CHAPTER 7

THESATMATHTEST:
THE 
HEARTOFALGEBRA
1. Wor
dPr
obl
ems 277

2. T
heOr
derofOper
ati
onsandL
awsofAr
it
hmet
i
c 278

3. Si
mpl
i
fyi
ngExpr
ess
ion
s 285

4. Conv
ers
ions 287

5. Cons
tr
uct
i
ngan
dInt
erpr
eti
ngL
inearEquat
i
ons 292

6. Sol
vi
ngEquat
i
onswi
t
htheL
awsofEqual
i
ty 294

7
. Anal
yzi
ngL
inearGr
aph
s 295

8. Abs
olut
eVal
ues 303

9
.TheL
awsofI
nequal
i
ty 304

10. Gr
aphi
ngI
nequal
i
ti
es 305

1
1.L
inearSy
ste
ms 310

12. Sol
vi
ngSy
stemswi
thAl
gebr
a 31
2

✔
275
276 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

The SATMath:
HeartofAlgebra
Whyi
sal
gebr
asoi
mpor
tantont
heSATMat
htes
t?
About36% (
21outof58)oft
heSATMat hque
sti
onsf
allunde
rthec
ate
gor
ycal
ledt
he“
Hear
tofAl
gebr
a.”
Quest
ionsi
nt hi
sca
tegor
ytes
tyourabi
li
tyt
o
anal
yze, ue
ntl
ysol
ve,
andc
reat
eli
neare
quat
ions
,ine
qual
it
ies
,[and]s
yst
emsofe
quat
ionsus
ingmul
ti
ple
te
chni
ques.
e
seque
sti
onswi
llal
soas
ses
syours
kil
lin
i
nte
rpret
ingt
hei
nte
rpl
aybe
twe
eng
raphi
calandal
gebr
aicr
epr
ese
ntat
ions[
and]s
olv
ingasapr
oce
ssof
r
easoni
ng.
es
pec
ict
opi
csi
ncl
ude
• creati
ngands olvingl i
nearequa tionsi
noneandtwovari
ables
• graphingandint erpretingli
nearequat i
ons
• creati
ng,int
erpre t
ing ,andsolvingline
arsyst
ems
• graphingands olvingine quali
ti
e sandsyst
emsof
inequal
it
ies
• inter
preti
ngands olvingalgebraicwordprobl
ems

Whyar
ethes
eski
ll
simpor
tant
?
Algebraisane ssent
ialtoolofquant
itat
iveanaly
s i
snotonlyi nmat hbutal s
oi nsubject
slikeengineering,
thephysicals
ciences,andeconomics.
Whe ndescr i
bingthere
lati
onshipsbe t
we e
noramongdier e
ntquant i-
ti
es,orexplori
ngt hena t
ureofunknownquant it
ies,alg
ebraprovidesessenti
altool
sforanalyzi
ngands olv-
i
ngpr oblems.Mos tcoll
egescons
ider uencyinalgebratobeavitalprer
equisit
etoac oll
ege-
levell
iberalarts
curri
culum.

Soundi
nti
midat
ing
?It
’snot
.
If
y outaket
het
imetomas
terthef
ourcor
eski
ll
spr
ese
ntedinthese13less
ons,
youwi l
lgai
ntheknowl
edgeand
practi
ceyoune
edtomast
ereventhet
oughes
tSATMath“HeartofAlgebr
a”ques
tions.
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 277

Lesson1:Wor
dPr
obl
ems

Br
eaki
ng DownWor
d Pr
obl
ems 2.Represent.I
fwethinkabit,wecans eet
ha twehave
enoughinformati
ontoexpr
essalls
ixquanti
ti
esinterms
ofjus
ttwounknowns .I
fwerepresentt
hetotalti
me,in
Al
gebr
aicwordpr
oblemsaren’
tsotoughi
fyou hours,i
ttakeshert
ogethomeast ,t
henwecanar r
ange
br
eakthe
m downint
ofourbasi
cst
eps: all
theinformati
oninasimpletabl
e:

1. Read thewhol epr obl

e m and ident
ifythe Di
stanc
e Spee
d Ti
me
rel
evantquant i
ti
es.
2. Representt hose quanti
tie
swi th al
gebrai
c ToWor
k dmi
les 50mph t+ 1hours
6
expres
sions.
ToHome dmi
les 60mph thour
s
3. Transl
atethef a
ctsint
oe quati
ons.
4. Solv
ethee quati
onsfortherel
evantquant
it
ies
.
3.
Trans
lat
e.Nowwenee
dtoappl
yaba
sicf
ormul
a:

Corrinedrivesdmi l
estohero c ea tanave
rage di
st e=a
anc ver
ages
ped× t
e ime
speedof50mi l
esperhour.Ret
ur ninghome,she
i
sgi
vesust
woe
qua
tionswi
tht
wounknowns
:
trave
lsbyt hesamerouteanda verages60miles
perhour .
Ifhertri
phomei s10mi nut e
sshor
ter
d=5
0(t+1
/6) d=60(
t)
thanhe rtr
iptohero ce ,whatisthev al
ueofd?

4.Solve.Sonowweha vetosolvet s2-

hi by-
2s y
stem of
equati
ons .(Ifyou’
refeel
ingrustyonthistopi
c,don’t
worry.Wewi lldi
scusss
ystemsinmoredetai
linLess
ons
Me
( dium-
hard) ec hal
leng
ewi thwordprobl
emsis 11–1
2.)Sincet heunknowndi si s
ola
tedinbothequa -
t
hat wehav
etosetupt
heequat
ionsour
sel
ves
.Let
’swal
k ti
ons,l
et’ssubsti
tut
e.
t
hroughtheste
ps.
S
ubs
tit
uted= 50
(t+ 1
/6)i
ntot
hes
econd e
qua
tion:
1
.Ide
nti
fy.I
nthi
spr
obl
em,
the
rear
esi
xquant
it
ies
: 5
0(t+1/
6)=60t
• t
hes
peedf
rom homet
oo c
e Di
str
ibut
e: 0t+50
5 /6=60
t
• t
hedi
stanc
efr
om homet
oo c
e S
ubt
ract
50t
from bot
hsi
des
: 50
/6=1
0t
• t
het
imei
ttak
est
oge
tfr
om homet
oo c
e Di
videby1
0onbot
hsi
des
: t=50
/6=5
/6

• t
hes
peedf
rom o c
etohome Sincetreprese
ntsthetmei
i nhoursittookCorr
inetoget
home,i ttookher5/6hour
s(or50mi nutes
)togethome
• t
hedi
stanc
efr
om o c
etohome
and5 /6hour+1 /6hour=1hourt ogettohero ce.But
• t
het
imei
ttak
est
oge
tfr
om o c
etohome theques t
ionasksf hedi
ort st
ancefrom herhometohe r
oc e,sowene edtoplugt
hev al
uesjustcal
cul
atedinto
at
’sal
ot,
sol
et’
ssi
mpl
if
y.
oneof theequati
onsto ndd.

d=60(
t)=60(
5/)=50mi
6 les

d=5
0(t+1
/6)=50(
5/6+1
/6)=50(
1)=50mi
les
278 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Lesson2:TheOr
derofOper
ati
onsandL
awsofAr
ithmet
ic

TheOr
derofOper
ati
ons
:PG-
ER-
MD-
AS MD:Nex
t,wedoanymulti
pli
cati
onordi
vis
ionf
rom l
eft
t
ori
ghti
nsi
dethepar
ent
heses:
3+1
( 2) 5
Youpr oba bl
ylearnedt hattheor derofopera- +
(3+6
) 15
ti
onsi sPEMDAS,butt hisisn’
ttechnic
all
ytrue:
thereisaGERM i ntheorderofoperati
ons.When AS:Nowwedoanyaddi
ti
onands
ubt
ract
ionl
efti
nthe
simplifyi
ngc omplica
tede xpressi
ons,theor
der par
enthes
es:
tofoll
owi s 15 5
+
1. PG:parenthes esandothergroupingsymbols 9 15
(
ins
ideout )
Nowthatall
the“grouped”oper
ationsar
e nished,we
2. ER:exponent sandr oot
s(i
nsideout )
runt
hroughtheorderagainto nishup.Exponent
sor
3. MD: multi
plica t
ionanddivis
ion( l
eftt
or i
ght
) r
oots
?No. Mult
ipli
cati
onordivi
sion?Yes
:
4. AS:
a ddit
ionands ubtra
cti
on( l
efttoright
)
1
.6666… +0
.33
33…
Addi
ti
onors
ubt
rac
tion?Yes
:1. 6… +0
666 .33
33… =2

Wha
tist
hes
um of
the r
st1
00pos
it
ivei
nte
ger
s?

3+6×2 16+9
Whati
sthev
alueof + ?
3+2×3 60÷22

Har
( d)Her e,fol
l ngPGERMDAS and a
owi ddingf r
om
l
eftt
orightwouldbe,shallwesay
,le
ssthanconvenient
:
i
trequir
es99c omputat
ions!Ev
enwi t
hac al
culat
or,thi
s
(Easy)
wouldbeapa i
n.Butherei
samuc hsi
mplerme t
hod:
PG:S incethisexpressi
onc ontai
nsnoparenthese
s,we
don’thavetowor rya bout“grouped”ope
rat
ions,ri
ght
? Or
igi
nale
xpres
son: 1+2+3+4+.
i .
.+97+98+99+100
Wr ong!Reme mbert hatfr
actionbarsandradical
sare Re
arrang
ea ndre
g r
oupsot
hatweaddfr
om “
out
si
dein”
:
also“groupingsymbol s”! (1+1 00)+(2+99)+(3+98)+..
.+(50+51)
Si
mpl
if
y: (
1 )+(
01 1 )+(
01 10)+.
1 .+(
. 10
1)
I
not
herwor
ds,
wec
ant
hinkof
theex
pre
ssi
onl
iket
his
:
Ex
pre
ssa
sapr
oduc
t: 5
0(1
01)=5
,050
3+6×2) (
( 16+9)
+ 2 isgiv
esusex a
c t
lythesamer es tasPGERMDAS
ul
3+2×3) (
( 0÷2)
6
wouldgive
,butwithjus
tafewsimpl
ec al
cula
tions
.Butwe
Ift
hepare
nt hese
sonl
ycont
ainoneoper
ati
on,t
henwe changedtherul
es! Wedidn’
taddst
ri
c t
lyf
rom lef
ttor
ight
dotha
toperati
on: asPGERMDASc omma nds.
iss
howsthati
thelpst
omov ebey
ondtheorde
rof
ope
r-
3+6×2)
( 25
+ at
ionsandunders
tandtheLawsofAri
thmeti
c.
3+2×3) (
( 0÷22)
6

I
ftheyc
ontainmorethanoneope
rat
ion,
the
nwehav
eto
moveontothenexts
tep.

ER:Doanyoft hepar
enthes
escont
ainexponentsor
root
s?Yes
,sowemus
tperf
ormthos
eoperat
ionsnext
:

3+6×2)
( 5
+
3+2×3) (
( 0÷4)
6
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 279

TheL
awsofAr
ithmet
ic Don’
t“Over
dist
ribut
e”

eLawsofAr ithme ti
cgobeyond t
heor der eDis
tri
buti
veLaw doesnotall
owy outojus
t
ofope
rati
onsandr eveali
mport
antproper
ties “takeanyoperat
ionouts
ideofparent
hesesand
oft
heoperati
onst hatcanhel
pyoutos i
mpl i
fy dragitins
ide.
”Forex
ampl e
,dotheari
thmeti
cto
manyprobl
ems . convinceyour
sel
ftha
t

3
(2×5
)≠(
3×2
)×(
3×5
)
TheCommut
ati
veLaws 2+3
( )2≠22+32

Whenaddi
ngormul
ti
plyi
ng,
orderdoes
n’tma
tte
r.

3+8+1
2=8+1
2+3

2×6× 5
0=2×5
0× 6 Whi
chexpres
sioni
sequi
val
entt
o334×53)
( ?
(
Nocal
culat
or.
)

TheAs
soc
iat
iveLaws A) 3
(34)×3(
53)

Whenaddi
ngormul
ti
plyi
ng,
groupi
ngdoes
n’t
mat
ter
. B) 94+1
53
C) 94×1
53
6+(
2 74+3
7)+6
3=(
26+7
4)+(
37+63
)
D) 35×53
2×(
3×4
)× 5=(
2×3
)×(
4×5
)

(Medium-hard)Si
ncethegroupedexpressi
onisnota
TheDi
str
ibut
iveLaw
sum,butapr oduct
,wec an’
tusetheDistr
ibuti
veLaw
Whenagr oupedsum/dierencei
sbe
ingmultipl
ied/ here
.Wec an,however,usetheAs s
oc i
ativeLaw of
di
vided,youmay“dis
tri
but
e”themult
ipl
icat
ion/
divi
- Multi
plicat
ion:
si
on.Forexampl
e, 34×53)=(
3( 3×34)×53=3
5×53. er
efor
e,t
hec
orr
ect
1
5(0+8
2 )=1
5(2
0)+1
5()=3
8 00+1
20=4
20 answe
risD.

2
5a+5ab 25a 5ab
= + = 5+b
a
5 a 5
5 a

I
fx≠0,
whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
sequi
val
entt
o
3x2+6x+9x2
?
3x
1
A) 2x+
2
1
B) 4x+
2
C) 2x2+2

D) 4x+2

Me
( di
um) 3x2+6x+9x2
3x

Combi
nel
iket
erms
: 2x2 +6x
1
3x
Di
str
ibut
ethedi
vis
ion:
2x2 +6x 1
1 2x2 6x
= + = 4x+2
3x 3x 3x

So,
thec
orr
ectans
weri
sD.
280 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Know How t
oFOI
L I
f(2x+2)(x+a)=2x2+bx+cforal
l uesofx,
val
whichof
thefol
lowi
ngmus
tbee
qualtob+c?
Wheneve ryoumulti
plypol
ynomial
s,y
oumus t A) a+2
usetheDi s
tri
but
iveLaw mult
ipl
etimes
.When
multi
plyingtwo binomial
s,you c
an uset
he B) 2a+2
shor
tcutcal
ledFOILing
. C) 3a+2
D) 4a+2
Fore
xampl
e, x+4
( )(x−5
)
Me
( di
um-
har
d)
F(
mul
ti
pl he r
yt stt
erms
): x
()x
()=x
2
Gi
venequat
ion: 2x+2
( )(x+a
)=2x
2+bx+c
O(
mul
ti
pl heout
yt sidet
erms
): x
()−5
( )=−5x
FOI
Lonl
efts
ide
: 2x2+2ax+2x+2a=2x2+bx+
I(
mul
ti
pl hei
yt nsi
det
erms
): (
4)x
()=4x
Col
lec
tli
ket
er : 2x2+(
ms 2a+2
)x+2a=2x
2+bx+c
L(
mul
ti
pl hel
yt astt
erms
): (
4)−5
( )=−20
Ifthisequationist uef
r orallvaluesofx ,t
henthetwo
Addal
lte
rmsands
impl
if
y: sidesoft
hee quationarei
denticalquadratic
s(Chapte
r9,
(x+4)
(x−5)=x2−5x+4x−2
0=x
2−x−2
0 Le s
son4 )
.Cle ar
lythe rstt
erms ,2x2,matchonthetwo
sides,buttheot hertwopairsofc or
respondingter
ms
mus tmatchaswel l
.
es
econdc
oe c
ient
smus
tma
tch: 2a+2=b
m −3 m
I
f = ,whati
sthev
alueofm? et
hir
dcoe c
ient
smus
tma
tch: 2a=c
2m m +1
2
eref
ore,b+ c= (
2a+ 2
)+ 2a= 4a+ 2,ands
othe
5 c
or r
ectansweri
sD.
A) −
3
5
B) −
3
3
C) −
5
3
D)
5

Me
( dium)Firs
tusetheLaw ofCross-
Multi
pli
cat
ion
(
Chapter8
,Less
on9
)tosi
mpli
fythegi
venequati
on.
Cr
oss
-mul
ti
ply
: m −3
( )(2m +1
)=(
2m)
(m)
FOI
L: m2+m −6m −3=(
2 2m)
(m)
S
impl
if
y: 2m2−5
m −3=2
m2
S
ubt
ract2m2f
rom bot
hsi
des
: −5
m −3=0
Add3t
obot
hsi
des
: −5
m =3
3
Di
videby−5: m =−
5
er
efor
e,t
hecor
rec
tans
weri
sC.
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 281

Exer
ciseSet1(
NoCal
cul
ator
)
1 8
1− (
( 1− (
1− 2
)))− (
1− (
1− (
1− 3
)))= eproduc xandyi
tof s36.I
fbothxandyare
int
ege
r s
,thenwhati
sthel
eastposs
ibl
eval
ue
ofx− y?
A) −3
7
B) −3
6
2
C) −35
When14issubt
ract
edfr
om 6ti
mesanumber
,40i
s
D) −9
l
eft
.Whatishal
fthenumber
?

9
Ifafact
orycanmanuf a ct
urebcomputers
creensin
3 nday satacostofcdollar
sperscr
een,t
henwhi ch
ofthefoll
owingrepresentst
hetot
alcos
t,i
ndol l
ars,
Fourconsec
utiveev
ennumbe
rshav
easum of
76. ofthecomput ers
creensthatcanbemanufact
ured,
Wha ti
sthegre
atest
oft
hes
enumbers
? atthatrat
e,nm day
i s?
bcm
A)
n
bmn
B)
c
4
mc
C)
5x bn
f +3=7,
I the
n10x+12=
2 bc
D)
mn

10
5
Whichofthefol
lowingisequival
entt
o
Wha tnumberde
cre
asedby7e
qual
stheoppos
ite 2x× 3
5x( )− 5x2foral
lrealval
uesofx?
of vetime
sthenumber? 2+1
A) 5x 5x
x
B) 252

2− 1
C) 5x 5x
0x
D) 1 2× 1
5x− 5x2
6
I
f5d+1
2=24,
then5d−1
2=
11
esymbol Ωr epr
e s
ent
soneofthef
undamental
opera
tors:+,−, ×,or÷.I
f(xΩ y
)× (
yΩ x)=1f or
all
posit
ivevaluesofxandy,t
henΩ canre
pres
e nt
7
A) +
2y2
f =y2,
I t
heny+5= B) ×
5
C) −
D) ÷
282 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Exer
ciseSet1(
Cal
cul
ator
)
12 18
edier
enceoft
wonumbersi
s4andt
hei
rsum Foral
lreal sxandy
number ,4x(
x)− 3xy
( )=
2x
i
s 
14.Whati
sthei
rpr
oduc
t? 2
A) 12xyx−2y
( )
2(
B) 2x 2−3
y)
2(
C) 2x 2+3
y)
D) 4xy
(x−3
y)
13
I
fx+y− 1=1− (
1− x
),wha
tist
hev
alueofy?
1
9
Ifa=60(9999+3
) 0(9
9)99
, b=991 andc=9
00, 0(
9099,
)
thenwhic
hof thefol
lowingexpres
sest
hecorr
ect
order
ingofa,b,andc?
14 A) c<b<a
I
f32+2
x x=40
,the
n1 2+1
5x 0x= B) b<c<a
C) a<b<c
D) c<a<b

15
2
0
El
leniscur
rent
lytwi
ceasol
dasMaria,
but
in Whichoft
hefoll
owings
tat
ement
smus
tbet
ruef
or
2 al
lval
uesofx
, y
,andz?
6 
year
s,Mariawil
lbe asoldasEl
len.
Howoldi
s
3
El
lennow? I
.(x+y
)+z=(
z+y
)+x
I
I x−y
.( )−z=(
z−y
)−x
I
II x÷y
.( )÷z=(
z÷y
)÷x

A) Ionl
y
16
B) IandI
Ionl
y
If2x− 2y=5andx+y=6,
wha
tist
hev
alue
C) IandI
IIonl
y
ofx2−y 2?

D) I
IandI
IIonl
y

2
1
17 Carl
osbeganwithtwiceasmuchmoneyasDavid
had.Aft
erCarl
osgave$12toDa
vid,
Carl
osst
ill
had
Onat ypical
da y,ar
estaurantselsng
l r
il
le
dc heese
$1
0mor ethanDavi
d. Howmuchmoneydidthey
sandwichesforpdollarseach.Today,howe v
er,
havecombinedatt
hes t
art
?
thema nagerr e
ducedthepr ic
eof gr
il
ledcheese
sandwichesby30 %anda saresul
tsold50%mor eof A) $34
themt hanus ual
.Whichof thefol
lowingrepres
entst
he B) $68
revenuefortoday’
sgril
ledche es
esandwichs al
es,
in
doll
a r
s? C) $
102
D) $
108
5np−0
A) 0. .3
B) 1
.05np
C) 1
.20np
D) 1
.50np
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 283

EXERCI
SESET1 ANSW ERKEY

No Cal
cul
ator
.1
1 1−(
( 1− (
1−2
)))− (
1−(
1−(
1−3
))) bsc
rens cdol
e l s bc
ar m
mda
ys× × =
Par
ent
hes
es: 1−(
( 1−(
−1)
))− (
1−(
1−(
−2)
)) nday
s 1s cr
een n
Ne
xtpar
ent
hes
es: 1−(
( 2))− (
1− (
3))
1
0.B Or
igi
nal
expr
ess
ion: 2x× 3
5x( )−5x
2
Ne
xtpar
ent
hes
es: −1
( )− (
−2)
Par
ent
hes
es: 5x(
6x)− 5x
2
Subt
ract
: −1+2=1
Mul
ti
ply
: 3
0x2− 52
x
2.9/2or4.
5 6x−1
4=40 Subt
rac
t: 2
25x
Reme mber
: eLa w ofDis
tri
buti sno
ondoe tappl
yin
Add14: 6x=54
the rstst
ep,becausethegroupe
dexpr
ess
iondoe s
n’t
Div
ideby6: x=9
1 1 9 i
ncludeaddit
ionorsubtr
act
ion.
Mult
ipl
yby : x=
2 2 2
11.D es i
mples
ta pproachisperha
pstoc hoose
3.22 Le nbet
t heleas
tof
the
senumbers. es
um of simpleval
ue orxandy
sf ,like2a nd3
,ands eewhic
h
f
ourcons
ecuti
veev
ennumbersi
sthe
ref
oren+(n+2)+ operat
oryi
eldsatr
ueequati
on.Sinc
e(2÷3)× (
3÷2 )=1,
n+4
( )+(n+6 )=76. theanswerisD.

Simpli
fy: 4n+12=76
Subtr
act12: 4n=64
Divi
deby4 : n=16 Cal
cul
ator
er
eforet
helar
ges
toft
hes
enumber
si 6+6=22.
s1
12.45 a−b=4
5 a+b=1 4
.28
4 x+3=7
2 Addequati
ons: 2a=18
Mul
ti
plyby4: 0x+1
1 2=2
8 Divi
deby2 : a=9
Subs
tit
utea=9: 9+b=1 4
.7/6or1.
5 16 or1.
17 x− 7= −5x Subt
ract9: b=5
Eval
uateab: ab=9× 5=45
S
ubt
ractx: −7= −6x

Di
videby−6
: 7 3.1
1 x+y− 1=1− (
1− x
)
=x
6 Dist
ribute: x+y− 1=1− 1+x
.0
6 5d+12=24 Subtr
a ctx
: y−1=1− 1
Simplif
y: y− 1=0
S
ubt
rac
t24
: 5d−12=0
Add1 : y=1
2y2
.5
7 =y2 4.200
1 2+2
3x x=40
5 2+1
Mul
ti
plyby5
: 5x
1 0x=200
3y2
S
ubt
ra 2:
cty − =0
5
Multi
plyby−5/3: y=0
2 15.12 Lete= El
len’
scur
renta
geandm = Mar
ia’
s
Takesquar
eroot: y=0 curr
enta
ge.
Add5: y+5=5 Ell
enist
wi cea
soldasMar
ia: e=2m
In6year
s,Mar i
awil
lbe2/
3as 2
8.C I fx y=3 6andxa ndyareint
egers,t
henxandya
re m+6= ( e+6)
oldasEl
len: 3
bot
hfact
or sof 3
6.Inordertominimizetheval
ueofx− y, 2
Subs
tit
utee=2
m: m+6= ( m +6)
2
wemus t ndt hegrea
testsepar
ati
onbetwee nxandy. e 3
gr
eat
estsepa r
ati
onbe t
we enafact
orpairis1−3 6=−35. Multi
plyby3 : m +1
3 8=2(
2m +6)
Dist
ribute: 3m +18=4m +12
9.A Wes houldregar
dt hi
sasa“conv
ers
ion”prob- Subtr
ac t3m and12: 6=m
l
emfrom mday
sintoacorr
espondi
ngnumberofdol
lars
. eref
or ee=2 m =2()=12.
6
284 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

j
usttoolar
ge.Howev
er,compari
ngthes
enumbersi
s
6.15 Fi
1 rstequa
tion: 2x−2y=5
s
trai
ghtf
orwardi
fwec anexpr
essthe
mi nacommon
Div
ideby2 : x− y=2.
5 f
ormat.
Sec
onde quati
on: x+y=6
a=60(
9999+3
) 0(
9999
) =90(
9999
)
Multi
ply
: x−y
( )(x+y
)=x2−y
2=(
2.5
)()=1
6 5
b=99
100 =99(
9999
)
Alt
ernatel
y,wecouldsolv
et hesy
stem usi
nge i
the
r c=90(
9099
) =90(
9099
)
subst
it
utionorli
nearcombinati
onandg etx= 4.
25and
y=1 .
75,
ande val
uaex
t 2−y2=( 4.
252−(
) 1.
7 5
)2=18.
0625−
20.A Onl ys t
atementIistr
ue,bytheCommut ati
v e
3.0
625=1 5.
andAs s
ocia
tiveLa wsofAddi
ti
on.Choosi
ngsimpleval-
ueslkex=1
i ,y=2 ,andz=3willde
monstrat
ethat
state-
17.B er evenuei sequalt ot henumbe rofitems me nt
sIIandIIIdonotyiel
dtr
ueequati
ons.
s
oldt i
mest hepricepe rit
em.I fther es
ta uranttypi
call
y
s
ellsns andwi chespe rday ,butt odays old5 0%mor e,i
t 21.C Le tx=thenumberofdol
larsDavidhadtost
art.
s
old1 .5ns andwi ches.Ifthepr i
cepwasr educed30%, I
fCarlosstart
edwi t
ht wi
ceasmuc hmone yasDa vid,
t
oda y’
spr icei s0.70p. e refore,t het otalrevenueis t
henCar l
oss t
artedwith2xdoll
ars.AfterCarl
osg ave
(
1.5n)(
0.70p)=1 .
05np. Davi
d$ 12
,Carloshad2x− 12dol
lar
sandDa vidhadx+
12dol
lars
.IfCarl
osstil
lha
d$ 1
0moret hanDavid,t
he n
8.B
1 4x(
x)−3x
y(2x
) 2x− 1
2=1
0+x+12
Mul
ti
ply
: 2− 6
4x x2y S
impl
if
y: 2x−1
2=x+22
Lar
ges
tcommonf
act
or: 2(
2x 2−3
y) Add1
2: 2x=x+34
S
ubt
ratx
c : x=3
4
19.D Al thoughac al
cul
atori
sper
mi t
tedf
orthi
sques- er
efor
e,Davi
ds t
art
edwit
h$34andCar
losst
art
edwit
h
t
ion,mostc
alculator
swill
givean“
ove rowe r
ror
”when 2
($34)=$ 68
,sotheyhad$34+$68=$102combinedt
o
t
ryingtocalcula
tenumbe rsli
ke991
00,bec
ausethey
’re s
tart
.
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 285

Lesson3:Si
mpl
ifyi
ngExpr
essi
ons

TheL
aw ofSubs
tit
uti
on (Medium)Todec reaseaquant i
tyby1 0%,wemul tiply
by0.90.Iftheoriginalpopulationisn,thenaft
erthr ee
yearsthepopulati
onwi l
lbe(0.
90 )
(0.
90)(
0.90n=0.
) 72 9n.
Perhapsthe mostimpor
tantproblem-solvi
ng Sinc
et hisis72.
9% oft heor i
ginalpopulati
on,t
het otal
toolinal
gebr
aistheLawofSubst
itut
ion.Iftwo percentdecreas
ei s(100−7 2.9
)%=27 .
1%.
thingsar
eequal,
youcanalwayssubsti
tuteone
fortheot
her. Bonusques
ti
on:Whyi
stheans
wernot3
(1%)=
0
30%?

I
fxandyareposi
ti
venumber
ssuc
htha
t3x−2
y=7
,
2y+7 Si
mpl
ifyi
ng Oper
ati
ons
whati
stheval
ueof ?
6x
Everyoperationcanbeexpr es s
edi ntermsof
it
sinverse.Forinstanc,s
e ubt r
acting−1 6i
sthe
samea sadding16,anddividingby4i sthesame
asmul ti
ply
ingby1 /4. es ee quival
encescan
Me
( di
um)Not
icethat2yand7a ppearinboththee
qua- helpyoutosimplif
ycalcula
t i
ons .
t
ionandi
ntheexpressi
on.Le
t’stakeadvant
ageoft
hat
.
Gi
venequat
ion: 3x−2y=7
Incr
easingaposi
ti
v enumberby25%andthen
Add2yt
obot
hsi
des
: 3x=2y+7
decr
easingthi
sresultby5
0%isequi
val
entto
Si
nc e2y+ 7appear
sinthefra
cti
on,wema
yr epl
acei
t divi
dingthenumbe rby
with3xbytheLawofSubs
tit
uti
onandsi
mpl
ify
:
A) 1
.33
2y+7 3x 1
= = B) 1
.50
6x 6x 2
Also,wec anj us
tpluginval
uesforxandyt ha
ts at
is f
y C) 1
.60
thee quati
on.Not i
cethatx= 3andy= 1isas olution D) 1
.65
because3 (
3 )−2(1)=7,andsowecaneval
uatethefrac-
ti
onbypl ug gi
nginthesenumbers
:(2(
1)+7)/
6(3)=9 /18
=1 /2,or0.5. (Me di
um)Let’
scal
ltheposit
ivenumbern.I
fweincreas
e
thisby25%,weget1. n.
25 Ifwede c
reas
ethisby50%,we
get(0.
50)
(1.
25n)=0.625n.
Si
mpl
ifyi
ng Per
centPr
obl
ems
Multi
plyingby0.625ise
quival
entt
odividingbyit
s
reci
procal,and1
/0.25= 1.
6 60. eref
ore
,t hecor
rec
t
Toi ncreaseanumberbya%,justmul t
iplyby answerisC.
(100+ a) %,andt
odec r
easeanumberbya%,
justmul ti
plyby(100− a)%.Forinst
ance,to
increas
eanumbe rby13%,mult
ipl
yby1 .
13,and
todecreaseanumberby13%,mult
ipl
yby0.87.

epopul ati
onofs eaurchinsinaparticularreef
hasbe ende cr
easingby1 0%perye arf
orthel ast
thr
eey ear
s.Wha tisthetot
alpercentdecrease
inthispopul a
tionoverthepa s
tthreeyears?
(Di
s r
e gardthe%s ymbol whengr i
dding.
)
286 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

I
mpor
tantFac
tor
ing I
dent
iti
es Look f
orPat
ter
ns

a+b)
a2−b2=( (a−b) Don’
tbeintimidatedbycompl exexpres
sions
.
a2+2ab+b2=(
a+b)
(a+b) J
ustl
ookforsimplepatter
nst hatall
ow youto
si
mpli
fywit
ht heLawofSubst
it
ut i
on.
a2−2ab+b2=(
a−b)
(a−b)

I
fm andnar
ere
alnumbe
rss
ucht
hat fx2+ 4x+ 5= yandz= x+ 2,whi
I choft
he
m −n 9
2 2
f
oll
owi
ngexpre
ssesyi
nte
r z?
msof
= ,wha
tist
hev
alueofm +n?
m−2
2 n 2 A) y=z
2+1

B) y=z
(z+3
)
C) y=z
2+5

D) y=(
z+2
)2+1

(Easy)Asar ule,wes houldsi

mplif
yanycompli
c at
ed-
looki
nge xpressions,butalsokeepaneyeonwha tthe
questionisasking.He re,weneedtore
memberthatwe Me
( dium) ef a
ctt
ha x+2
t( )2=x
2+4x+4al
lowsf
ora
areaskedto ndt hevalueofm +nandnott
hevaluesof c
lev
ersubs
tit
uti
on:
m andni ndividually
.
Fi
rste
quat
ion: x2+4x+5=y
m2−n2 9
Givenequat i
on: =
2m−2n 2 S
ubt
ract1f
rom bot
hsi
des
: x2+4x+4=y−1
m+n)
( m−n) 9
( Fa
ctort
hel
efts
ide
: x+2
( )2=y−1
Fa
ctor
: =
2
(m−n) 2 S
ubs
tit
utez=x+2
: 2=y
z −1
Canc
elcommonf
act
ors
: m +n) 9
(
= Add1t
obot
hsi
des
: 2+1=y
z
2 2
er
efor
e,t
hecor
rectans
weri
sA.
Mul
ti
plyby2
: m +n=9

Bonus:Whator
dere
dpai m,n)ha
r( sas
um of9
buti
snotasol
uti
ontot
heequat
ion?

9x2 +12x+4
I
fthee
quat
iony= isgraphedin
6x+4
hexy
t -pl
anef
orposit
ivev uesofx,
al thegraphisa
l
ine.
Whatist
hesl
opeoft hi
sli
ne?

9x2+12x+4
Me
( di
um/
har
d)Gi
vene
qua
tion: y=
6x+ 4
Fa
ctornume
rat
oranddenomi
nat
or:
(3x+2)3x+2
( )
y=
2
(3x+2)
Cance
lcommonf
act
orsands
impl
if
y:
3x+2 3
y= = x+1
2 2
3
e
ref
ore
,thes
lopeoft
hel
inei
s , or1
.5.
2
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 287

Lesson4:Conver
sions

Conver
sion Fac
tor
s Univer
s alvs.“Pr
obl
em-
Speci
fic”
Conversions

Ac onver si
onf actorisaf ractioni nwhi cht he
numer atorandt hede nomi natorar eequal .For Some ti
me sthee quivalences howni nac onve
r-
inst
ance ,1mi l
eise qualt
o1 .609kilome ters
,s o sionfactorisuni ve
r sal(forinstance,1pound
1mi l
e isalwayse qualt o1 6ounc e
s)ands omet i
mesit
isac onversionfactorforcon-
1.69
0 ki l
omet ers isproblem- s
pe cic .Fori ns t
anc e,i
fapr obl
em
1 .
69
0k i
lome ters saysthatama chi nepumpsatar ate3gall
onsper
vert
ingki l
ome t
erstomi l
es,and
1mi le hour,pumpi ngfor1houri sequi vale
nttopump-
isaconve rsi
on factorforconv ert
ingmi l
est o ing3gallonsint hec ontextofthisproble
m.
kil
ome ters.

I
fafac
torycanmanuf a
cturebc omputerscreens
Usi
ng Conver
sionFac
tor
s
nndaysa
i tacostofcdollarspers c
reen,then
whi
chofthefoll
owi ngrepresentsthetotalc
os t
,
Whe nconvert
ingquanti
ti
es,makes ur ethatthe i
ndoll
ars,oft
hec omput erscr
e ensthatcanbe
unitscancelproperl
y,li
kecommonf ac t
or s.
For manufac
tured,atthatrat
e,inm day s?
instance,i
fyou’
vejust
runa1 0-km ra
ceandwant
bcm
toknowhowmanymi lesyou’v
er un,thec onver
- A)
sionis n
bmn
 1mi l
e  B)
10ki
lomet
er

s 
 = 6.
215mi
les c

 

1.
69
0 ki
lomet
er
s mc
C)
Not i
cethatki
lome t
ersmustgoi
nthedenomina- bn
toroftheconver
sionfac
tori
norde oc
rt ancelthe bc
D)
origi
nalkil
ome t
ers. mn

(Medium)Wec anlookatt
hisasaproble conv
m of er
ting
Nik
oi s27inchesshort
ert
hanhisf
ather
,whoi
s daystodoll
ars.Wear et
oldthatt
hisfac
torywor orm
ksf
5feet10inchestal
l.Howtal
lisNi
ko? days,sol
et’
swrit
ethisdown,incl
udingunits
,andmulti
-
(
1foot=1 2inches) plybytheconver
sionfact
orsunti
lweconve r
ttodol
lars
:
A) 3f
eet4i
nche
s 
bs 
cdol 
m da
ys

cr
eens



l
ar= bc
s

m
dol
lar
s
B) 3f
eet6i
nche
s  


 

 ndays  l
scr
een n
C) 3f
eet7i
nche
s Noti
cethatalloft
heunisc
t ancelexc
eptfordol
lar
sin
D) 3f
eet1
0inc
hes thenumerat
or.So,
thec
orrectanswerisA.

(Easy)IfNi
ko’sf
atheris5feet10inchestall
,heis5feet×
(12inches/
1foot)+ 10inches=70i nchestall
.IfNik
ois
27inche ss
horte
r,heis70−27=43i nchestal
l,whic
his
equivalentt
o43inches×( 1foot/12inches)=37 /12f
eet,
or3f ee
t7inches,sothecorrectanswe risC.
288 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Exer
ciseSet2(
NoCal
cul
ator
)
1 8
IfbagAwe ighs4pounds5ouncesandbagB x−9
( )(x−a)=x2−4ax+b
we i
ghs6pounds2ounc es
,howmuc hheavi
er,
in
Intheequat
ionaboveaandbar
, econst
ants
.Ift
he
ounc es
,isbagBthanbagA?(1pound=1 6ounces
)
equati
onist
rueforal
lval
uesofx,whati
stheval
ue
ofb?
A) −2
7
B) −1
2
2
C) 1
2
a+b 7
3 a
I
f = ,wha
tist ueof ?
heval D) 27
b 5 b

9
5 7
If + =1,
whati
sthev
alueofx?
x 5
3
2x A) −25
I
fx− 2y=1
0andx≠0,
wha
tist
heval
ueof ? 2
y+5 B) −7
C) −24
7
D) −7
4 5

Ifa− b=4anda2−b2=3,
wha
tist
hev
alue 10
ofa+b?
p+2
( )2=(
p− 5
)2

eequa
tionaboveist
ruef
orwhi
chof
the
f
oll
owingv uesofp?
al

5 A) −2and5
B) 2and−5
If6gri
cksareequi
val
entt
o5mert
s,t
hen2me
rts
areequival
entt
ohowmanygri
cks
? C) 1
.5onl
y
D) 5onl
y

11
6 3x
I
f =2foral
lpos
iti
vev uesofm andn,
al the
n
m−nx
I
fthef
uncti
on{x}isde nedbythee
qua
ti x
on{}=
whic
hoft
hef
oll
owingi
sequalox?
t
1−x
( 2,
) whati
stheval
ueof {
{4}
}?

A) 2m−2n
3
B) 2m−3
7 2n
C) 3+2n
a+b a+c b 2m
I
f =3and =5,
wha
tist
heval
ueof ?
b c c 2m
D)
3+2n
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 289

Exer
ciseSet2(
Cal
cul
ator
)
12 18
Letm beaposi
tiv
erealnumber.
Increa
singm Subtra
cting3fr
om anumbe randthenmult
ipl
ying
by60%andt he
nde cr
easi
ngtheres
ultby50%is thi
sresultby4i
sequival
enttomulti
plyi
ngthe
equi
valentt
odivi
dingm bywhatnumbe r? ori
ginalnumberby4andt hensubtr
acti
ngwhat
number ?

13 19
Inapoke rgame,abluechipisworth2dol lars
Whatist
hes
um of
the r
st50pos
iti
veev
en
morethanar edchip,andar edchipiswor th2
i
nteg
ers?
doll
arsmor ethanagreenchip.If5greenchi ps
arewor hm dol
t lars
,thenwhichof t
hef ol
lowi ng
repr
esentsthevalue,i
ndollar
s,of10bluechi ps
and5r edchips?
A) 50+3
m
14 8+60
B) 1 m
reeyear
sago,Nor
awashalfasoldasMaryi
s C) 40+3
m
now.IfMaryi
sfouryear
sol
derthanNora,
howold D) 28+20m
isMarynow?
20
Atraintravelsatanaveragespeedof50milesper
hourforthe r st100mil
e sofa200-mil
etri
p,andat
anaver a
g eof75mi l
esperhourfor nal100miles
.
15 Wha tisthetrai
n’saver
ages pee
df ort
heentir
etri
p?

If2/3of t
hes eat
satafootbal
lsta
di um we
rel l
ed A) 58.
5mph
atthebegi nningofthegame ,
andathal f
time1,
000 B) 60
.0mph
spectatorsle
ft,l
eavi
ng3 /7oft
hes eat
sl l
ed,whati
s C) 62
.5mph
thetotalnumbe rofseatsint
hes tadi
um?
D) 63
.5mph

21
Whi
choft
hefoll
owingisequival
entt
o
3 m2× 2
m( m)foral
lreal
valuesofm?
16 m2+6
A) 3 m
Ift
hreec andybarsandtwogumdr opscost$2.
20, m2× 6m
B) 3
andfourc andybarsandtwogumdr opscost$
2.80
, m3× 6m2
C) 3
whatisthec os
t,i
ndollar
s,ofonegumdrop?
m4
D) 6

22
Ifthecostofl
ivinginac er t
ainc i
tyincreased
by20%i nthe1 0y e
arsf r
om 1 980to1990, and
17 increas
edby50 %i nt he20y earsfrom 1980to2000
,
x2−2x+1 wha twastheper centincreaseinthec ostofl
ivi
ng
I
f =−3
,wha
tist ueofx−1?
heval from 1990to2000 ?
2−2x
A) 1
5%
B) 20
%
C) 25
%
D) 3
0%
290 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

EXERCI
SESET2ANSW ERKEY

No Cal
cul
ator
1.29 4pounds5ounc es= 4(
16)+ 5= 69ounce
s, Rec
ipr
ocat
e: b 1
and6pounds2ounc
es=6
(16)+2=98ounces
. er e
for
e, =
a 2
bagBweighs98−69=29ouncesmore
.
Gi
venequat
ion: a+c
=5
a+b 7
3 c
2.2/
15 or.
133 = a
b 5 Di
str
ibut
edi
vis
ion: +1=5
c
Di
str
ibut
edi
vis
ion: a b 7
3 S
ubt
rac
t1: a
+ = =4
b b 5 c
Mul
ti
ply: b b a 1
S
impl
if
y: a
3
+1=
7 = = ()4=2
b 5 c ⎝⎠
a ⎝⎠
c ⎝⎠
2

a 2
3 .D Gi
8 ven: x− 9
( )(x−a
)=x2−4ax+b
S
ubt
ract1
: =
b 5 FOI
L: 2− a
x x−9
x+9
a=x2−4ax+b
S
impl
if
y: 2− (
x a+9
)x+9
a=x2−4ax+b
Di
videby3
: a 2
=
b 15 I
fthise
quati
onistr
ueforalx,
l the
n
3.4 Ex
pres
siont
obee
val
uat
ed: 2x t
hecoe c i
ent
sofcorr
espondingt
erms
y+5 mustbeequal
,so a+9=4a
Gi
venequat
ion: x−2y=1
0 S
ubt
racta: 9=3
a
Add2y
: x=2y+1
0 Di
videby3
: 3=a

(y+1
22 0) er
ef eb=9a=9(
or 3)=27
.
Subs
tit
utex=2y+1
0:
y+5
9.A Gi
venequa
tion: 5 7
+ =1
S
impl
if
y: 4y+2
0 x 5
y+5 Mul
ti
pl x:
yby5 25+7
x=5x
y+5)
4( S
ubt
rac
t7x: 25= −2x
Fa
ctorands
impl
if
y: =4
y+5 25
Di
videby−2
: − =x
4.¾ or.
75 a2−b2=3 2
Fa
ctor
: a−b
( )(a+b
)=3 1
0.C Gi
venequa
tion: p+2
( )2=(
p−5
)2

Subs
tit
utea−b=4: a+b
4( )=3 FOI
L: p2+4
p+4=p2− 1
0p+25
3
Di
videby4
: a+b= S
ubt
ractp2: 4p+4= −1
0p+25
4
0p:
Add1 4p+4=25
1
.12/
5 5 or2.
4 6g
ric
ks 1
2
2me
rts× = gr
ick
s S
ubt
ract4: 4p=2
1 1
5mert
s 5
Di
videby1
4: p=1
.5
6.64 {
4}=(
1−4
)2=(
−32=9
)
{
{4}=(
} 1−{
4}2=(
) 1−9
)2=(
−82=6
) 4 3x
1
1.D Gi
venequa
tion: =2
m−nx
a+b Mul
ti
plybym − nx: 3x=2(
m − nx
)
.2 Gi
7 venequa
tion: =3
b
Di
str
ibut
e: 3x=2
m −2
nx
Di
str
ibut
edi
vis
ion: a
+1=3 Add2nx: 3x+2nx=2
m
b

S
ubt
ract1
: a Fa
ctoroutx: 3+2n)=2
x( m
=2
b 2m
Di
videby3+2
n: x=
3+2n
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 291

Cal
cul
ator 1
7.6 x2−2x+1
=−3
2−2x
12.1.25 I nc
reasi
nganumbe rby60% i sequivalent
tomul t
iplyi
ngitby1 .
60,andde creasi
nganumbe rby
50% isequival
enttomul t
ipl
yingi tby0 .50. erefore, Fa
ctor
: x−1
( )
(x−1)
=−3
perf
ormi ngbothchangesinsuccessionisequiv
alentt o 2
(1−x)
multi
plyingby1 60× 0.
. 50=0. 80.Mul t
iplyi
ngby0.80i s
Mul
ti
plyby−1
: x−1
( )
(x−1)
equi
valenttodivi
dingbyit
sreciprocal:1
/(0.
80)=1.25 . =−3
2
(x−1)
13.2, 550 esum ofthe rs
t50pos it
iveeve
ninte
- x−1
gersis2+4+6+8+. ..+100.Aswiththeexampl
ein Si
mpl
if
y: =3
2
Lesson2, t
hesenumberscanberegroupedint
o25pair
s Mul
ti
plyby2: x− 1=6
ofnumber seachofwhichhasas um of2+ 100= 102.
erefor
e,thei
rsum i
s25(
102)=2,550. 18.12 Wecanj ustchooseanumbe rtoworkwi t
h,
l
ike10.I
fwesubtra
ct3from thi
snumberandthenmul-
14.14 Letn= Nora
’ genow,andm = Mar
sa y’sag
e ti
plyt
heresul
tby4,wege t4(
10− 3)=28.I
fwemulti
ply
now.I
f3y
earsa
go,Nor
awashal
fasol
d i
tby4andthensubtr
act
amy st
erynumber
,weget
4(1
0)−
asMar
yisnow: 1 x=40− x . 28=40− x
n−3= m
2
I
fMar
yis4y
ear
sol
dert
hanNor
a: m =4+n S
ubt
rac
t40: −12=−x

S
ubt
rac
t4: m −4=n Mul
ti
plyby−1
: 12=x

S
ubs
tit
uten=m −4
: 1 1 9.A I f5gr eenc hipsarewor thm doll
ars,the neach
m−4−3= m
2 gr eenchi piswor hm/
t 5doll
ars.Ifaredc hipi sworth
S
impl
if
y: 1 2dol l
arsmor ethanagr eenc hi
p,theneachr edc hi
pis
m−7= m
2 wor hm/
t 5+ 2dol lars.Ifeachbluec hi
piswor th2dol-
Mul
ti
plyby2: 2m −1
4=m lar smoret hanar edc hip,thene achbl
uec hipi sworth
m/ 5+4dol lars. er efore
,10bluec hi
psand5r edc hi
ps
S
ubt
ractm anda
dd1
4: m =1
4 ar ewor th10(m/5+ 4 )+ 5 (m/5+ 2 )= 2
m + 40+ m +
10=3 m +50dol l
ars .
5.4,
1 200 Le
tx=t
het
otalnumbe
rof
seat
sint
he

s
tadi
um. 2 3 2 .B
0 ea v
er ages peed isequalt othet otaldis
-
x−1,000= x
3 7 tanc edivi
dedbyt het ot
altime. et otaldis
tanceis200
3 2 3 mi les. etimefort he r s
thundredmi l
esis(1
00mi les
/
S
ubt
rac
t x: x− x−1 , 0=0
00
7 3 7 50mph)=2hour s,andt hetimeforthesecondhundr ed
2 3 mi lesis(1
00mi l
e s/
7 5mph)= 4/ 3hour s. er ef
orethe
Add1
,000: x− x=1 ,
000
3 7 totalti
meof t
hetr i
pi s2+4/ 3=10/ 3hours,
andt heaver
-
ages peedis
5
Combi
nel
iket
erms
: x=1 ,0
00 20 0 3
21 =20 0× =6 0mph
10 10
21
,000
Mul
ti
plyby2
1:
x= =42,00 3
5 5
2
1.D m(
3 m2× 2
m)
16.0.
20 Le tg= t
hec os
t,i
ndoll
ars
,ofonegumdr
op,
andc=thecost
,indol
lars
,ofonec
andybar. Par
ent
hes
es: m(
3 m3)
2
4c+2
g=2.
80 Mul
ti
ply
: m4
6
3c+2
g=2.
20
22.C As sumet hecostoflivi
ngi n1980was$ 100.If
S
ubt
rac
t: c=0.
60 thisi
ncreas
edby20 %from 1980to1990,thenthecostof
S
ubs
tit
utec=0.
60: 4
(0.
60)+2
g=2.
80 li
vingin1990was1 .
20(
$100)=$ 120.I
ftheincreas
efr
om
1980to2000was50%, t
hent hecostofl
ivi
ngi n2000was
S
impl
if
y: 40+2
2. g=2.
80 1.50(
$100)= $150. epe rcentincreasefrom 1990to
2000isther
efor
e
S
ubt
rac
t2.
40: g=0
2 .40
1
50−120 30
×10
0%= ×1
00%=25
%
Di
videby2
: g=0
.20 1
20 120
292 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Lesson5:Const
ruct
ingandI
nter
pret
ing
Li
nearEquati
ons

Li
nearEquat
ionsf
rom Wor
d Pr
obl
ems Gr
aphi
ng L
ines

Whe nsett
ing up li
nearequati
onsfrom wor
d Whe nworkingwithlinearequati
ons,makesure
probl
ems,consi rwhi
de c
hlinearfor
m matche
s youknowhowt oturnequat i
onsintographsand
theinf
ormationyouaregiv
en. graphsi
ntoequat ions.Ina ddi
ti
ontoknowi ng
thedierentfor
msof l
inearequat
ions,
ithel
psto
•Sl
ope-
int
erce
pt:y=mx+b knowtheslopeformul a.
sope=m y
l -
int
ercept=b
•St
andar
d: ax+by=c y
a c
sope= −
l y-i
nte
rcept= e y
b b r
is 2−y
1
s
lope=r
un= x −x
y−y 2 1
•Poi
nt-
slope: 1=m(
x−x
1)
s
lope=mpoi
ntonl
ine=(
x ,y) y
-int
erc
ept
1 1
x
( y
1,1)
x y
•I
nter
cept
: + =1
a b r
ise x
( y
2,2)
x
-int
erc
ept
:a y
-i
nte
rcept
:b
r
un
( isformc annotbeus edfor x
hor
izontalli
nesorl inesthat
pas
sthroughtheori
gin.)
x
-int
erc
ept

eHor izonRe sortc harges$1 50perni ghtfor

asingleroom, andaone -t
imev aletparking Whichofthef
ollowingrepresent
stheequati
on
feeof$35. er ei sa6. 5%s t
a t
et axont her oom oft
heli
newi hanx
t -int
erceptof6thatpas
ses
charges,butnot axont hev al
e tparkingfee . thr
oughthepoint(3
, 2)
?
Whi chof t
hefollowi ngequat ionsr epresents
thetotalchargesindol l
ars,C, forasingleroom, 4
A) y=− x+6
valetparking,
andt ax es,f
oras ta
yof nni ghtsat 3
eHor izonRe sort? 2
B) y=− x+4
3
A) C=(
150+0
. n)+35
065 3
C) y=− x+6
B) C=1
.06
5(50n)+35
1 2
C) C=1
.06
5(50n+35
1 ) 3 9
D) y=− x+
D) C=1
.06
5(50+35
1 )n 4 2

Eas
( y-me di um)Si ncet heroom charg eis$150pe rnight
,
Eas
( y)Le
t’sdr
awagr
aphoft
hegi
veni
nfor
mat
ion:
t
hec harg ef ornni ghtsis$150n.Ifa6. 5%taxisaddedt o
t
his,ther oom c har gebe come s150n+ 0 .
065(150n)= y
1
.065(150n)perni ght. e$3 5valetparkingc hargeis
a
dde ds epar atel
y,andnott ax ed,sothetotalchargesare
1
.065(150n)+ 35,andt hec orr
ectans werisB. i sisa
l
inearequat i
oni ns lope-i
nt erc
eptf orm,inwhi cht he (
3,2)
s
lopeist hec ostperdayandt hey-i
nt e
rceptisthe xe d
c
ost. 1 (
6,0)
x
1
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 293

Si
ncewearegiv
entwopointsonthel
ine,
(3,2
)and(
6,0
),
wecancal
culat
ethes
lopeus i
ngthesl
opefor
mula: F=1.
8(K)−459
.4
y2− y1 0−2 2 eformul aabovecanbeus edtoconver
t any
sope=
l = =−
x2−x1 6−3 3 tempe r
atureinKelvin,K,t
ot het
emperaturein
degreesFahr e
nheitF.
, Whichchoi
ceindi
c at
es
Ifweusethi
ssl
opeandthepoi
nt(
6,0
),wec
ans
etupt
he thecorrectinter
pret
a t
ionofthenumber1.8in
equat
ioninpoi
nt-
slopefor
m: thisf
ormul a?
2
Point
-sl
opefor
m ofequati
on: y−0=− ( x−6) A) Ever
yincreas
eof1°Fahrenhei
tisequi
val
ent
3
toanincr
easeof1
.8Kelvin.
2
Simpli
fyanddist
ribut
e: y=− x+4 B) Everyi
ncre
aseof1Ke l
vini
sequi
val
entt
oan
3
inc
reaseof
1.8°Fahr
enheit
.
Sot hec or
rectans
we risB. isequati
onisins
lope-
int
er c
eptf or
m,and s howsthatthi
slineal
sohasa C) 1
.8Ke
lvi
nisequi
val
ent
to–
459.
4°Fahr
enhei
t.
y-i
nterceptof4,
matchingourgr
aph. D) 0°Fahr
enhe
iti
sequi
val
entt
o1.
8Kel
vin.

0y=−7(
1 2x−5
) Me
( dium-hard) ec onversi
onf ormul ai
sal i
ne arequa-
Whi c
hoft hefol
lowinge qui
valentformsoft
he ti
oni nt heform y=mx+b, whe rem istheslopeoft he
l
ineare quati
ona boveshowsthex -and l
ine( thechangei nyforev e
ryuni tc hang
ei nx),andbi s
y
- i
nterceptsofi
tsgraphinthexy -
planeas they -i
nterceptoftheline(heyv
t aluewhenxi s0 ).S
ince
constantsorcoe c i
ents? 1.8isthes l
opeoft heli
nei nthisfor mula
,itmus tbethe
chang einde greesFahr e
nheitfore ve
ryunitc hang ein
4x+1
A) 1 0y=35 Ke l
vin,sothecorrectansweri sB.
7 7
B) y=− x+
5 2
x y
C) + =1
2.
5 2. 5
7 5

D) y=−  x−− 
5
 2


(Medium)S i
nc etheques tiont ell
sust hatt hesear eall
equivalentformsoft hes amee quati
on, t
he r
ei snonee d
tomani pulatethegi vene quat i
on.Not ic
et hatchoi ceA
i ns
si tandar dform,c hoiceBi sinslope-interceptform,
andc hoiceDi sinpoi nt-slopef orm. Choi c
eCi scorrect
becaus eitisinint e
r ceptf orm.Yous houldbea blet o
con rmt hatthepoi nts( 2.5 ,0)and( 0,3.5)
,t hex -and
y-i
ntercepts,sati
sfythi sequa ti
onandt hatt heseinter-
ceptsarethec onstantsi nt hee quati
on.
294 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Lesson6:Sol
vingEquat
ionswi
tht
heL
awsofEqual
it
y

TheL
awsofEqual
ity
I
fx2=y2,
thenwhi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngmus
tbe
t
rue?
Tosolvealg
ebr
aice
qua
tions
,younee
dtheLaws
ofEquali
ty. A) x=y
. What
1 every
oudotochang
ethevalueofone y2
B) x=
si
deofanequat
ion,
youmustals
odot othe x
ot
hersi
de. C) |
x|=|
y|
2. You mayadd,s
ubtr
act,ormulti
plyany- D) x3=y
3

thi
ngyouwantonbothsi
desofanyequa-
ti
onatanyt
ime.
(Hard)Youmi ghtwantt otakethes quarerootofboth
3. Youmaydividebothsidesofanyequati
on
sidesofthee qua t
ion,butreme mberLa wofEquali
ty# 4
.
byanynumberexce pt0.(Bec
ausedivi
sion
Ifx2= y 2,thenxandyar eeit
hert hesamenumberor
by0isunde ne
d.)
oppos i
tes .Forinstance,noti
cethatx=0andy=0i sa
4. Ifyouwanttotakethesquarerootofboth soluti
on, butthesevaluesdon’
twor kforchoi
ceBbecause
sidesofanequat
ion,r
eme mberthatevery 0/0isunde ned. Also,x=1andy=−1i sasol
uti
on,but
positi
venumberhastwos quar
er oot
s:one thesev aluesdon’twor kinchoice
sAorD. e r
efor
e,the
positi
veandonenegat
ive. correctans werisC.

1 2
f + =4,
I wha
tist ueofx?
heval
x 3x

Me
( dium) isdoesn’
tlookl
ikeali
nearequa
tion,buti
f
wea
pplyLawofEqual
ity#2,
wec anse
ethati
tis.

Gi
venequa
tion: 1 2
+ =4
x 3x
Noti
cet ha
tthecommondenominat
orofthet
wofrac
-
t
ionsis3x,sowecansi
mpl
if
ytheequat
ionbymul
ti
ply
-
i
ngbot hsi
desby3x:
1 2
3x + =3x()
4
x 3x⎠
⎝
3x 6x
Di
str
ibut
eands
impl
if
y: + 3+2=5=1 2x
x 3x
5
Di
videbot
hsi
desby12
: x= =0
.417
12
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 295

Lesson7:Anal
yzi
ngL
inearGr
aphs

Thi
nki
ng aboutSl
opes Par
all
eland Per
pendi
cul
arL
ines

Its
ometi
meshelpst
othinkoft
heslopeofali
ne Parall
ell
ineshaveequalsl
opes
.Perpendi
cular
ashowmuchit
goesup(ordown)whenyoutake li
neshaveslope
st ha eoppos
tar it
er ec
ipr
ocals
onest
eptot
her i
ghtal
ongtheli
ne. ofeac
hother.

y y

+1 S
lope=–a
b
–5 a
–
9
0°
3
S
lope=–5
–
5 3 +b

S
lope=b +b
a
+3

+a
x
x

Whenl ookingatalineargraph,remembe rt
hat
li
neswithapos i
tiveslopegoupasy oumov eto
theri
ght,li
neswithanegativeslopegodownas 2x−3
ky=12
youmov etotheri
ght,andli
neswi t
ha0slopeare
4x+2
py=20
hori
zontal.
Intheequat
ionsabove,kandpar econst
ants.
Ift
hegraphsofthes
ee quat
ionsinthexy-pl
ane
areper
pendicul
arline
s ,
wha ti
sthevalueofkp?
y

I
I I

x
2 2
Me
( di
um-
har
d) es
eli
neshav
esl sof and− .
ope
I
II I
V k
3 p
I
ftheyareperpendi
cul
ar,
the eoppos
yar iter
eci
proc
als
,
s
ot rpr
hei oductis−1:
Whi chofthef
oll
owingequati
ons,when
graphedinthexy-pl
ane,cont
ainspoi
ntsi
nal
l
2 2
quadrantsexc
eptquadrantII
? 






− 

=−1

k
3  p

A) 2x+5
y=9
Si
mpl
if
y: 4
B) −2x+5
y=9 − =−1
3kp
C) 2x−5
y=9 4
Mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desby−kp: =1.
33= kp
D) −2x−5
y=9 3

(Medium)Alinewi thpointsinquadr antsI

,III,andI V
mustha v
eapos it
iveslopeandane gativey-
intercept.I
f
weusetheformulasfrom Less
on5t hattel
lushowt o nd
thesopeandy
l -
int
erceptoflinesinstandardfor m,we
canseethatonlychoiceCwor ks
,becauseithasas lope
of25anday
/ -inter
ceptof−9 /
5 .
296 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

egr a
phoflneℓi
i nt hexy-
planepass
es x+my+m =0?
throughthepoint(2,5)andhasanx-i
nterc
ept I
fmi sac onstantgrea
tert
han1,
whi c
hof the
of7.Whi c
hoffoll
owi nggiv
estheequati
onofa f
oll
owi ngc ouldbethegra
phinthexy-pl
aneof
li
net hati
sper
pe ndiculart
olineℓandpasses t
hee quationabov e
?
throughthepoint(4,2)?
A) y
A) y=−x+6
B) y=−x+4
C) y=x−2
D) y=x+2 1
x
1
Me
( di
um-hard)Wearetoldthatl
ineℓpas
sesthr
ough
t
wopoint
s:(
2,5)and(
7,0
),sowecancal
cul
atei
tss
lope:
y2− y 0−5 −5
s
lope= 1
= = =−1 B) y
x2−x1 7−2 5
eslope sofperpendi
cularl
inesareoppos i
tereci
pro-
cals,
sot heslopeofthenewlineis1 . enewl i
nemus t
passthrough( 4,2)
,sowecang etitsequa
tionusingthe
1
point-
slopeform oftheequat
ionfrom Less
on5 :y−2= x
1(x−4 ) 1

Add2t
obot
hsi
des
: y=x−2
er
efor
e,t
hecor
rec
tans
weri
sC.

C) y

1
x
1

D) y

1
x
1

Me
( di
um-har
d)First
,weshoul
dtryt
ogettheequat
ion
i
ntoamoreusefulf
orm.Let’
str
ythes
lope-i
nter
cept
y=mx+b
( )for
m: x+my+m =0
S
ubt
ratxandm f
c rom bot
hsi
des
: my=−x−m
1
Di
videbot
hsdesbym:
i y= − x−1
m
⎝ ⎠

Sothel
inehasas l
opeof–1m anday
/ -i
nte
rceptof–1
.
Si em i
nc sgreat
erthan1
,thi
sslo
pemustbebetween–1
and0. eonlygra
phthats
ati
se st
hes
econdit
ionsi
sB.
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 297

Exer
ciseSet3(
NoCal
cul
ator
)
1 4
I
fx− 2(
1− x
)=5,
whati
stheval x?
ueof Whatisthes
lopeof
thel
inedes
cri
bedbyt
he
1 1 5
equa
tion + = ?
x 2x y

2
5
Ifƒ(
x)=−2x+8
,andf
(k)=−1
0,what
ist
hev
alue
ofk? Lineli
sperpe
ndicul
artot
heli
nedescri
bedbythe
equat
ion5x+1 y=1
1 6.
Wha ti
sthes
lopeofl
inel?

3 6

Whatisthesl
opeoft
heli
net
hatc
ont
ainst
he x+1 2x
I
f + =1,
whati
sthev
alueofx?
poi
nts(−2,3
)and(4,5
)? 1
0 5
298 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

7 10
Whatisthey-
int
erceptof
thel
inecont
aini
ngt
he epoi sA(
nt 2,3)andB(m,11
)are10uni
tsapart
.
poi
nts(3
, 7
)and(6,
3)? Whichofthefoll
owingequat
ionsc
oulddescr
ibe
t
helinethatcontai
nspoi
ntsAandB?
A) 8x+6
y=1
1
B) 8x−6
y=−2
C) 6x+8y=36
D) 6x−8y=−1
2

8 11

Inthexy
-pl
ane,t
hegr
aphofy=h(x)i
sal
inewit
h y
sope−2.
l Ih(
f )=1andh(
3 b)= −9
,whati
sthe
val
ueofb? (
5,6
)

x
O k
(,0
)

e gur
eaboveshowsari
ghtt
rianglewi
thver
tice
s
att
heori
gin,
(5,6
)and(k,
0).Wha ti
st ueofk?
heval

9 A) 19
3
Ifatr
ainmaintainsaconstants
pee dof6 0mi l
esper
B) 58
hour,i
tcantravel4milespergal
lonofdi es
e lf
uel. 5
Ift
histr
ainbeginsatri
pwi t
haful l200
-ga l
lontank
ofdies
elfuel
,andmai ntai
nsaspe edof6 0milesper C) 26
3
hour,whichofthefol
lowingequationsrepresentst
he
numberofg al
lons,g,
lefti
nthetankthour sintothe D) 61
tr
ip? 5
200−60 t
A) g=
4
1
B) g=20 0−
15 t
C) g=200−1 5t
1
D) g=2 00− t
15
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 299

Exer
ciseSet3(
Cal
cul
ator
)
12 15
I
fthepoint
s(2,
4),(
5,k
),and(
8,2
0)ar
eont
hes
ame I
ff−1
( )=1andf
(3)=2andf
isal
inearf
unc
tion,
l
ine,whati
stheval
ueofk? wha sf
ti (
5)?

13 16
Linelhasasl 3anday
opeof -int
ereptof−4
c .Wha
t I
nt hexy-
plane,t
hegraphof l
inenhasan
isisx
t -i
nte
rcept
? x-
inter
ceptof2banday -
inter
c ptof−8b,
e wher
e
b≠0 .Whatist
heslopeoflnen?
i

14 17
I
ff−1
( )=1andf (
3)=2andfi
sal
inearf
unct
ion, 2 2
f + =4,
I wha
tist
hev
alueofx?
whati
sthes
lopeoft aphy=f
hegr x
()? x 5x
300 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

18 21
I
fthel
ine3x− 2y=12isgr
aphedi
nthexy
-pl
ane, Whichoft
hefol
lowi
ngrepres
ent
stheequat
ion
whati
sisx
t -i
nter
cept
? of
theli
newihanx
t -
int
erce
ptof5anday-i
nter
cept
of
6?

6
A) y−6=− (x−5
)
5
5
B) y−6=− (x−5
)
6
6
C) y−6=− x
5
5
D) y−6=− x
6

19
Ift
hegr
aphsoftheequat
ions5x− 2y=5and
6x+ky=9ar eperpendi
cular
,whatist
hev
alue
ofk?

22

x 2 3 4
f
(x) a 8 b

eta
bleaboveshowssever
alor
deredpai
rs
cor
respondi
ngtotheli
nearfunc
tionf
.Whatist
he
val
ueof a+b?

20 A) 12
B) 1
6
ene tpr o tforthes alesofapr oductisequal to
thetotalrev enuefr om thes al
e softha tproduct C) 20
minust het otalcostforthes alesof thatproduc t
.Ifa D) Itcannotbede
ter
minedf
rom t
hei
nfor
mat
ion
particularmodel of c
alcul at
ors ell
sfor$ 98,andthe giv
e n.
costformaki ngands el
lingnof thesec alcul
atorsi
s
$(35n+120, 000),whi choft hefol l
owi ngequations
expressesthene tpr ot indol lars,P,formaki ngand
sel
lingnoft hesec alcul
a tors?
A) P=63
n−120,
000
B) P=63
n+1
20,
000
C) P=63
(n−120,
000
)
D) P=63
(n+1
20,
000
)
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 301

EXERCI
SESET3ANSW ERKEY

No Cal
cul
ator Noti
cet hattogetfrom (6,3)to(3,7)wemustg o
l
eft3uni t
sandup4uni t
s(inotherwords,t
heslope
.7/3 or2.
1 33 x− 2
(1− x
)=5 s−4
i /3)
.Ifwes i
mplyrepeatthisf
rom (3
,7),
wearr
iveat
hey
t -
inter
ce pt
,whi
chis( 0,1
1).
Di
str
ibut
e: x−2+2x=5
S
impl
if
y: 3x−2=5
8.8 i
sli
nehasas opeof−2andc
l ont
ainsthe
Add2: 3x=7 −9−1
poi
nts(
3,1
)and(b,−9
). ere
f e−2=
or
Di
videby3
: x=7
/3 b−3
−10
Si
mplif
y: −2=
2.9 f
(k)=−2k+8=−1
0 b−3
Mult
i ybyb−3:
pl −2b+6=−1 0
S
ubt
ract8: −2k=−1
8 S
ubt
rac
t6: −2b=−1
6
Di
videby−2: k=9 Di
videby−2: b=8

3.1/
3 or.
333 5−3 2 1
s
lope= = =
4−(−2
) 6 3 9.C Sincet het anksst
art
swit
h2 00gal
lons
,the
amounti
thasleftis200− t
henumberofg
all
onsuse
d.
.10/
4 3 or3.
33 1 1 5 enumberof
gal l
onsusedi
s
+ =
x 2x y
2xy 2xy 1 0xy 60mile
s 1ga
llon
Mul
ti
plyby2x
y: + = thour
s× × =1
5tg
all
ons
x 2x y 1hour 4miles
S
impl
if
y: 2y+y=1 x
0
S
impl
if
y: 3 y=1 x
0
10.B Onc eagain,
aqui cks
ket
chc
anbev
eryhe
lpf
ul.
Di
videby3
: 10
y= x Noti
cet
hatt
rav
e l
ingfrom poi
nt
3

5.11/5 or2. 2 eslope oft

he giv
en li
ne y
is−5/11,sothes
lopeoft
hel i
neperpendi
cul
arto
b b
iti
s11/5. y=1
1
m,
( 1
1)
8
.9/5 or1.
8 x+1 2x 1
0
6 + =1 10
10 5
(
2,3)
Mul
ti
plyby1
0: x+1
( )+4x=1
0
S
impl
if
y: 5x+1=1
0 x
O
S
ubt
rac
t1: 5x=9
Di
videby5
: x=9
/5
A(2,3
)topoi ntB(
m,11)requi
resgoi
ngup8unitsand
.11 e
7 rear
eav ar
iet
yofwaysofs
olvi
ngthi
sprob- ri
ght(orleft
)someunknowndi s
t eb.Wec
anc an ndb
l
em,butperha
pst hesi
mple
stistodraw aquick withthe
s
ket
ch: Pytha
gore an eorem: 82+b2=1 2
0
y Si
mpl
if
y: 64+b2=1
00
(
0,1
1) Subt
rac
t64
: b2=3
6
4 Taket
hes
quar
eroot
: b=6
(
3,7
)
3 eref
or mi
e, sei
ther2−6=−4or2+6=8, andthe
4 slopeoft
hisli
nei
sei
ther8/6=4/3or8/
(−6 )=−4/ 3
. e
(
6,3
)
3 onlyequati
onamongthechoic
esthati
ss ati
se dbythe
x orderedpair(
2,3
)andha sasl
opeofeit
he r4/3or−4/3
O isB.
302 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

11.D Re cal
lthatt
hes l
ope sofperpendi
cularli
nesar
e 2 2
opposit
ereci
procal
s. es lopeof t
hesegme ntf
rom (
0,0) 1
7.3/
5 or.
6 + =4
x 5x
to(5,6
)is6/
5,sotheslopeofitsperpendic
ularis−5/6.
6−0 5 Mul
ti
pl x:
yby5 0+2=20x
1
eref
ore =−
5−k 6 S
impl
if
y: 2=20x
1
Cross
-mul t
ipl
y: −3
6=5 (5−k
) Di
videby20
: x=12
/20=3
/5
Dist
ribute: −36=25−5k
Subtr
a ct25
: −61=−5k 1.4
8 ex
-int
erc
epti
st ue ofx f
he val orwhich
Divdeby−5
i : 61
/5=k y=0: 3x− 2(
0)=12
S
impl
if
y: 3x=1
2
Di
videby3
: x=4
Cal
cul
ator
2.12
1 eslopeof
thi
sli s20−4=1
nei 6 8.
= 19.15 Recal
lthatthesl
opeofal
ineinstandardf
orm
8−2 6 3 ax+by=ci s−a/b. erefor
e,t
hes
lopeof5x−2y=5i s
k−4 8 5/
2andt hesopeof6x+ ky= 9i
l s−6 k.I
/ fthesel
ines
eref
ore
: =
5−2 3 are per
pendi
cular
,t he
nt heirs
lopes are opposi
te
Cr
oss-
multi
ply: k−12=24
3 rec
iproc
als
:
Add1
2: k=36
3 k 5
=
Di
videby3
: k=1
2 6 2
Mul
ti
plyby6: k=30
/2=1
5

13.4/3 or1. 33 Si
ncethesopeand y
l -
inter
-
c
e ptar
egiven,it
iseas
ytoexpr
esst
hel
ine
arequat
ionin 20.A etotalr
eve
nueforsel
lngncal
i cul
atorsa
t$98
s
lope-i
nte
rc eptf
orm:y=3x− 4. eachis$98n,andthecostf
ormaki ngands e
llngnc
i al
-
ex-
int
erc
epti
stheval xont
ueof hel
inef
or culat
orsis$(
35n+120,000)
. er ef
orethepro tis$(
98n
whihy=0:
c 0=3x− 4 − 35n− 120,
000 )=63n− 120
,000doll
ars.
Add4: 4=3
x
Di
videby3
: 4
/3=x 2
1.C i
sli
nec ont
ainst
hepoi
nts(
5,0
)and(
0,6
)and
t
her
efor
eha
saslopeof0−6=−6.
4.¼ or.
1 25 el
inecont
ainst
hepoi
nt −1
s( ,
1)and 5−0 5
(
3,2
),s
oit
ssl s 2−1 =1.
opei S
inc
eitsy
-int
ercepti
s6,itss
lope-
inter
ceptfor
mis
3−(−1) 4
6
y=− x+6or ,
s ubt
rac
ting6from bot
hs i
des,
5.5/2 or2.
1 5 Al thoughwec ouldsolvethisproblem 5
byde rivingt hel i
ne arequa tion,itispe r
hapse asi
er 6
y−6=− x.
totak ea dvantageo fther esultfrom que s
tion14 . e 5
slopeof 1 /
4me anst hatthey -coordinateofanypoi nt
ont helineincrea sesby1/3e acht i
met hex-coordinate 22.B S inc efisal inearfunc t
ion,ithasas l
opethat
increasesby1 .Sincet hex -
coor dinateincr
e asesby2 wec anc allm. Recallthatit
’softe
nus eful t
othinkof
t he
be t
we enf (
3)andf (5)
,they -
coo rdinatemus tthe
r ef
ore slopeofal inea sthe“ unitchange ,
”thati s
,theamount
increaseby2 (1/4)= 1, of
s (5)=2+ 1=2 .5. tha yc
t hang eseachtimexi ncreasesby1 .Sinc
ethexval-
2 2
ue sincreaseby1wi t
he achstepinourt able,heyv
t al
ue s
6.4
1 elinecontai
nst
hepoint
s(b,
2 0
)and(
0,−8b
); mus t t
he reforeincreasebym wi theachs tep. ismeans
0−(−8b) 8b tha a=8−m andb=8+m. e
t r
efore,a+b=8−m +
t
her
efor
e,i
thasaslopeof = =4.
2b−0 2b 8+m =1 6.
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 303

Lesson8:Absol
uteVal
ues

Abs
olut
eVal
ueasDi
stance
elabeloneachboxof DeerValleyraisins
saysthati
tcontains1.
25poundsofr aisins,but
eabsol
uteval ueofanumbe ra,wr it
tenas industr
ystandardsallowthesebox estobes ol
d
a|
| ,ist
hedistancef rom ato0ont henumber withanywhe r
ef r
om 1.20poundst o1.32pounds
li
ne.Moregenerall,|
y a–b|meanst hedist
ance ofrais
ins.fxr
I epresentsthenumberofpounds
betweenaandbont henumberline,re
gardles
s ofrais
insinaboxofDe erVall
eyr ai
sinstha t
ofwhic
hnumbe risgreat
er. mee t
sindustr
ys t
andar ds,whichofthef oll
owing
inequali
ti
esrepresent
sal lpos
s i
blevalue sofx?
x−1
A) | .25
|≤0.
05
Whichoft
hef
oll
owingrepr
ese
ntst
hedis
tanc
e x−1
B) | .26
|≤0
.06
bet
weendand–10onthenumberl
ine
?
x−1
C) | . ≤0.
25| 06
d−1
A) | 0|
x−1
D) | . ≤0
26| .
05
B) −1
0|d|
d+1
C) | 0|
D) |
10−d| (Me dium-hard) ei mpor tantfa
cthe reistheindus try
standar d,
notthelabelonthebox . es tandards aysthat
theboxc anc ontai
nanywe i
ghtofraisinsfrom 1.20t o
(Easy
)Sincethedi
stanc
ebet enaandbi
we a−b|
s| ,the 1.32pounds . emi dpointofthisrangeis(1.20+1 .
32)/
dist
ancebetweendand– 1
0i d− (
s| −10)
|=|d+ 1
0|,so 2=1 .
2 6poundsof r
aisi
ns,andt hismidpointis0.06from
thecorr
ectansweri
sC. eitherendpointoft hisrang e. er ef
ore,xcanbeany
valuet hatis0.06orlessa wayfrom 1.26,whi c
hc anbe
statedas|x−1 .26|≤0.06,ands othecorrectansweri sB.
Ont herealnumberli
ne,anumber,b,i
smore
thantwiceasfarfom −3asi
r ti
sfr
om 3.Whichof
thefol
lowinginequal
iti
escanbesolv
edto nd
allposs
ibleval
uesofb?

b−3|
A) | >2|
b+3|

b+3|
B) | >2|
b−3|
b−3|
C) 2| >|b+3|

D) 2
|b+3|
>|b−3|

(Medium)Wene ed tot ranslatet hec entr

alf actint o
as t
a t
eme ntaboutdi stances,andt he
nt rans l
atet his
st
ateme ntintoalgebraiclanguag e. eor iginalstate-
menti sbismorethant wiceasf arfrom −3asi ti
sfro
m 3.
isc an be translated int erms ofdi stances:t he
dis
tanc ef
rombt o−3i smor ethant wicethedistancefr
om
bto3.I nalgebrai
clanguag e
,t histranslat
esdi rect
lyt o
b− (
| −3 )
|>2|b− 3|or ,mor es imply,|b+ 3 |>2| b− 3|.
erefore,
thecorrectanswe risB.
304 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Lesson9:TheL
awsofI
nequal
it
y

TheL
awsofI
nequal
it
y
a
Whi
choft
hefol
lowi
ngmus
tbet
r f ≤−3
uei ?
b
Ifane quat
ioni sape r
fectl
ybalancedscal
e ,t
hen A) a≤−3 b
ani nequali
tyi sa“ ti
pped”s cale. eLawsof
Inequalit
yar ejusttherulesf
or“ knowi
ngwhi c
h B) a≥−3
b
wayt hescaleistipped”—thatis,deducngot
i her C) a≤−3b<0ora≥−3
b>0
trueinequali
tiesthatfol
lowfrom theori
ginal.
D) a≤−3b<0ora≥−3
b>0
1
.Wha tev
eryoudotochanget
hevalueofone
si
deofani
nequal
it
y,youmustal
sodotothe
ot
hersi
de. (Medium-hard)Wemightwantto mul
ti
plybyb on
bot
hs i
des,butb mi
ghtbenegat
ive. erearet
wo
2.Youma yaddorsubtractanythingyouwant
pos
s i
bil
iti
es:
fr
om bothsi
desofani nequal
it,ormul
y t
iply
ordivi
debyanypos itiv
enumberwi thout Condi
ti
on1:
Ifb>0 ,t
henwedon’t
s wi
tchthei
nequal
it
y
changi
ngthedir
ecti
onoft hei
ne qual
it
y. whenwemul
tipl
y,oa≤−3b,
s andther
ef ea≤−3b<0.
or
3.Youmaynotper f
orm unde nedoper
ati
ons Condi
ti
on2:Ifb< 0 henwedos
,t wit
chtheinequali
ty
toani nequali
ty(suchasdivi
dingby0)or whenwemul t
ipl
y oa≥−3
,s bandt
heref
orea≥ −3 b>
operat
ionsthathavemorethanoneposs
ibl
e 0.
Sothecor
rectans
werisD.
res
ult(li
ketaki
ngas quar
eroot
).
4.Ifoumul
y ti
plyordi videbothsi
desbyaneg-
ati
venumber ,youmus tswi
tchthedirec
t i
on
oftheinequali
ty. i sisbeca
usemul t
ipl
ying
ordivi
dingbyane ga t
ivenumbe ri
nvolvesa
re ect
ionov ertheor igi
n,whichswa psthe
rel
ati
veposit
ionsoft henumbe r
s:

×−1

−4<−2 0 2<4

1 1
If− <−2x+1<− wha
tisonepos
sibl
eval
ue
2 3
ofx?

(Medi
um) i scal
leda“ s
andwic
hi ne
quali
ty”be
c a
use
theexpr
ess
ioni
nthemi ddlei
s“sandwic
hed”between
theothe
rtwo.Let
’ssol
veforxus i
ngtheLa wsofIne
qual
it
y.
1 1
− <−2x+1<−
2 3
Multi
plyallt
hreeparsby−6(
t thecommondenomi
na-
t
or)and“swit
ch”thedir
ect
ionoft
heine
qual
it
ies
:
3>12x−6>2
Add6t
oal
lthr
eepar
ts: 9> 12x> 8
Di
videal
lthr
eepar
tsby1
2: 0
.750> x> 0
.66 
.
 .
 .
 
er
efor
e ,anyval
uegr
eat
ert
han0.
666butl
esst
han
0
.750iscorre
ct.
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 305

Lesson10:Gr
aphi
ngI
nequal
it
ies

Anal
yzi
ng I
nequal
it
ieswi
th Gr
aphs
Whi
chinequali
tyre
pre
sentsall
numberson
t
henumberlinetha
tar
eclosert
o5thanthe
yar
e
Tosol
veprobl
emsinvol
vingine
quali
ti
es,
itoft
en t
o11?
hel
pstotr
anslat
einequali
ti
esint
ographs,and A) x<8
vi
cevers
a.
B) 5<x<1
1
x−5|
C) | <11
x−1
D) | 1|<5
01 4
Me
( dium)Let’
splot5and11onthenumbe rlineandask
,
egraphaboveshowsthesol
uti
ons etof
whichpoint
sareclo
serto5t
hantheyareto11?Aft
ersome
whichofthef
oll
owinginequal
iti
es?
t
hinking,youshouldgetapi
cturel
ikethis
:
x−4
A) | |>|
x−1
|
x−4
B) | |<|
x−1
|
5 11
x−2.
C) | 5|>1.
5
whi
chc
orr
espondst
ochoi
ceA.
x−2.
D) | 5|<1.
5

(Medium)Wec ould“test
”somev aluesont hegr aphand
seeiftheyworkint heinequali
ties.Forinstanc e,wecan
star
twi thx=0.Sincex=0i sshade dont hegr aph,itmust
beas oluti
onoftheinequalit
y.Howe ver
,itclearl
ydoe s
n’t
workf orchoi
ceBbe cause|0− 4| <| 0− 1| simpliesto
4< 1 ,whichisnott rue.Similarly,wec ane liminate
choiceD becaus e|0− 2.5|isnotl essthan1 .
5.Wec an
continuebyproc es
sofe l
iminati
onunt i
l wes eethatonly
choiceCwor ksforthewhol eset
.

Howe ve r,thereisane asierway.Findt hemi dpoi ntof

the
graph. epoi nthal f
waybet ween1and4i st he i
raver
-
age,2.5.Now,wha tistruea boutal lofthepoi ntsinthe
shadedr egions?S i
ncebot h1and4ar e1 .
5uni tsaway
from 2.5,thes hadedr egionsrepresentallthepoi ntst
hat
aremor et han1 .5uni tsawa yfr
om 2. 5.Inot he rwords
,
thedi stanc efrom xt o2. 5isgre aterthan1 .5,which
translatesto|x−2. 5|>1. 5,
whi c
hi sc hoic
eC.
306 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Exer
ciseSet4(
NoCal
cul
ator
)
1 8
Whatposi
ti
venumberi
stwi
ceasf
arf
rom 1
0asi
tis Whi
choft
hefol
lowi
ngst
ate
ment
sisequi
val
entt
o
f
rom 1? t
hes
tat
ement−4< 2x≤ 2?
A) x>−2andx≤1
B) x<−2orx≥1
C) x≥−2a
ndx<1
D) x≤−2orx>1
2
I
fthepoint
s( a)and(
2, 14b
,)ar
e20uni
tsa
par
t, 9
whati
s|a−b| ?
eannual pro tfrom t hes ale
sof anite
mi sequal
totheannual r
ev enuemi nust heannual costfor
thati
tem. er evenuef rom t hati
tem isequal to
thenumbe rofuni tssoldt i
me sthepr i
cepe runit.
Ifnunitsofapor tablehe artmonitorwe resoldin
3 2012atapr iceof$ 65ea ch,andt heannualc ostto
4 5 producenuni t
swas$ (
20 000+1
, 0n),t
he nwhi ch
Wha
tist
hel
eas
tint
egernf
orwhi
ch0< < ?
n 9 ofthefoll
owi ngs tatement sindicat
esthatt hetotal
pro tf
ort hishear tmoni t
ori n2012wasgr eater
than$500,000?
A) 5
00000<55
, n−20,
000
B) 5
00000>55
, n−20,
000
4
C) 5
00000<55
, n+20
, n
000
I
f|x+4|
=|x− 5
|,wha
tist
hev
alueofx?
D) 5
00000<7
, 5n−20
, n
000

1
0
Coli
ncanreadamaxi mum of25pagesanhour.I
f
5 hehasbee
nr eadi
nga250pagebookf orhhour
s,
whereh< 10,andhasppageslef
ttoread,
whichof
Whati
sthegr
eat
esti
nt ueofns
egerval ucht
hat thef
oll
owingexpres
sest
herelat
ionshipbet
weenp
n 1 andh?
− >− ?
21 2 2 5
A) 250−p≤
h
25
B) 250≥p+
6 h
1 3 C) 250−p≤25 h
Whatist
heonl
yint
egerbf
orwhi
ch > and
b 11 D) 250+25
h≤p
3b≥ 7
.5?

11
Ont herealnumberli
ne,anumber ,x,
ismorethan
4time sasf
arfr
om 10asiti
sfrom 40.Whic
hof
thefoll
owingst
atementsdes
cribesall
possi
ble
7 valuesofx?
I
f(b+2
)2=(
b−5
)2,
wha
tist
hev
alueofb? A) x<34orx>50
B) x>40
C) 34<x<50
D) 32
.5<x<1
60
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 307

Exer
ciseSet4(
Cal
cul
ator
)
12 1
8
I
fa< 0and|
a− 5
|=7
,wha
ti a|
s| ? Ift
heaverage(ar
ithmeti
cmean)ofaandbis
gre
a t
erthantheaverag
e(ar
ithmeti
cmean)ofcand
2b,whic
hof thef
ollowi
ngmus tbet
rue?
A) b>0
B) a>b
13 C) a>b+c
I
fnisaposi
tiv
eint
ege 6< |
rand1 6− 3n|
<19, D) a+c>b
wha
tistheval
ueofn?
1
9
Ofthesta
tement
sbe l
ow,whi
chisequi
valenttothe
st
atement“ edistancef
rom xt
o1isgreaterthan
t
hedi s
tancef
rom xto3?
A) 1<x<3
14
B) x>2
Whati
stheonl
yint
egerns
ucht
ha20−2
t n>5and
C) x<2
2n
>4? D) x−1>3
3
2
0
Whichofthefol
lowi
ngi
sequi
val
entt
othe
s
tat
eme nt4x2≥ 9?
15 A) 2x>3
Whati
sthes
malle
stnumbert
hati
sasf
arf
rom 9
.25 B) x≥ 1
.5orx≤−1
.5
as3i
sfom −1
r .
5?
x|
C) | >2
D) −1
.5≤x≤1
.5

2
1

16
0 6
If2x+1
| |=2|k− x|
,f
oral
lval x
uesof,what
ist
he
val
ueof
|k|? egr
aphabovei
ndic
atest
hec omplet
esol
uti
ons
et
t
owhichofthef
oll
owingst
ate
me nts
?
x−3|
A) | >3
x|
B) | <6
x−6|
C) | <6
1
7 x−3|
D) | <3
Whichof
thef
ollowingise
qui
val
ent
tot
he 2
2
s
tat
ement|x− 2
| < 1?
Whichof
thef
oll
owi
ngi
str
uef
oral
lre
alv
alue
s
A) x<3 ofx?

B) x<−1 x
A) ||>0
B) x<2orx>1
C) 1<x<3
C) x>−2orx<−3
D) −1<x<3
D) x2−1>0
308 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

EXERCI
SESET4ANSW ERKEY

No Cal
cul
ator
6.3 b≥7
3 .5
1.4 Itishel
pfult
opl
ott
hes
eval
uesont
henumber
l
ineandt
hink: Di
videby3
: b≥2 .
5
3 6 1 3
>
b 1 1
−8 01 4 1
0 S
incebisgreat
erthanorequalt
o2.
5,i
tispos
iti
ve,s
owe
9 c
anmul tipl
ybothsidesby11bwit
hout“swa
pping”the
18 i
nequal
ity:
edistancebet ween1and1 0is9,socl
earlythenumber 1>3
1 b
thatis9mor euni tstothelef
tof1 ,name y−8,i
l st
wi ce
Di
videby3
: 3
.67>b
asfarfr
om 1 0asi tisf
rom 1.Howev er,
thisisanegative
numbe rs oitc an’tbeourans we r. e r
ei soneot her eonl
yint
ege
rbe
twe
en2.
5and3.
67i
s3.
numbe rthati stwiceasfarfrom 1 0asitisfrom 1
:t he
numbe rthatis1/3thedist
ancef r
om1t o10. i snumber .3/2or1.
7 5 b+2
( )2=(
b−5
)2

is4,whichis3uni tsfr
om 1and6uni t
sfrom 10. FOI
L: b2+4
b+4=b2− 1
0b+25
S
ubt
r tb2:
ac 4b+4=−1
0b+25
2.16 Fr
om t
heDi
stanc
eFor
mul
a,
0b:
Add1 4b+4=25
1
2−1
( 4)2+(
a−b
)2=2
02
Subt
rac
t4: 1
4b=2
1
S
impl
if
y: 44+(
1 a−b
)2=400 Di
videby1
4: b=1
.5
S
ubt
rac
t144
: a−b
( )2=2
56
.A
8 −4< 2x≤ 2
Squar
eroot
: a−b|
| =16
Di
videby2
: −2< x≤ 1
3.8 4 5 whi
chi
sequi
val o−2< xandx≤ 1
entt .
0< <
n 9
S
incenmus tbepos
iti
vefort
hisst
ate
me nttobetr
ue,we 9.A e pr
o tisthe r
evenue mi
nus t
he c
ost
:
c
anmul t
i yby9nwi
pl thouthavi
ngto“swap”thei
nequal
- 65n− (
2 000+1
0, n)=55
0 n− 20,
000.
i
tysymbols
:
0<36<5
n 10.C I fCol
inc anr e
adamaxi mum of25pag esan
hour,theninhhour shec anr
eadamaxi mum of25 h
Di
videby5
: 0<7
.2<n pages.Ifhehasppag esle
ftina250-pagebook,hehas
er
efor
e,t
hes
mal
les
tint
ege
rval ni
ueof s8
. red250−ppa
a ge
s.Sinceithast
akenhim hhourst
oread
these250− ppages,250− p≤ 25h.
4.½ or.5 Twonumbe r,aandb,hav
s ethes ame
1
1.C x− 1
| 0|>4
|x− 40|
abs
olut
eval
ueonl yi
fthe
yareequaloroppos
ite
s.Clearl
y
x+4andx−5c annotbeequal
,si
nc ex−5is9lessthan Ithelpstosketc
ht henumberli
neanddi vi
deisint
o
x+4. e re
for
et heymustbeopposi
tes. threesect
ions
:thenumbersle
ssthan10,thenumbers
between10and40 ,
andthenumbersgr
eate
rthan40.
x+4=−(
x−5
)
CASE1 :x< 10.Its
houldbecl
eart
hatal
lnumbersl
ess
Di
str
ibut
e: x+4=−x+5 than10arecloserto10thant
heyaret
o4 0,s
othi
sset
Addx: 2x+4=5 cont
ainsnosoluti
ons.
Subt
rac
t4: 2x=1 CASE2: 10< x≤ 40
. fxi
I sbet
ween10and40x− 1
, 0is
Di
videby2
: x=1
/2 posi
tiveandx− 40isnegat
ive
,s x− 1
o| 0|=x− 1 0and
x− 40|
| =−(x− 40)
.
n 1 x− 1
| 0
|>4 x− 40|
|
.10
5 − >−
2
1 2 Subst
itut
e: x− 1
0>−4 x− 40
( )
Mul
ti
plyby−4
2and“
swa
p:” 2n<21 Dist
ribute
: x− 10>−4x+1 60
Di
videby2
: n<1
0.5 Add4x: 5x− 10> 160
Add10 : 5x> 170
er
efor
e,t
hegr
eat
estpos
sibl
eint
egerv
al ni
ueof s1
0.
Divi
deby5 : x> 34
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 309

Sot
hisgi
vesus34< x≤ 40. l
ikex=1
. 2x+1
| |=2
|k−x
|
CASE3:x> 40 fxi
.I sgrea
tert
han40
,the hx− 1
nbot 0 Subs
tit
utex=1
: |
2()+1
1 |=2|
k− 1
|
andx−40areposi
ti
ve,s
o|x−10|=x−1 x−40|
0and| = Si
mpl
if
y: 3=2
|k− 1
|
x− 40
.
Di
videby2
: 1
.5=|
k− 1
|
x−1
| 0|>4
|x−40|
e
ref
ore ±1
.5=k−1
S
ubs
tit
ute
: x−1
0>4(
x−40
)
Add1
: k=2.
5or−0
.5
Di
str
ibut
e: x−1
0>4x−1
60
Nowt
ryx=0: |
2()+1
0 |=2
|k− 0|
Add1
0: x>4x−15
0
Si
mpl
if
y: 1=2
|k|
S
ubt
ract4x: −3x>−1
50
Di
videby2
: 5=|
0. k|
Di
videby−3and“
swa
p:” x< 50
e
ref
ore ±0.
5=k
Sothisgivesus40<x<50 .Whenwecombi net
hiswi
th
er
efor
e,k=−0.
5ands
o| =|
k| −0.
5|=0.
5.
thesolut
ionsfrom CASE2,
weget34< x< 50.

1 .C Re
7 callthattheexpressi
on|x− 2|me ans“the
distancefrom xto2,”sothest
atement|x−2| <1me ans
Cal
cul
ator “ edi st
ancef om xt
r o2islessthan1.” er efor
e,the
soluti
ons eti
sallofthenumbe r
sthatarelesst
han1uni t
12.2 I fa−5
| =7
| ,t
henei
thera−5=7ora−5=−7 ,
awayf r
om 2 ,
whi chareal
l t
henumbe rsbetween1and3 .
s
oe i
thera=12ora=−2.Si
ncea<0,amustbe−2,
and
−2
| |=2. a+b c+2b
1
8.C >
2 2
3.8 CASE1
1 :I6− 3
f nispos
iti
ve,
then Mul
ti
plyby2: a+b> c+2
b
6− 3
| n|=6− 3
n,s
o 6< 6− 3n< 1
1 9 Subt
r tb:
ac a> c+b
Subt
rac
t6: 0<−3n< 13
1
Di
videby−3and“
swap:
” −1
0/3> n>−1
3/3 19.B eformalt r
anslati
on oft hiss t
ateme nti s
Butt
hisc
ont
radi
ctst
hef
actt
hatni
spos
iti
ve. x−1
| |>| x−3 |,
whi c
hwec ans olveal gebrai
call
ybyc on-
sideri
ngt hreecases:
( )x≤ 1
I ,(
II)1< x≤ 3 ,
and( I
II)x>
CASE2:
If6− 3ni
sne
gat
ive,
then
3,butitispr obabl
ye asie
rtojus tgr apht henumbe rline
6− 3
| n|= −(
6− 3
n),
so 6<−(
1 6− 3
n)< 1
9 andnot icethatthemi dpointbet wee n1and3 ,thatis,2,
Di
str
ibut
e: 6<−6+3
1 n< 1
9 isthepoi ntatwhicht hedistancet o1andt hedistanc e
Add6
: 2< 3n< 25
2 to3ar eequal . erefore,t
hepoi nt sthatarefarthe
rf r
om
1t hanf r
om 3ar es i
mpl ythepoi ntstot her i
ghtoft his
Di
videby3
: 7
.33< n< 8
.33
mi dpoint,orx> 2.
Andt
heonl
yint
ege
rint
hisr
ang
eisn=8.
.B
20 2≥9
4x
4.7
1 20−2
n>5 Takes
quar
eroot
: | ≥3
2x|
S
ubt
rac
t20: −2
n>−1
5 I
fx> 0
: x≥3
2
Di
videby−2and“
swap:
” n<7.5 Di
videby2
: x≥ 1
.5
2n fx< 0
I : 2x≤−3
>4
3
Di
videby2
: x≤−1
.5
Mul
ti
plyby3
: n> 1
2 2
Di
videby2
: n> 6
21.D Not i
cethatthemidpoi
ntofthesegmentshown
S
incenmus
tbeani
nteg
erbe
twee
n6and7
.5,n= 7
. i
s3 ,andt
hegra
phs howsallpoint
sthatareles
sthan3
unitsi
nei
the
rdirec
tion. eref
ore,
|x− 3|< 3.
15.4.75 edi
stancefr
om 3to−1 .
5is|3−(−1
.5)
|
=4.5. eref
oret
het
wonumbe r
stha
tare4.5awayfr
om 22.B (A)isunt
r fx= 0,(
uei C)isunt
r orx= −2,
uef
9.
25ar 25+4
e9. 5=1
. 3.7 25− 4
5and9. 5=4.
. 75. and(
D)isuntr
ueifx= 0
.5.But(B)i
struef
oranyr
eal
number
.
16.½ or.5 Iftheequat
ionist
ruef
oral
lval x,
uesof
l
et’
schoos
eac
onv
enientval
ueforx,
310 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Lesson11:L
inearSys
tems

Syst
emsofEquat
ions
2x− 3
y=1
5

6x−9y=27
As yst
em ofequati
onsisanys etofequati
ons
thatmustbet ruesimul
taneousl
y.Tos olv
ea Howmanyor
deredpai
rsol
uti
ons
,(x
,y)
,ar
e
syst
em,youmus t ndallset
sofvaluesforthe t
heref
ort
hesys
temabove?
unknownsthatmakealloft
heequa t
ionstr
ueat A) none
thesameti
me.
B) one
C) t
wo
D) mor
ethant
wo
Twohi ghsc hoolteache rstooktheirclasseson
a eldt r
iptoamus eum. Onec lassspent$ 154
foradmi s
sionfor2 0s t
ude ntsand3a dult
s ,
and
(Easy)Bothof t
he s
ee quationsarelinesinstandar dform
theotherclassspe nt$1 88foradmi ssi
onf or24
(Lesson5 )withs l
ope sof2 /3. i sme anst hattheyar e
studentsand4a dults.Whi chofthefol l
owing
eit
he rparall
ellinesorident icall
ines.Si
nc ethe rstli
ne
systemsofe quationsc ouldbes olvedto
hasay -inter
ceptof−5andt hes econdhasay -
intercept
determinet hepr i
ceofas i
nglestudent
of−3 ,theycannotbei dentical. e re
fore,theyar epar-
admi ss
ion,s,andt hepr iceofas i
nglea dult
all
ellines,andt hesy st
em hasnos ol
utions,sothec or-
admi ss
ion,a, i
ndol lars?
rectanswe risA.
A) a+s=5
1
44s+7
a=342
y=2x− 3
s+3a=154
B) 20
24s+4a=1
88 y= −2x+1
7
Ift
hes ol
uti
onstothetwoequati
onsabove
2
0 3
C) + =1
54 aregraphedinthexy-
plane,whati
sthe
s a
y-coordi
nateoft
hepointatwhic
hthegraphs
2
4 4 int
e r
sect
?
+ =1
88
s a
D) 20+24=s
3+4=a

Eas
( y)Sincet heequat
ionsofbothl
inesaregivenin
(Easy) ispr oblem c an bedes cribed with a2-by -2
s
lope-i
nterce
ptform,wec angr a
pht
het woli
ne sand
syst
em ofequat ions,thati s,twoe quati
onswi tht wo
ndtheirpoi
ntofint
ers
e ct
ion.
unknowns . et woe quationsc omef r
om twof act
s:one
clas
sspent$154fora dmi s
s i
onandt heotherc las
sspe nt y
$188foradmi s
s i
on. ec ostof20s tudentadmi ssi
ons y=2
x−3
and3a dulta
dmi ssionsis2 0s+3a, sothe r s
tequa t
ion
is20s+ 3a= 1 54.Similarly,t
hee quati
onfort heothe r
clas
sis24s+4a=1 88,sothec orr
ectanswe risB.
(
5,7)
Sol
ving Syst
emsbyGr
aphi
ng
x
O
I
fasystem ofequat
ionscanbegr aphed, t
henthe
y=−2x+17
s
olut
ions etistheinters
ectionoft hei
rgr aphs.
I
fthegr a
phsar eparall
ell i
nes,orot hernon-
eref
ore,thepoint(
5,7
)i st
heonl
ysol
uti
ont
othi
s
i
nter
sectinggraphs
,thenthes ys
tem hasnos olu- s
ys t
em, andsotheans
werisy=7.
t
ion.Ifthegraphsi
nt e
rsectmultipleti
me s,t
he n
t
hesys t
em hasmult i
plesoluti
ons . Wecanal
sosol
vethiss
yst
em eas
ilybysubsti
tut
ionor
l
ine
arcombi
nation,
aswewil
lseeinLes
s on12.
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 311

y− 4x=6 ax− by=1

0

6x=4
1 y+k 2ax+3by=1
4

Forwhatv ueofkdoest
al hesyst
em of
equa
tions I
fthesol
uti
onoft
hesys
temabov
eis(
3,−2
),
abovehav
ea tl
eas
tonesolut
ion? whati
stheval
ueofa−4
9 b?
A) −32 A) −12
B) −30 B) 6
C) −24 C) 12
D) −20 D) 24

(Medi um-hard) i sisa2- by -2s ystem ofl ineare qua- Me

( dium-
hard)If(
3,−2)i
sas
olut
ion,t
henbot
he qua-
ti
ons ,s oitss olut
ion ist he i ntersecti
on oft he two t
ionsmustbetruewhenx=3andy=−2. i sgiv
e sus
li
nes .Ifwec onvertthemt os lope-interceptform,weg e
t t
hee quat
ions
y=4x+6andy=4x−k /4
, whi chs howst ha tthesetwo 3a+2b=1
0
li
nesha vethes ames lope. i sme anst hatt heyar e
6a−6
b=1
4
eit
he rparall
e l
linesoridentical li
nes .Twol ineswi t
ht he
sames l
opec ani nt
ersectonl yifthe yar ethes amel i
ne, Notec aref
ullywha tthequestioni saski
ng .I snota
ti sk-
andf orthatreason−k /4=6andk=−24. e r
e f
ore,the i
ngf ortheindividualvaluesofaandb. Ins t
ead, i
tisask-
correctansweri sC. i
ngf orthev alueof9a− 4b. i smays e em har der,but
i
t’snot.Ifwejus ta
ddt hetwoc orrespondi ngside softhe
equations,weg et3a+2b
( )+(6a−6b )=1 0+1 4, which
si
mpl ie sto9a−4b=24. er ef
or e
,theans weri sD.
312 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Lesson12:Sol
vingSyst
emswi
thAl
gebr
a

Sol
ving Syst
emsbySubs
tit
uti
on
3x+y=3y+4

x+4
y=6
Ifonev ari
abl
eisisol
atedinoneoftheequati
ons
ofas ystem (
oriseasytoisol
ate
),y
ouc anoften I
f(x,
y)ist
hesol
uti
ont
othes
yst
em a
bov
e,wha
tis
solvethesyst
em byusi heLawof
ngt Subst
itut
ion t
hevalueofxy?
(Lesson3 )
.

y=2x− 3
(Me di
um) i ssy
ste
misanotqui
teast
idyasthepr
e -
y= −2x+1
7 viousone,butwecans
til
lsol
vei
tbyus
ingtheLaw of
Ift
hes ol
uti
onstothetwoequati
onsabove Subs t
it
uti
on.
aregraphedinthexy-
plane,whati
sthe
3x+y=3
y+4
y-coordi
nateoft
hepointatwhic
hthegraphs
int
e r
sect
? x+4
y=6
S
ubt
rac
t4yf
rom s
econde
qua
tiont
ois
ol ex:
at
x= −4
y+6

Subs
tit
ut orxi
ef nrs
tequa
tion:3
(−4
y+6
)+y=3
y+4
Di
str
ibut
eands
impl
if
yont
hel
efts
ide:
(Easy) i sisthesameque sti
onwes awinLesson11,and
−11y+1
8=3
y+4
althoughitisphr asedasagr aphingproblem,thepoint
of i
ntersect
ionisalsothesoluti
ont othesyst
em ofequa- Add1
1yands
ubt
ract
4onbot
hsi
des
: 4=1
1 4y
tions,sowec an ndt hi
ssoluti
onbyus i
ngt heLawof Di
videby1
4onbot
hsi
des
: 1=y
Subs ti
tuti
on( Lesson3 )
.Sncey=2x−3,
i wec ansubsti
-
ugy=1i
Pl ntot
heequa
ti o ndx: x= −4(
ont 1)+6=2
tutethisexpressi
onf oryinthesecondequa ti
on:
Eval
uaexy
t : xy=(
2)(
1)=2
2x− 3= −2x+1
7
Add2xt
obot
hsi
des
: 4x− 3=1
7
Add3t
obot
hsi
des
: 4x=20
Di
videby4onbot
hsi
des
: x=5
To ndt
heval y
ueof,j
ustpl
ugi
ntoe
ithe
requa
tion:
y=2(
5)− 3=7
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 313

TheL
aw ofCombi
nat
ion Keep I
tSi
mpl
e

Iftwoe quat ionsaret rue,theny oucanaddor Whe ngivenas y

s t
em ofequat
ionstosol
ve,note
subtractthec orr
espondi ngs idesoft heequa- caref
ullywhatt hequesti
onisaskingfor.Eve
n
ti
onst ogethert ogetanewequat ionthati
sals
o ifi
t’
saskingforsome t
hingcomplicat
edyoucan
true. i sl aw all
owsy ou to“ c
ombi ne”equa- oft
en ndi twit
has implecombinati
on.
ti
onsi norde rtoel
imi natevariablesortoac
quire
expressi
onst hatapr oblem asksy outo nd.

3x−y=2
0
2x+4
y=7
3x+6
y=1
8
I
f(x,
y)isas
olut
ionoft
hes
yst
em a
bov
e,wha
tis
3x+4
y=6
t
heval x−5
ueof y?
I
f(x,
y)isthes
olut
iont
othes
yst
em abov
e,what
i
stheval y
ueof?

(Medium) i slookst oug herthanthepreviousques

tion,
becauseit’
snotjustas kingforoneof t
hetwounknowns ,
Eas
( y
)Al thoughthiss yst
em c anbesolvedbys ubst
it
u-
butforac ombina ti
onoft hetwo:x− 5 y
.Sot hatmeans
t
ion(
tryitasanex e
r c
i s
e),theset
upoft hes
ee quati
ons
weha vetosolveforbot hxandy ,r
ight
?Wr ong. e r
eisa
s
uggeststhatwes houl duset heLaw ofCombi nati
on.
muc hsimplerme thod. Notethatjusts
ubtracti
ngthetwo
I
fwej ustsubtr
actt hec orres
pondingsidesoft hetwo
equati
onsg etsuswhatwewant .
e
quati
ons ,wecane l
imi natexands ol
vefory.
3x−y=20
S
ubt
ractc
orr
espondi
ngs
ide
soft
hee
quat
ions
:
−(
2x+4
y=7
)
3x+6
y=1
8
x−5
y=1
3
−(
3x+4
y=6
)
Andwe
’redone
!
2y=1
2
Di
videby2onbot
hsi
des
: y=6

y=2x− 3
y= −2x+1
7
Ift
hes ol
uti
onstothetwoequati
onsabove
aregraphedinthexy-
plane,whati
sthe
y-coordi
nateoft
hepointatwhic
hthegraphs
int
e r
sect
?

(Easy)It’
sba ck!Wesolvedthi
sproblem bygraphing
inLes son1 1,andbyt heLaw ofSubsti
tuti
on i
nt he
previouss ect
ion.Now wewi l
lsol
vei twit
ht hesim-
plestme t
hodofal l
,gi
venhowtheproblemissetup:by
combi nation.
Addthecor
res
pondi
ngsi
desof
theequat
i : 2y=1
ons 4
Divi
deby2onboths
ide
s: y=7
Andt
hat
’si
t!
314 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

Exer
ciseSet5 (
No Cal
cul
ator
)
1 7
I
f3x+2
y=7
2,andy=3x
,wha
tist
hev
alueofx? I
fab=−4andabc=12,
whati
sthev
alueof c ?
ab

2 8
If2a− 7b=1 a+7
0and2 b=2,
wha
tist
hev
alueof I
faandbar
econs
tant
sandt
hegr
aphsof
thel
ines
4a2− 49b2?
2x−3y=8a ndax+by=2ar
epe
rpe
ndi
cul
ar,
then
whati
stheval 3a
ueof ?
b

3
Ift
helinesy=−4x− 3andy=−3x− bi nt
ers
ect
9
atthepoint
(−1
,c)
,whati
sthev
alueofb?
5x− y=1
1
2x− 2y=9
Bas
edonthes
yst
em ofe
qua
tionsabov
e,wha
tist
he
val 3x+y?
ueof
4 A) −2
Ift
helines4x+5y=13and4y+kx=2ar
e B) 0
paral
lel
,whati
sthev
al k?
ueof
C) 2
D) 4

10

5 Twonumbershaveadierenceof
4andas
um of
−7.
Wha ti
sthei
rproduc
t?
Ift
helines4x+5y=1 3and6y− kx=6ar
e
perpe
ndi c
ular
,what
istheval
ueofk? A) −33
B) −1
0.2
5
C) 8.
25
D) 1
0.2
5

11
6
ItcossEmmapdol
t l
arstomakeeachofhe rcus t
om
2a 1
= bracel
ets,
whi c
hs hes el
l orm dol
sf l
arsapiece.She
b 3 make sapro tof$60i fs
hemak esandsells5of
c 5 thesebracel
ets,
buts heonlymakesapro tof$ 10if
+1=
b 3 shemake s5bracelet
sbut onl
ysell
s4ofthem. How
muc hdoesitcostEmmat omakeea c
hbr acelet?
Basedonthesys
tem of
equat
ionsa
bov
e,wha
tis
t ueofa?
heval A) $36
c B) $38
C) $48
D) $5
0
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 315

Exer
ciseSet5(
Cal
cul
ator
)
1
2 1
7
I
f2y=x+1and4x+6
y=0,
theny= eaverage(arit
hmeti
cme an)ofxandyis14.I
fthe
v
alueof xisdoubledandt
hev alueofyi
stri
ple
d,
t
heav er
ag e(ari
thmeti
cmean)of t
hetwonumber s
r
emai nsthes ame.Whati
sthevalueofx?

1
3
4 6
I
f6x+7y= and6x−7y= ,t
henx= 1
8
5 5
m +1
7 0n=7
m +9
6 n=1
Bas
edonthes
yst
em of
equat
ionsa
bov
e,whati
sthe
val m +4
ueof4 n?
1
4
2x− 5
y=20
0x− 25
1 y=4
k
1
9
Forwhatvalueofkdoesthesyst
em ofe
qua
tions
abovehaveatle
astonesolut
ion? Inthexy -
plane,pe
rpendicularl
inesaandb
inter
sectatthepoi
nt(2,2
).Iflneac
i ont
ainst
he
point(7,
1),whichoft
hefollowingpoint
sison
lineb?
A) (
0,1
)
B) (
4,5
)
1
5 C) (
7,3
)
Atthebeginningof theweek,therat
ioofcatst
o D) (
3,7
)
dogsatGlenna’sPetStor
ewas4t o5 .
Bytheendof
theweek,thenumbe rofcat
shaddoubled,whi l
e 2
0
thenumbe rofdog shadincreasedby12.
Iftherati
o Whic
hofthef
oll
owi
ngpai
rsof
equat
ionshasno
ofcat
stodog sattheendof t
hewee kwas1to1 ,how s
olut
ioni
ncommon?
manyca t
sdidt hestorehaveatthebegi
nningofthe
week? A) 2x−3
y=1and 6x−9y=3
B) y=4xand y=−4x
C) 2x−3
y=1and 6x−9y=2
D) y=4xand 2y−8x=0

2
1
1
6
I
nthexy-plane,thel
inelisper
pendi
cul
art
othe
Jennyor i
ginal
lyhadtwiceasmanyf riendship
1 1 1
bracele
tsasEmi l
ie.
AfterJ
ennyga veEmi li
e5of he
r l
inedescr
ibedbyt heequaton + = .
i Whati
s
x 2y y
fri
endshipbr a
cel
ets,J
ennystil
lhad1 0mor ethan
t
heslopeoflinel?
Emi l
ie.Howmanyf r
iendshi
pbr a
c el
etsdidJenny
haveor i
ginall
y? A) −2
1
B) −
2
1
C)
2
D) 2
316 McGr
aw-
Hil
lEduc
ati
on:SAT

EXERCI
SESET5ANSW ERKEY

No Cal
cul
ator ..
7 75or¾ abc=1
2
S
ubs
tit
uteab= −4
: −4
( c=1
) 2
.8
1 3x+2
y=72
Di
videby−4: c=−3
Subst
it
utey=3x: 3x+2(
3x)=72 c
Ex
pre
ssi
ont
oeval
uat
e:
Simpli
fy: 9x=72 ab
Divi
deby9 : x=8
S
ubs
tit
utec=−3a
ndab=−4
: c −3 3
= =
.20
2 4a2− 4
9b2 ab −4 4
Fa
ctor
: 2a−7
( b)2a+7
( b) 8.4. 5 or9/2 es
lopeof2x− 3y= 8i
s2/3,and
S
ubs
tit
ute
: (
10)
(2)=20 thes opeofax+ by= 2i
l s−a/ b.I
fthet
wol i
nesare
perpendicular
, t
henthesl
opesare
2 b
.2
3 y=−4x− 3 oppositere
ciprocal
s: =
3 a
S
ubs
tit
utex=−1
,y=c
: c=−4
(−1
)−3 a 3
Reciprocat
e: =
S
impl
if
y: c=1 b 2
Ot
herequa
tion: y=−3x−b Multiplyby3: 3a 9
=
S
ubs
tit
utex=−1
,y=1
: 1=−3(
−1)−b b 2
Si
mpl
if
y: 1=3−b .C
9 5x− y=1
1
Subt
rac
t3: −2=−b 2x−2
y=9
Di
videby−1
: 2=b S
ubt
rac
tequa
tions
: 3x+y=2

4.3.2 or 16/5 Paral

lell
ine
smus thaveequal 1
0.C a− b=4
s
lopes
. esl
opeof4x+5y=1 s−4
3i /
5,andthesl
opeof a+b=−7
y+kx=2i
4 s−k/4
.
Adde
qua
tions
: 2a=−3
−4 −k Di
videby2
: a=−1
.5
=
5 4
Cr
oss
-mul
ti
ply: −5k=−1
6 S
ubs
tit
utea=−1
.5: −1
.5+b=−7

Di
videby−5: k=1
6/5=3.
2 Add1
.5: b=−7+1
.5=−5.
5
Ev
aluat
epr
oduc
t: ab=(
−1.
5)−5
( .
5)=8
.25
5.7.5 or15/2 Pe rpendi
cul
arli
nehav
eslopest
hat
areopposi
tereci
proc
als. es opeof4x+ 5
l y= 1 3is 11.B Letc= t
hec
ostt
omakee
achoneofEmma ’
s
−4/5,andthesl
opeof6y−kx=6i sk/
6. br
acel
ets
. 5m − 5c=60
4m −5c=1
0
−4 −6
= S
ubt
rac
t: m =50
5 k
Cr
oss
-mul
ti
ply: −4k=−30 S
ubs
tit
utem =5
0 5
(5)−5
0 c=60
Di
videby−4: k=7
.5 S
impl
if
y: 250−5
c=60
S
ubt
rac
t250: −5c=−1
90
..
6 25 or¼ Fi
rste
qua
tion: 2a 1 Di
videby−5
: c=38
=
b 3
a 1
Di
videby2
: =
b 6 Cal
cul
ator
c 5
Sec
ondequa
tion: +1=
b 3 12.2/7 or.
286or.
285 2y=x+1
c 2 Subt
rac
t1: 2y−1=x
S
ubt
rac
t1: =
b 3 Gi
ven: 4x+6
y=0
b 3 Subs
tit
utex=2
y−1
: 4
(2y−1
)+6
y=0
Rec
ipr
ocat
e: =
c 2
Di
str
ibut
e: 8y−4+6
y=0
a a a 1 3 3 1
Mul
ti
ply
: = = = =
b⎝⎠
⎝⎠b c ⎝⎠
6 ⎝⎠
2 12 4
CHAPTER7 / THESATMATH TEST:THE 
HEARTOFAL
GEBRA 317

S
impl
if
y: 1
4y− 4=0 x+y
1
7.56 =1
4
Add4: 1
4y=4 2
Di
videby1
4: y=4
/1=2
4 /
7 Mul
ti
plyby2: x+y=28
I
fxi
sdoubl
edandyi
str
ipl
ed,
thea
ver
age
4
3.1/6or.
1 166 or.
167 6x+7y= r
emai
nst
hes
ame
: 2x+3y
5 =14
2
6 Mul
ti
plyby2: 2x+3y=28
6x−7y=
5 Pr
evi
ouse
qua
tion: x+y=28
Addequa
tions
: 2x=2
1 Mul
ti
plyby3
: 3x+3
y=84
Di
videby12
: x=2
/12=1
/6 Ot
herequa
tion: 2x+3
y=28
S
ubt
rac
tequa
tions
: x=5
6
14.25 es opeof2x− 5
l y= 20is2/
5. es l
opeof
10x− 25y= 4kis10/25= 2
/5.S
incethetwoli
neshave 8.24
1 m +1
7 0n=7
thesames lope,theyhaveno pointsofint
ers
ect
ion 6m +9
n=1
unles
stheyarethesameli
ne. 2x− 5
y=20 S
ubt
ractequa
tions
: m +n=6
1
0x− 25
y=4k Mul
ti
plyby4
: 4m +4
n=24
Mul
ti
plyr
ste
quat
ionby5: 0x−25
1 y=1
00
er
efor
e,k=1
4 ok=25
00ands . 19.D Li neac ontainsthepoints(2,
2)and(7,1
);t
here-
2−1 1
f
ore,i
thasas l
opeof =− . I
flnebi
i sperpendi
cular
15.16 I ftheoriginalrat
io ofcat
sto dogsis4t o 2−7 5
5,then wecan s
ayt he
rewe re4n cat
sand 5n dogs t
ol nea,t
i heni tmus thaveas lopeof5( t
heopposite
t
os t
art
.Att he end oft he week,ther
efor
e,there r
eciprocalof−1 /5).Youmi ght ndi thel
pfultosket
c h
were8nc at
sand5 n+ 1 2dogs.Ift
hisrat
iowas1:1, t
helinewi t
hslope5t hrought hepoint(
2,2
),andcon rm
t
hen 8n=5 n+1 2 t
hatispas s
esthr ought hepoint(3,7)
,whichisoneunit
t
other i
ghtandone5uni tsup.
S
ubt
rat5n:
c n=1
3 2
Di
videby3
: n=4
eref
ore,
ther
ewe
re4n=4(
4)=1
6ca
tsa
tthebegi
nni
ng 20.C I norderf
ortwolinesinthexy-
planetohaveno
of
t heweek. pointsincommon,t heymus tbeparal
lelandnonide
n-
ti
cal. eonl ytwosuc hli
nesamongt he s
echoic
esare
2x− 3 y=1and6x− 9y=2, whi chbot
hhav easl
opeof
16.40 Le tx= t henumberoff ri
endship bracel
ets 2/3,buthavedierenty-i
nter
c sof−1
ept /3and− 2/9.
Emili
eha dtost
art
. i smeanst
hatJennyorigi
na l
lyhad
2xbracel
ets
.Aft
erJennygav
e5oft hem t
oEmi lie
,J e
nny 1 1 1
had2x−5andEmi l
iehadx+5.IfJ
ennysti
llhad1 0mor e 2
1.A + =
x 2y y
thanEmili
e,t
hen 2x− 5=10+( x+5 )
Mul
ti
plyby2x
y: 2y+x=2x
Simpli
fy: 2x− 5=x+15
S
ubt
r tx:
ac 2y=x
S
ubt
ratxanda
c dd5: x=2
0
Di
videby2
: 1
i
sme
anst
hat
Jennyhad2x=2
( )=40t
20 ost
art
. y= x
2
i
sli
nehasas l
opeof1
/2,s
otheper
pendi
cul
armus
t
ha
veaslopeof−2.