Fourth Quarter

7
Discussion

Statistics is the science of collecting, classifying of collecting, organizing,

summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to draw conclusion or make
decisions.
MATHEMATICS 7 Statistics is derived from the Latin word status, which means state.

Data consist of information obtained from observations, counts, measurements, or

responses. The singular term for data is datum.

MATH FOCUS
A population is used to designate the complete set of items that is of interest in the
Week 1 and 2 research.

A census is the collection of data from every element in a population.

Learning Targets
MELC Week 1 and 2 A unit is an individual object or person in the population. The units are often called
In this module, you will learn about statistics. subjects if the population consists of people.

The Grade 7 students can:
This is continuation of the previous module
 poses real-life problems that can be solved by Statistics. (M7SP-IVa-2)
 formulates simple statistical instruments. (M7SP-IVa-3)
 gathers statistical data. (M7SP-IVb-1)
 organizes data in a frequency distribution table. (M7SP-IVc-1)
A sample is a subset of items that is chosen from the population using an appropriate
method.
A variable is a characteristic of interest to be measured for each unit in the sample.
The size of the population is denoted by the capital letter N.
The size of the sample is denoted by the small letter n.
For example:
The population size is N = 16.
The sample size is n = 4.

Example 1 In a recent survey, 1000 high school students were asked if they read
news on the International at least once a week. Six hundred of the
students said yes. Identify the population and the sample. Describe the
Prepared by: Mr. Allien Jay Valiente Amameo data set.
Subject Teacher Solution The population consists of the responses of all high school students
while a sample consists of the responses of the 1000 high school
 MATHEMATICS 7– DATA HANDLING (QUARTER 4 – WEEK 1 & 2)

students in the survey. The sample is a subset of the responses of all
high school students. The data set consists of 600 yes’s and 400 no’s.
Kinds of Statistics
There are two kinds of statistics: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
Descriptive Statistics is the branch of statistics that utilizes numerical and graphical
methods to reveal patterns in a data set, to summarize the information shown in a data
set, and to present the information in a convenient form.
For example, if you are investigating the number of visitors who went to
Boracay in May you might draw a graph to see how the number of visitors varied
each day, determine how many people visit on an average day, and calculate the
percentage of visitor who were male or female or children or adults. These are all
descriptive data.
b. Starting salaries for the 67 top executive graduates from the
College of Business Administration at the XYZ University has
increased by 8.5 % from the previous year.
Solution
a. Since the numerical measure of ₱ 45,000 is based on a subset of
the population, it is a sample statistic.
b. Since the numerical measure of 8.5% is based on all 67 graduates’
starting salaries, it is a population parameter.
Types of Data
Qualitative data (or variable) consist of numbers representing counts or
measurements.
Qualitative data (or categorical or attribute) can be separated into different
categories that are distinguished by some nonnumerical characteristics.

The information collected will be organized in a table, then displayed in Discrete data result when the number of possible values is either a finite or a
graphs or summary measures such as mean, median, etc. in order to have an overview “countable” number. (That is, the number of possible values is 0, or 1 , or 2, and so
of the information collected. on.)

Inferential Statistics is the branch of statistics that uses methods of generalizing Continuous (numerical) data result from many possible infinite values that
results or drawing conclusions from a sample to the population and measuring their correspond to some continuous scale covering a range of values without gaps,
reliability. interruptions, or jumps.
The various types of data can be summarized in the following table.
For example, if we ask 200 people who they are going to vote, on the day
before a national election, we can predict which party will win in the election. Types of Data Examples Possible values
Qualitative  Eye color  Black, brown,
Another two importance terms used throughout this section are parameter and  Gender blue
statistics.  Male, female
Discrete  Number of TV  1, 2, 3
Parameter is a numerical description of a population characteristic. sets owned by a
Statistics is a numerical description of a sample characteristic. family
 Number of  5785, 10 002,
Example 2 Decide whether the numerical value describe a population parameter Quantitative 15 432
books in a
or a sample statistic. Give a reason for your answer. library
a. A recent survey of a sample of top executives reported that the Continuous  Time spent on  16 min, 17.4
average starting salary for a top executive is less than ₱ 45,000.00

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travel to school min, 36.9 min starting point. Ratios are meaningless. Temperature on
 Amount of  0.2 min, 3.4 Fahrenheit/Celsius
rainfall min, 6.36 min thermometer
Ratio Similar to interval scale, but there is a Weights
Level of Measurement natural zero starting point. Ratios are Heights
 Nominal level. When the highest level of data set is nominal level, the data meaningful. Distance traveled
consist of categories (name, labels, colors, gender, geographic location, etc.)
only. Standard mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, division, and Collection and Organization of Data
multiplication) are not defined when applied to data are strictly on the nominal Collection of Data
level data. There are different ways to collect data. Listed below are some common ones.
 Ordinal level. When the highest level of data set is ordinal level, the data 1. Previous Information
consist of categories that can be arranged in some meaningful order according Search for relevant information from newspapers, magazines world wide web,
to their relative size or quality, but differences between data values are etc.
meaningless. For example, customer ratings of a service might be 1, 2, or 3 2. Observation
where 3 is “excellent” and 1 is “unacceptable.” Standard mathematical Obtain the required information through direct observation, measurement, or
operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) are not defined counting.
when applied to data that reach only the ordinal level. For example, we can observe and count the number of passengers travelling
 Interval level. when the highest level of data set is interval level, both by boat from Zamboanga to Basilan from 9 a.m to 10:30 a.m.
ordering and computing differences can be meaningfully applied to the data. 3. Experiment
 Ratio level. When the highest level of data set is the ratio level, the data can Obtain the required information through actual and real experiments.
be meaningfully ordered, both arithmetic differences and ratios are For example, we can record the number of heads in tossing 5 coins.
meaningful, and the scale has a meaningful zero. For instance, the weighs of 4. Questionnaire
individuals are ratio-level data. A person who weighs 200 pounds is twice as Obtain the required information from the answers provided in the set of
heavy as a person who weighs 100 pounds, and zero pounds represents no questionnaires.
weight. For example, we can collect customers’ opinions towards a certain product by
using questionnaires.
Study the table below to see the differences among the four levels of measurement.
Scale Summary Examples Organizing of Data
Nominal Categories only. Data cannot be Telephone numbers
arranged in an ordering scheme. Blood Type A sample of 48 people were surveyed on the favorite types of television
Name of students programs they watched. The responses are recorded in figure 9.3
Ordinal Categories are ordered, but differences Military ranks
cannot be determined or they are Letter grades The types of television programs are the variable in this example. This
meaningless. Sizes of shirts variable is classified into five categories such as drama, news, cartoon, sports, variety
shows and others.
Interval Differences between values are Winning/losses at
meaningful, but there is no natural gambling

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Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution table show classes on intervals of data entries with a
count of the number of entries in each class. The frequency f of a class is the number
of data entries in the class.

Example 3 In order to improve the quality of services, a bus company carries out a
survey about the bus services of Rural Transit Corporation. Figure 9.4
shows the waiting time of 100 passengers (which are rounded off to
the nearest minute).

Legends: D – Drama C – Cartoon S – Sports

N – News V – Variety shows O - Others

We cannot directly get any useful information from the data in Figure 9.3
because the data are not organized. To help us organize the data, we use a frequency
distribution table. One method of counting frequency is by tallying. A tally is used to
record the frequency of a particular item. Tallies are grouped in fives in the form of
IIII. This is for convenient when we are preparing the frequency. The total frequency
is called sample size.

Table 9.1 Shows the frequency distribution table taken from the survey.

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 MATHEMATICS 7– DATA HANDLING (QUARTER 4 – WEEK 1 & 2)

The data collected are distributed extensively. In order to see the trend of the
data, we can group them into classes before making the analysis.
The steps are as follows:
Step 1 Read the data carefully and find the largest and smallest values.
Step 2 Decide the number of classes and the range of each class. They should
cover all the data.
Step 3 Use tally method to record the number of data in each class.

According to Figure 9.4, the smallest value of waiting time is 4 minutes and
the largest is 39 minutes. If we decide that the range of each class is 3 minutes, then a
frequency distribution table can be constructed s follows:

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 MATHEMATICS 7– DATA HANDLING (QUARTER 4 – WEEK 1 & 2)

Cebu Sacred Heart College, Inc. 8. A survey of 500 students from a university with 2000 students
Carcar Campus 9. The annual salary of each employee at a company.
Valladolid, Carcar City, Cebu 10. A survey of 100 students from Cebu Sacred Heart College with 200
Name: _____________________________________ Date: _______________ students.
Grade Level & Section: _______________________ Score: ______________
For number 11 to 13, identify the population and the sample.
Work It Up! 11. A study of 33 043 infants in the Philippines was conducted to find a link
between a heart rhythm abnormality and sudden infant death syndrome.
GENERAL DIRECTIONS: 12. A survey of 1023 Filipino households found 65% subscribe to cable
 Write your answers in a one whole sheet of yellow pad ONLY. (using television.
other papers will not be accepted) 13. A survey of 546 Filipino women found that 56% were the primary
 Solve and show your solution. investors in their households.
 You are allowed to use calculator if needed.
 Don’t forget to staple or attach your answer sheet or the separated For number 14 and 15, determine whether the numerical value is a parameter
paper to the questionnaire. or a statistic. Explain your answer.
 Do what is indicated in each test item. 14. The average annual salary for 35 employees of a company is ₱5,700,000.
15. In a survey of a sample of high school students, 43% said that their mother
I. For number 1 to 5, determine whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE. If it had taught about the importance of saving money.
is false, rewrite it as a true statement.
II. For problem 1 to 6, determine whether the statement describes DISCRETE or
1. A statistic is a measure that describe a population’s characteristic. CONTINUOUS data.
2. A sample is a subset of a population.
3. It is almost impossible for the Philippine Statistics Authority to obtain all 1. The weights of newborn babies in a hospital.
the census data about the population of the Philippines. 2. The number of convenient stores in different areas of Manila.
4. Inferential statistics involves using a population to draw a conclusion 3. The length of a group of fossil samples.
about a corresponding sample. 4. The speed of cars passing through the NLEX for the last 15 minutes.
5. A statistic is a numerical description of a sample characteristics. 5. The number of family members in a class of students.
6. The time that a group of Olympic track and field athlete spend on training.
For number 6 to 10, determine whether the data set is a POPULATION or a
SAMPLE. Explain your answer.
6. The age of each provincial governor
7. The speed of every fifth car passing a police speed trap.

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For number 7 to 10, classify the variable as QUALITATIVE or b. Find the number of Grade 7 Section A students who have less than 4
QUANTITATIVE. family members.
7. Hair color
8. Salary
9. Number of times “5” is observed after rolling a die 10 times.
10. Speed of a car on the highway.

For number 11 to 15, describe the scales of measurement that are implicit in
the items.
11. Age of household head
12. Sec of household head
13. Number of people in household
14. Use of air condition unit
15. Number of large appliances used daily.

III. For number 1, the following shows the data about the means of transport used
by a group of students going to school.
Complete the frequency distribution table below for the given data.
1.
Means of transport Tally Frequency
MRT railway
Bus
Jeepney
On foot

For number 2, listed are the number of family members of Grade 7 Section A
students.

4 3 5 3 2 4 4 4 5 4
5 3 4 5 3 4 3 4 2 5
5 4 5 5 3 5 3 4 3 4
a. Construct a frequency distribution table for the above data.
Noted by: ___________________________ Received/Checked by: Mr. Allien Jay V. Amameo
Name of Parent/s and Signature Subject Teacher

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