0 we obtain
P (t) = −3e−t + 3e−4t + 2te−t .
λ2 + 9λ + 8 = 0 ⇒ (λ + 8)(λ + 1) = 0 ⇒ λ = −8, −1.

Thus the homogeneous solution is yh (t) = Ae−8t + Be−t . and the steady state solution is
To find the particular solution we put yp (t) = c cos(3t) + d sin(3t). 1 27
− cos(3t) + sin(3t).
Then ẏp = −3c sin(3t) + 3d cos(3t) and ÿp = −9c cos(3t) − 9d sin(3t). 10 10
Substituting in the inhomogeneous ODE we obtain 1

(f) As the steady state solution is − 10 cos(3t) + 27
10 sin(3t), over a long period
−9c cos(3t) − 9d sin(3t) + 9 (−3c sin(3t) + 3d cos(3t)) + of time the motion approaches oscillation with a fixed amplitude.
8 (c cos(3t) + d sin(3t)) = 73 cos(3t)
or (−c + 27d) cos(3t) + (−d − 27c) sin(3t) = 73 cos(3t).
Equating coefficients gives −c + 27d = 73 and −d − 27c = 0. So d = −27c
and −c + 27(−27)c = 73.
73 1 27 1 27
Then c = − =− and d = and yp (t) = − cos(3t) + sin(3t).
730 10 10 10 10
Thus the general solution to the ODE is
1 27
y(t) = yh + yp = Ae−8t + Be−t − cos(3t) + sin(3t).
10 10
1 1
As y(0) = 0 we obtain 0 = A + B − 10 ⇒ A+B = 10 . (1)
Now
3 81
ẏ = −8Ae−8t − Be−t + sin(3t) + cos(3t).
10 10
81 91
As ẏ(0) = −1 we have −1 = −8A − B + ⇒ 8A + B = . (2)
10 10
90 9
Then from (1) and (2) we obtain 7A = giving A = .
10 7
1 9 83
Now B = − =− .
10 7 70
Thus at time t the position of the mass is
9 −8t 83 −t 1 27
y(t) = e − e − cos(3t) + sin(3t).
7 70 10 10
(e) As lim e−8t = 0 and lim e−t = 0, the transient solution is

t→∞ t→∞
9 −8t 83 −t
e − e
7 70

Functions of Two Variables Solutions (d) The intercepts are as follows:

√
1. (a) The function is valid for 9−2x2 −y 2 ≥ 0. The domain is {(x, y)|2x2 +y 2 ≤ • x = y = 0 ⇒ z = − 9 = −3
9}. (This is the interior and boundary of the ellipse 2x2 + y 2 = 9.)
3
• y = z = 0 ⇒ 9 − 2x2 = 0 ⇒ x = ± √
As 0 ≤ 9 − 2x2 − y 2 ≤ 9, the range is −3 ≤ z ≤ 0. 2
p
(b) To find the level curves, solve c = − 9 − 2x2 − y 2 , c ≤ 0. • x = z = 0 ⇒ 9 − y 2 = 0 ⇒ y = ±3
Squaring both sides gives 2x2 + y 2 = 9 − c2 where 9 − c2 ∈ [0, 9] so
c ∈ [−3, 0].
z
These are ellipses. The level curves are:
y
3
-3
2
c=0
2
2 2
c = 0 : 2x + y = 9 c=- 5 -3 3
3 y
2 2 2
c = −3 : 2x + y = 0 1
c=- 8
( so (x, y) = (0, 0) ) x
√ - 3
- 2 -
1
c=-3
1
2
3
c = −2 2 : 2x2 + y 2 = 1 x
2 2 2 2
√ -1
c = − 5 : 2x2 + y 2 = 4
-2
-3
-3
(c) The cross-sections are found by putting y = 0 and x = 0: The surface is the lower half of an ellipsoid.
y=0: x=0:
2. (a) (i) The function is valid for all x, y ∈ R as 3 + sin(x + y) ≥ 2 and exp is
√
valid for all real numbers. Thus the domain is R2 .
p
z = − 9 − 2x2 or the lower half z = − 9 − y 2 or the lower
of the ellipse 2x2 + z 2 = 9 half of the circle y 2 + z 2 = 9
(ii) We may only take log of positive numbers, so the domain is {(s, t)|t <
-
3 3 3s2 }.
z -3 z
2 2 x 3
y
(b) (i) We use the limit laws and the continuity of exp and sin to obtain
exp(−x − y) exp(lim(x,y)→(0,0) (−x − y))
lim = =
(x,y)→(0,0)3 + sin(x + y) 3 + sin(lim(x,y)→(0,0) (x + y))
exp(−0 − 0) 1
= .
3 + sin(0 + 0) 3
-3 -3
(ii) Using the limit laws and the continuity of log we obtain


dx dy
lim log(3s2 − t) = log lim (3s2 − t) = log(3 · 22 − 1) = (e) We first note that when t = 0, = 2 sinh(2t) = 0 and = 3 cosh(3t) =
(s,t)→(2,1) (s,t)→(2,1) dt dt
log(11). 3.
Also when t = 0, (x, y) = (cosh(0), sinh(0)) = (1, 0).
∂f ∂f Thus when t = 0, ∇f = (fx (1, 0), fy (1, 0)) = (6, −3).
3. (a) = −y 3 sin(xy 3 ) = −3xy 2 sin(xy 3 )
∂x ∂y Now when t = 0,
∂g 1 √ ∂g √
(b) = √ cosh(st) + t s sinh(st) = s s sinh(st)
∂s 2 s ∂t ∂f ∂f dx ∂f dy
= + = 6 × 0 − 3 × 3 = −9.
∂t ∂x dt ∂y dt
(f) A vector in the direction from (1, −2) to (−2, 2) is u = (−2−1, 2−(−2)) =
4. fx (x, y) = 3y 2 + 2xe2y fy (x, y) = 6xy + 2x2 e2y (−3, 4).
fxx (x, y) = 2e2y fyy (x, y) = 6x + 4x2 e2y Thus a unit vector in this direction is û = 15 (−3, 4).
Then Du f (1, −2) = û · ∇f (1, −2) = 51 (−3, 4) · (0, −3) = − 12
5 .
2y
fxy (x, y) = fyx (x, y) = 6y + 4xe
p
6. Show that f (x, y) = log x2 + y 2 is harmonic:

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂ ∂ 1 1 2x x
5. (a) ∇f = , = (6x2 + 3y, 3x − 6) =
1
log(x2 + y 2 ) 2 = log (x2 + y 2 ) = = 2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x 2 2 x2 + y 2 x + y2
(b) Substituting x = 0 and y = 1 into f (x, y) gives ∂2f ∂ x x2 + y 2 − x(2x) y 2 − x2
3 = = = 2
f (0, 1) = 2 × 0 + 3 × 0 × 1 − 6 × 1 = −6 as required. ∂x2 2
∂x x + y 2 2
(x + y )2 2 (x + y 2 )2
(c) ∇f (0, 1) = (3, −6). Thus the equation of the tangent plane at (0, 1, −6) ∂f 1 ∂ 1 2y y
= log (x2 + y 2 ) = = 2
is ∂y 2 ∂y 2 x2 + y 2 x + y2
z − (−6) = 3(x − 0) + (−6)(y − 1) ∂2f ∂ y y 2 + x2 − y(2y) x2 − y 2
= = = 2
∂y 2 2
∂y x + y 2 2 2
(x + y ) 2 (x + y 2 )2
⇒ z+6 = 3x − 6y + 6
Then
⇒ 3x − 6y − z = 0. ∂2f ∂2f y 2 − x2 x2 − y 2
2
+ 2 = 2 2 2
+ 2 =0
∂x ∂y (x + y ) (x + y 2 )2
(d) We first find ∇f (1, −2) = (fx (1, −2), fy (1, −2)) = (0, −3) and f (1, −2) = as required.
8.
So near (x, y) = (1, −2), we have 7. (a) fx (x, y) = 3y 2 + 12y + 9 fy (x, y) = 6y 2 + 6xy + 12x + 12y
z = f (x, y) ≈ f (1, −2) + fx (1, −2)(x − 1) + fy (1, −2)(y + 2) = 8 − 3(y + 2). fxx (x, y) = 0 fyy (x, y) = 12y + 6x + 12
7
, − 16 16 12 68

Thus f 10 10 ≈ 8 − 3 × − 10 + 2 = 8 − 10 = 10 = 6.8 fxy (x, y) = fyx (x, y) = 6y + 12

(b) fx (x, y) = 3(y 2 + 4y + 3) = 3(y + 3)(y + 1) = 0 when y = −3, −1. 9. The volume is
Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 y=1
2 2
2
2
fy (x, y) = 6y + 6xy + 12x + 12y = 6(y + xy + 2x + 2y) = 0 when 2
(x + y ) dy dx = yx + y 3 /3 y=0 dx
−y 2 − 2y 1 0 1
x= . Z 2
y+2 = x2 + 1/3 dx

1
x=2
−9 + 6
3
Substitute y = −3 to obtain x = = 3. = x /3 + x/3 x=1
−3 + 2
8 2 1 1
= + − +
−1 + 2 3 3 3 3
Substitute y = −1 to obtain x = = 1. 8
−1 + 2 = cubic units
3
The critical points are (3, −3) and (1, −1).
Now fxx fyy − (fxy )2 = −(6y + 12)2 < 0 regardless of the value of x and
y.
Thus both critical points are saddle points.
8.
Z 3 Z 1 Z 3 x=1
2x+y 1 2x+y
e dx dy = e dy
0 0 0 2 x=0
Z 3
1 2+y
− ey dy

= e
0 2
y=3

1 2+y
= e − ey
2 y=0
1 5
e − e3 − (e2 − 1)

=
2
1 5
e − e3 − e2 + 1 .

=
2

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Content last updated: December 4, 2019

Exponentials and Logarithms

Mathematics and Statistics 1 University of Melbourne

Example First step

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1. Evaluate the limit lim tanh x

(c) sech x (d) x

3. Find the exact values of:

(a) cosh(sin π) (b) sinh(−3 log 2)

(a) Prove that cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y.

5. Find the derivatives of

(a) f (x) = sinh x, g(x) = sinh(3x − 1) and h(x) = cosech (3x − 1)

(b) f (x) = arccosh x, g(x) = arccosh (x − 2) and h(x) = 5 + arccosh (x − 2)

7. (a) Show that  

9. Recall that the function coth : R\{0} → R is defined by

Mathematics and Statistics 1 University of Melbourne

Let f : R\[−1, 1] → R be defined by

where arccoth x denotes the inverse function of coth x.

Mathematics and Statistics 2 University of Melbourne

(Hint: Try writing them in cartesian form.)

Hence find the polar and cartesian forms of:

sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

5. Find the real and imaginary parts as indicated:

6. Using the complex exponential, determine the 51st derivative of

7. Using the complex exponential, evaluate

Mathematics and Statistics 1 University of Melbourne

I. (8 − x2 )3/2 α. g(h(x))h0 (x); A. Divide by q(x)

2x p(x)/q(x) with p(x), q(x)

x3 − 10x + 2 sinha x coshb x where a, b ≥

p(x)/q(x) with p(x), q(x)

x2 + 1 Inverse trigonometric or hy-

g(x)h(x) where g is differen-

√ G. Substitution: use cosh2 x −

sinha x coshb x where a, b ≥

eax cos bx or eax sin bx with

2. Evaluate the following integrals:

Mathematics and Statistics 1 University of Melbourne

3. Evaluate the following integrals:

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First Order Differential Equations

2. Solve the following initial value problem:

5. A 1 litre bag of solution with a concentration of 20 milligram/litre of a pain-killing drug

Mathematics and Statistics 1 University of Melbourne

(c) Determine x as a function of t. Hence determine the concentration of pain killer in

Mathematics and Statistics 2 University of Melbourne

Second Order Differential Equations

2. Solve the following initial value problem for x(t):

3. Find the general solution of the ordinary differential equation

Hence write down the general solution of the differential equation

4. Find the general solution of the following differential equation:

Mathematics and Statistics 1 University of Melbourne

Functions of Two Variables

1. Consider the surface p

2. (a) Find the domains for the following functions:

4. Consider the function

5. Consider the function

Mathematics and Statistics 1 University of Melbourne

7. Consider the function

f (x, y) = 2y 3 + 3xy 2 + 12xy + 9x + 6y 2

(a) Find the first and second order partial derivatives.

8. Evaluate the double integral Z 3 Z 1

7. (a) Show that