Module 1

The Real Number System

What this module is all about

This module will teach you to organize or group things with similar
characteristics or purpose. The importance of grouping objects with similar properties
or purposes, fundamental concepts of sets, the mathematics of collections, and
solving problems involving sets. Go over the lessons and have fun in working with
the exercises.

What you are expected to learn

It is expected that you will be able to demonstrate knowledge related to sets
Venn diagram and apply these in solving problems. Specifically, you should be able
to:
a) describe well-defined sets, subsets, universal sets, and the null set and
cardinality of sets.
b) illustrate the union and intersection of sets and difference of two sets .
c) uses Venn Diagrams to represents sets, subsets, and set operations .
d) solves problem involving sets

How much do you know

A. Deterime which element (or member) does not belong to the given
collection.
1. {goat, carabao, deer, dog, cow}
2. {6, 8, 9, 10, 12}
3. {Albay, Catanduanes, Ilocos Sur, Camarines Norte, Sorsogon}
4. {orage, yellow, red, blue}
5. {adobo, menudo, kare-kare, leche plan, sinigang}

B. Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. Explain

your answer. If K = {3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10}, L = {4, 7, 9}, and M = {4, 7, 10}
1. 7 ϵ L 4. K is a finiteset
2. 10 subsetM 5. |L| = 3
 3. Ø subset M 6. K is a universal set
What you will do

Lesson 1

Introduction to Set

A set is a collection or group of well-defined and well-distinguished objects

that follow a certain common rule, it can be categorically identified to belong to the
collection or not.

For example:
Sets of fruits = {banana, apple, grape, mango}
Sets of flowers = {rose, gumamela, jasmine, orchid}
Sets of fish = {shark, carp}

Which of the following collections are sets and which are not? Explain your answer.
1. Collection of round objects
2. Collection of animals with tails
3. Collection of small boxes
4. Collection Math books
5. Collection of sweet food
ANSWERS:
Collections mentioned in 1, 2 and 4 are sets because they are well-defined.
Collections in 3 and 5 are not sets because they are not well-defined. “Small” and
“sweet” are subjective modifiers which depend on the observer.

Each member or objects is called element of the set. It represented by the

symbol ϵ which is read as “is an element of” or “is a member of”. Suppose
X = {a, e, i, o, u}, then we say, a ϵ X, e ϵ X, i ϵ X.

If an element, say p, does not belong to set A, then we write p isnotelement A,

where isnotelemt is the sign which means “is not element of” or “is not a member of”.

For example, if P is the set {x | x was a president of the Philippines}, then

Rodrigo Duterte ϵ P but Manny Pacquiao isnotelement P.

Symbolically, we use capital letters A, B, C, D, etc. to represent a set and

small letters such as x, y, z to represent each member of the set.

A collection is well defined if, given an object, it can be categorically identified

to belong to the collection or not

2
Example: Determine, with explanation, whether the given collection is well defined or
not.
1. Collection of big bags
2. Collection of leafy vegetables
3. Collection of soft stuffed toys
4. Collection of red fruits

ANSWER
1. This collection is not well-define because to determine whether a bag is big or not
depends on the observer.
2. This collection is well-define because we know which vegetables are leafy and
which ones are not.
3. This collection is not well-define because we do not know how soft a stuffed toy is
to belong to the collection.
4. This collection is well-define because we know if a fruit is red or not.

Methods of Writing Sets

1. Roster Method or Tabular Form. In this method all members of the set are listed
and separated by commas. The list is enclosed by braces.
For example, a set C of all the counting numbers can be represented in roster form
as, C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,….}
NOTE: the three dots (called an ellipsis) are used to indicate the omission of
some elements or to indicate that the established pattern continues without end.

2. Set-builder Notation or Rule Method. In this method, the elements are not listed
but they are represented by specifying a property or a general rule which is
applicable to all the elements.
For example, let X = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,….}. In set-builder notation form, we write
the set X as
X = { x | x is an even number}, which read as “the set of elements x
such that x is an even number”.
The symbol, “|” stands for the word such that.

Subset
A set A is subset of a set B (denoted by A subset B) if and only if every
element of A is an element of B; that is, if x ϵ A, then x ϵ B. In particular, every set is a
subset of itself. If it is not true that A is a subset of B, we write A notsubset of B.
Thus, A notsubset B if there is an element of A that is not in B.

Example. Let X = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}, Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, and

Z = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Then X subset Y because every element of X is an
element of Y. However, because 0 ϵ X and 0 notelement Z, X notsubset Z.
Notice that we used the fact that 0 ϵ X and 0 notelement Z to conclude that X
notsubset Z. We could have also used that the fact 6 ϵ X and 6 notelement Z

3
 or 8 ϵ X and 8 notelement Z to conclude that X notsubset Z. in other words,
the elements 6 and 8 are also prevent X from being a subset of Z.

Equal Sets
Two sets are said to be equal if they contain exactly the same (identical)
elements. In case of equal set, the elements as well as the number of elements in the
sets are the same.
For example,
a. if A = {p, q, r} and B = {q, r, p}, then A = B
b. if C is the set of letters in the word ROME and D is the set of the letters in
the word MORE, then C = D, as both can be written as { M, O, R, E}.

Equivalent Sets
Two sets are said to be equivalent if they contain the same number of
elements. Here, the number in both sets is the same, but elements may differ.
For example
a. A = {x, y, z} and B = {a, b, c} are equivalent sets since n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 3
b. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {a, e, i, o, u} are equivalent sets since n(A) = 5
and n(B) = 5. Mathematically this is written as A ↔ B

Types of Sets
There are many types of sets depending upon the elements in the set.
1. Finite Set. It is a set having a fixed number of elements. It means the number of
elements in a set can be counted.
For example,
a. A = {1, 3, 5, 7}
b. the set of officers in a class
c. B = {2, 4, 6, 8,…….,100}
2. Infinite Set. It is a set without a fixed number of elements. It means the number of
elements in a set cannot be counted.
For example,
a. the set of natural numbers
b. the set stars in the sky
3. Singleton Set. It is also known as unit set with exactly one element.
For example,
a. {7} is a singleton set, containing only one element.
b. the current president of the Philippines
4. Empty Set. A set contains no elements is called as empty set(or null set). It is
denoted by { } or Ø. Note; Ø is read as “slashed o” or “with stroke”
For example,
a. the set of months having more than 31 days
b. the set of months in a year having less than 20 days
5. Universal Set. A set containing all of the elements of interest in a particular
situation is called a universal set.

4
For example,
a. the set of mangoes in a fruit seller’s shop is a subset of universal set of
fruits in the shop.
b. the set of letters of the alphabet is the universal set from which the letters of
any word may be chosen to form a set.

Cardinality of a Set
The cardinality of a finite set S denoted by | S | is the number of elements of
the set.
The cardinality of an infinite set T is infinite denoted by | T | = ꝏ
Consider Set X = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}
Y={ }
Set X has 5 elements
Set Y has no elements
The cardinality of set X and Y are 5 and 0, respectively, and denoted by
|X|=5
|Y|=0

What have you learned

A. Write the sets in tabular form.
1. A = the set of whole number less than 4
2. B = the set prime numbers less than 19
3. C = the set of the first three days of the week
4. D = {x | x is an even number less than 15}
Write each set using set-builder notation
5. E = months of a year whose names begin with a vowel
6. F = the set of all consonants in the word mathematics
7. G = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
8. M = {January, March, May, July, August, October, December}
9. N = {1900, 1901, 1902,…., 1998, 1999}
10. P = {Malabon, Navotas, Pateros}

B. Write down the appropriate universal set for the following:

1. {1}, {1,2,5}, {2,4,5,7}, {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
2. {1,3,5,7,9,…}, {2,4,6,8,10,….}
C. Let A = {2, 4, 8}. In each of the following statement, fill the blank with either ϵ,
notelement subset, notsubset.
1. 2 ____ A 2. 6 _____ A
3. {2, 4 , 6} _____ A 4. {2, 4, 8} _____ A
5. Ø _____ A 6. { Ø } _____ A
D. Let S = {2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 12} and T = {2, 4, 5, 12}.
1. Find
a. n(S) b. n(T)

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 Lesson 2

Venn Diagram and Operation on Sets

Venn Diagrams

A diagram representing mathematical or logical sets pictorially as circle or

closed curves within an enclosing rectangle (the universal), common elements of the
sets being represented by the areas of overlap among the circles. Named after the
English logician John Venn (1834-1923)

Union and Intersection of Sets

Set Union
The union of Sets A and B, written as A union B and read as “A union B”, is
the set of elements that belong to A or B (or to both).

Set Intersection
The intersection of Sets A and B, written as A ∩ B and read as “A intersection
B”, is formed by getting the elements that are common to both A and B.

Consider the sets A = {1, 2, 4, 5} and B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}

We can form new sets such as
C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9} and
D = {2, 5, 7}

Set C is formed by combining the elements of Sets A and B.

Set C is the union of Sets A and B, or
A union B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}

Set D is formed by getting elements common to Sets A and B.

Set D is the intersection of Sets A and B, or
A ∩ B = {2, 5, 7}

Example:

Let A = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50} and

B = {10, 40, 70, 100, 130}, find intersection and union of the sets.
Union of sets: A union B = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 130}
Intersection of sets: A ∩ B = {40}

A Venn diagram can be used to represent the union and intersection of sets.

6
Use the Venn diagram to show A union B and A ∩ B. List down their elements.
A = {t, o, n, y}
B = {p, o, n, y}
Answers:

Complementn of a Set

Set Complement
The complement of a Set A, written as A ’ and read as “A complement,” is the
set of elements in the universal set U do not belong to a Set A

If U = {p, q, r, s, t} and A = {q, s}, then A’ = {p, r, t}

Example:

7
Let U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 3, 5, 6}
B = {2, 4, 5, 6}
Find: A’, B’, (A uinion B)’, (A ∩ B)’
Answers:
A’ = {0, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9}
B’ = {0,1,3, 7, 8, 9}
(A union B)’ = ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6})’ = {0, 7, 8, 9}
(A ∩ B)’ = ({5, 6})’ = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9}

Difference of Two Sets

The difference of Sets A and B (A – B) is the set whose elements belong to
Set A which do not belong to Set B.

Consider Set A = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15} and

Set B = {11, 12, 13, 16, 17}.
We can find the difference of Set A and B.
A – B = {14, 15}
B – A = {16, 17}
Using Venn diagram, A – B and B – A are shown as

Example:
Let P = {v, a, l, u, e, s}
Q = {s, a, v, e, r}
Find: P – Q and Q – P
Answers:

P – Q = {l, u} Q – P = {v}
Problem Involving Sets
8
We can apply set equation in solving problems.
Consider this problem:
In A class 40, 12 students prefer taking French language as elective
subject, 15 prefer Chinese language, and 8 like to learn both language?
a. How many students prefer French and Chinese language?
b. How many students prefer Chinese but not French?
c. How many students prefer only one of the two languages?
d. How many students prefer neither of the two languages?
The information given in the problem can be written as
n(U) = 40 n(C) = 15
n(F) = 12 n(F ∩ C) = 8

Using the Venn diagram,

We have to know first the following:

 number of students prefer French language only: 12 -8 = 4
 number of students prefer Chinese language only: 15 – 8 = 7
a. The number of students who prefer French or Chinese is 4 + 7 + 8 = 19.
b. The number of students who Chinese but not French is 7.
c. The number of students who prefer only one of the two languages is
4 + 7 = 11
d. The number of students who prefer neither of the two languages is
40 -19 = 21.

Example 1: Loida interviews 75 students at a certain high school on the sports they
are interested in. The results are as follows: 40 play badminton, 35 play football, and
15 play both badminton and football.
1. How many students who play badminton only?
2. How many students who play badminton or football?
3. How many students who do not play football?
4. How many students who play neither badminton nor football?
5. How many students who play exactly one of the two sports?

Answer:

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n(B) = 40
n(F) = 35
n(B ∩ F) = 15

1. The number of students who play badminton only is 40 – 15 = 25

2. The number of students who play badminton or football is 25 + 20 +15 = 60
3. The number of students who do not play football is 25.
4. The number of students who play neither badminton nor football is 15.
5. The number of students who play exactly one of the two sports is 25 + 20 =
45.

Example 2: A survey was conducted with 50 people on the ice cream flavor they
like. It was found out that 28 like chocolate, 15 like mango, and 10 like strawberry.
Furthermore, 8 like chocolate and strawberry, 11 like mango and strawberry,
Find the number of people who like
a. chocolate only
b. strawberry only
c. mango only
d. chocolate and strawberry but not mango
e. none of the flavors

Answer:

n(C) = 28 n(C ∩ S) = 8 n(C ∩ M ∩ S) = 4

n(M) = 15 n(M ∩ S) = 11
n(S) = 20 n(C ∩ M) = 7

a. The number of people who like chocolate only is 28 – 11 = 17

10
 b. The number of people who like strawberry only is 20 – 15 = 5
c. The number of people who like mango only is 15 – 14 = 1
d. The number of people who like chocolate and strawberry but not mango is
17+ 4 + 5 = 26
e. The number of people who like none of the flavor is
50 – (17 + 1 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 7 + 4) = 9

What have you learned

A. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}, and C = {3, 5, 7, 9}.
Draw a Venn Diagram and list elements of each of the following sets.
1. A union B 2. A union B union C 3. A union B
4. A∩B∩C 5. A–B 6. C–B
B. In each of the following, find X union Y and X ∩ Y, when
1. X = 11, 21, 31, 41, 51} and Y = {11, 25, 37, 51}
2. X = {x, y, z, m, n, o} and Y = {x, 2, z, 13, 14}
3. X = {the set of even numbers and Y = the set of all odd numbers
4. X = {letters of the word BIOLOGY}
Y = {letters of the word PHYSICS}
C. Let U = {1, 2, 3, …. , 20}, X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Y = {2, 3, 5, 8, 12}
Find :
1. (X union Y)’ 2. X’ union Y’
3. X∩Y 4. (X ∩ Y)’
D. From the adjoining Venn diagram, list the elements of the following sets.

1. (A union B) 2. A ∩ C 3. A union B union C

4. A ∩ B ∩ C) 5. ( A union B union C)’
E. Solve each problem.
1. A certain number of children were asked about their choices between ice
cream and French fries. Fourteen of them chose ice cream, 25 chose French
fries, and 9 chose both. None of them disliked both. Find the total number of
children.
2. Eighty families were asked about TV programs they watched. Fifty-six families
watched both English and Filipino programs, 11 families watched only English
programs, and 8 watched only Filipino programs. How many families watched
neither Filipino nor English programs?

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 3. A survey was conducted 50 adults. Thirty-four of them liked fish, 29 of them
liked chicken, and 2 of them did not like both chicken and fish.
a. How many adults liked both chicken and fish?
b. How many adults liked only chicken?
4. Thirty-six students sat for an English test and a Mathematics test. Twenty-five
of the students passed the English test, 28 of them passed the Mathematics
test, and 20 of them passed both tests.
a. Find the number of students who failed in both tests.
b. How many students passed only English?
c. How many students passed only in Mathematics?
5. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and
U = {1, 2, …… , 20}, then find A ∩ B. Is A union B?
F. Solve the following problem
Students must choose five of the subjects listed alongside for their grade 8
studies.
Subjects : Mathematics, English, Science, Geometry, History, Chinese, Art,
Music, Woodwork
Ruth chooses Mathematics, English, Geometry, Art, and Music. Shelley
chooses English, Science, Chinese, Art, and Woodwork. Let R be the set of
subjects chosen by Ruth, and S be the set of subjects chosen by Shelley.
1. Illustrate R and S on Venn diagram.
2. List the subjects chosen by:
a. both Ruth and Shelley
b. Ruth or Shelley, but not both.
3. How many subjects were chosen by:
a. Shelley but not Ruth?
b. neither Ruth nor Shelley?

12
 Answer Key

What you have learned(LESSON 1)

A.
1. A = {0, 1, 2, 3}
2. B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17}
3. C = {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday}
4. D = {….. -2, 0, 2, 4, … 14}
5. E = {x | x is a month of the year that starts with vowels}
6. F = {x | x is a month in “mathematics”}
7. G = {x | x is the first 12 counting numbers}
8. M = {x | x is a month of the year with 31 days}
9. N = {x | x is a counting number from 1900 to 1999}
10. P = {x | x is a city in CAMANAVA}

B
1. U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
2. U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, …}

C.
1. ϵ
2. notelement
3. notsubset
4. subset
5. subset
6. notsubset

D.
1. a. 6
b. 4

What you have learned(LESSON 2)

13
A.
1.

A union B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11}

2.

A union B union C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11}

3.

A ∩ B = {2, 3, 5}
4.

A ∩ B ∩ C = {3,5}

5.
14
 A – B = {1, 4}

6.

C – B = {9}

B.
1. X union Y = {11, 21, 25, 31, 37, 41, 51}
X ∩ Y = {11, 41, 51}
2. X union Y = {m, n, o, x, y, z, 2, 13, 14}
X ∩ Y = {x, z}
3. X union Y = {x | x is an integer}
X∩Y=Ø
4. X union Y = {B, C, G, H, I, L, P, O, S, Y}
X ∩ Y = {I, Y}

C.
1. X union Y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12}
(X union Y)’ = {6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
2. X’ = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
Y’ = {1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10,11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
3. X ∩ Y = {2, 3, 5}
4. (X ∩ Y)’ = {1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}

D.
1. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12}
2. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
3. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
4. {3, 4, 5}
15
5. {13, 14, 15}

E.
1.

The total number of children is 30

2.

The number of families who neither

watch any of the two is 80 – (56 + 11 + 8) = 5
3.

a. (34 + 29) – (50 – 2) =15 adults

b. 50 – (19 +15 + 2) = 14 adults

4.
16
 a. 36 – (20 + 5 + 8) = 3 students
b. 25 – 20 = 5 students
c. 28 – 20 = 8 students

5. A ∩ B = {2, 4}
A union B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
U = 1, 2, 3, … , 20}
Is A union B = U?, NO

F.
1.

2.

a.English, Art
b.Math, Geometry, Music, Chinese,
Woodwork
3. a. 3 b. 1

17
 1 F 3 I 5 I 7 F 9 F
2 F 4 F 6 I 8 F 10 F
B.
Because they can hold up traffic.

Lesson 2

A.

1 2, 3, 4, 5 12 1, -2, 3, -4
2 0, -2, -4, -6 13 0, 3, 8, 15
3 0, 1, 2, 3 14 -2, 4, -8, 16
4 2, 4, 8, 16 15 7 26 63
, ,
0, 2 3 4
5 3, 5, 7, 9 16 3 8 15
, ,
0, 2 3 4
6 2, 5, 10, 17 17 1 1 1 1
,− , ,−
2 3 4 5
7 2, 5, 8, 11 18 1 1 1 1
,− , ,−
2 5 10 17
8 1 2 3 4 19 2 2 2 2
, , , , , ,
2 3 4 5 9 27 81 243
9 -1, -3, -5, -7 20 4 11 67
, , 10,
3 3 3
10 3 8 15 21 4, 9, 16, 25
, ,
0, 2 3 4
11 3, 9, 27, 81

B.

22 40 29 32
243
23 110 30 380
24 225 31 88
25 1 32 −1
256 36
26 15 33 1
20

18
 27 12 34 94
13
28 24 35 38

Lesson 3

A.
B.
1 an = n 6 an = 4n
2 an = -2n 7 an = -(n + 5)
3 an = 2n – 1 8 an = 2n + 9
4 an = -2n + 1 9 an = 6n + 2
5 an = 7n 10 an = -10(n + 1)+ 3

1 an = n + 1 10 an = n 3
2 an = 3n 11 an = n 2
3 an = 4n 12 an = 3 n
4 an = n + 2 13 an = (-2)n
5 an = 3n + 4 14 an = (-3)n
6 an = 5n – 1 15 1
n+1
an = 2
7 an = 3n2 16 1
n
an = 3
8 an = 2n3 17 n
2
an = (n+1)
9 an = 2n + 1 18 n
n
an = 3 +1
Lesson 4

1 3, 2, 0, -4, -12
2 1
-8, -4, -2, -1, - 2
3 1, 3, 7, 15, 31
4 1 2 3 5
, , ,
1, 2 3 5 8
5 1, 2, 3, 5, 8
6 1, 1, 1, 3, 5

Lesson 5

1 Arithmetic d=3 14, 17, 20

2 No
3 Arithmetic d = -4 -22, -26, -30
4 Arithmetic d=2 48, 50, 52
5 Arithmetic d = 0.6 3, 3.6, 4.2
19
 6 Arithmetic d=4 17, 21, 25
7 No
8 No
9 Arithmetic d=3 86, 83, 80
10 Arithmetic d = 1/3 7 8
, ,3
3 3
What have you learned

1 9 10 11 12 9. 1
, , , n
8, 2 3 4 5 an = 2
2 1, 3, 9, 27, 81 10 -1, -5, -25, -125
3 3, 8, 13, 18, 23 11 6 3 3
, ,
6, 5 20 220
4 -53 12 d = 9; 37, 46, 55
5 49 13 d = 1.5; 11.5, 13, 14.5
6 35/37 14 d = 2; 9, 11, 13
7 an = 4n – 1 15 d = -4; 31, 27, 23
8 an = 4(1 – n)

20