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Viruddha ahara-Incompatible foods in Ayurveda
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Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci., Vol.2, No.7 (2013) Pages 203 - 211
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Review Article
VIRUDDHA AHARA - INCOMPATIBLE FOODS IN AYURVEDA
Ashvin Bagde1*, Ranjeet Sawant2, Milind Nikumbh3, Anil Kale4
1. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta, Govt. Ayurved College, Osmanabad, Maharastra, India.
2. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Govt. Ayurved College, Nanded, Maharastra,
India.
3. Professor, Dept. of Rachana Sharira, Govt. Ayurved College, Osmanabad, Maharastra, India.
4. Professor, Dept. of Baalroga, Govt. Ayurved College, Osmanabad, Maharastra, India.
Received: 02-06-2013; Revised: 10-07-2013; Accepted: 15-07-2013

………………………………………………………………………….………….……….……………………..
Abstract
In Ayurvedic classics, Ahara (food) is mentioned as one among the three Upasthambas (Sub-pillars of body)
which supports the three main Sthambas (Pillars) of the body. Ahara is considered to be vital for a human
body as it provides the basic nutrients, which are very essential to carry out the basic activities of digestion
and metabolism. Ayurveda emphasizes on consuming healthy and nutritious diet. The difference of proper
health and disease is based on the difference between wholesome and unwholesome food (ahara).
Unwholesome ahara (Viruddha Ahara) is a unique and important concept described in Ayurveda. The diet,
which disturbs the balance among the body elements, is called as Viruddha Ahara. Many times a physically
balanced diet can also disturb the homeostasis. Food taken in proper method nourishes the person physically
and mentally both and it is the food through which person attains positive health and growth of body. Food
taken in improper (Unbalanced) methods can cause various types of diseases. Therefore Ayurveda have given
keen attention on concept of wholesome ahara and unwholesome ahara. Correspondingly intake of
incompatibility food is much increases in present era. This paper details about variety of incompatible food
consumed in today’s day to day life style also enlists the hazardous effects on health.
Key words: Viruddha Ahara; Incompatible diet; Food interactions; Unbalancing diet.
………………………………………………………………………………….….……………………………...
*Address for correspondence:

Dr. Ashvin B. Bagde,
Assistant professor, Dept. of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta,
Government Ayurved College, Osmanabad, Maharashtra, India – 431 601.
E-mail: drabbagde@yahoo.co.in
Cite This Article
Ashvin Bagde, Ranjeet Sawant, Milind Nikumbh, Anil Kale. Viruddha ahara - Incompatible
foods in Ayurveda. Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci. 2013;2(7):203-211.
Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 203

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INTRODUCTION the body. So these food articles become

unwholesome. According to Acharya Sushruta
Ayurveda, an ancient medical science of Viruddha Aahara not only provokes the
healing, focuses more on the healthy living doshas but that also aggravate the Dhatus.[5]
and well being of the person. Ayurveda offers
a logical and scientific approach for Etymology
determining correct Ahara (food) based upon
an individual’s constitution. According to The word Viruddha is originated from the root
Ayurveda, there are positive and negative “Rudhir Avarni” by applying the Prefix “VI”.
attributes of Ahara. Since, Ayurveda deals This leads to two factors i.e. on combining
with a holistic approach to cure; it covers the two, three things; the stronger one shades or
Ahara factor in depth. Ayurveda clearly overpowers the weaker ingredients. This has
mentioned regarding the wholesome diet and been accepted principally in Ayurveda also. It
the benefits of such food. For healthy living, has been stated that in a combination of so
Ayurveda emphasizes on consuming right many opposite qualities the majority of the
kind of diet which is healthy and nutritious. power packed qualities overpower the weaker
qualities.[6]
Ahara is very much essential for the
sustainment of life of all living beings.[1] It is Types of Viruddha Ahara
stated to be responsible for both Arogya
(health) and Vyadhi (disease). Hita Ahara Ayurvedic literature has described various
(wholesome food) if consumed according to types of Viruddha Ahara, which can be
rules, they provide fuel to the fire of digestion; summarized as follows
they promote mental as well as physical
strength and complexion.[2] 1. Desha Viruddha - Consumption of those
substances which are against place or land
The difference of proper health (Happiness) region [7] - For example –
and unhealth (Unhappiness) is based on the a. To have Ruksha (Dry) and Tikshna
difference between wholesome ahara and (Acute) substances in arid region (Maru
unwholesome ahara. Unwholesome ahara desha)
(Viruddha Ahara) is a unique and important b. Snigdha (Unctuous) and Sheet (Cold)
concept described in Ayurveda. The diet, substances in Marshy land or Anoopa
which disturbs the balance among the body desha.
elements, is called as Viruddha Ahara. [2] The
second meaning of Viruddha indicates about 2. Kala Viruddha - Consumption of those
the combination of two substances which are substances which are against time or
not similar to each other.[3] season [8] – For example –
a. Intake of Katu (Pungent) and Ushna
Definition of Viruddha Ahara (hot) substances in Ushna kala
(Grishma, Sharada Ritus)
According to Acharya Charaka all kinds of b. Sheeta (cold) and Ruksha (dry)
foods which aggravate (Increase) the doshas substances in Sheeta Kala (Hemanta,
but do not expel them out of the body and all Shishira & Vasanta Ritus).
of them become unsuitable or unhealthy for c. Sushruta mentioned that food
body is called as Viruddha. [4] The food substances having opposite Rasa and
articles by which the doshas are going to be Guna are beneficial in that respective
provoked and spread or diffused from their season. Therefore similar qualities of
place but these doshas are not eliminated from food substances are harmful to

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respective season and it may be cause c. Meat of parrot placed inside a faggot
for disease after a long period. of eranda (Ricinis communis) and then
cooked.
3. Agni Viruddha - Consumption of those d. Meat of sparrow and peacock roasted
substances which are against digestive on castor spit.
power [9] – For example –
a. Intake of Guru food (foods which are 8. Veerya Viruddha - Consumption of
heavy to digest) when there is those substances which are against
Mandagni (low digestion power) and Potency Substances having Ushna (hot)
b. Intake of Laghu (light) food when the potency in combination with those of
power of digestion is Tikshnagni Sheet (cold) potency substances. [14] For
(sharp) and intake of food at variance example –
with irregular and normal power of a. Fish + Milk
digestion.
9. Koshtha Viruddha – Consumption of
4. Matra Viruddha –Consumption of those substances which are against
those substances which are against nature of bowels. [15] For example –
quantity [10] – For example – a. Administration of less quantity with
a. Intake of Madhu (Honey) and Ghrita mild potency purgative drug to a
(Ghee) in equal quantity person of Krura koshta (Constipated
b. Intake of Madhu (Honey) and Rain bowel).
water in equal quantity b. Administration of more quantity heavy
c. Honey + Cow's ghee - mixed in equal purgative drug to a person having soft
quantity. bowel.
5. Satmya Viruddha - Consumption of 10. Avastha Viruddha - Consumption of

those substances which are those substances which are against States
unwholesome [11] – For example or condition. [16] For example –
a. Intake of Madhur (sweet) and Sheet a. Intake of Vata aggravating food by a
(Cold) substance by person person after exertion, sexual act or
accustomed to Katu (Pungent) and physical exertion.
Ushna (hot) substance. b. Intake of Kapha aggravating food by a
person after sleep or drowsiness.
6. Dosha Viruddha For example –
a. Utilization of drugs, diets and regimen 11. Kram Viruddha - Consumption of
having similar qualities with Dosha, those substances which are against
but at variance with the habit of the sequence. [17] For example –
individual. [12] a. Consuming curd at night.
b. Hot water after taking honey
7. Sanskar Viruddha - Consumption of c. Intake of food without clearance of his
those substances which are against mode bowel and urination
of preparation. Drugs and diets which, d. Intake of food when he doesn’t have
when prepared in a particular way appetite
produced poisonous effects. [13] For e. Not consuming food when he is
example – hungry
a. Heated Madhu (Honey)
b. Meat of peacock roasted on a castor 12. Parihar Viruddha - Consumption of
spit those substances which are against

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things which relieve the symptoms. [18] advocating this matter gives one more verse
For example – specially regarding to Ahara and its
a. Intake of hot potency food after taking causativeness for diseases. Body is the result
meat of boar etc. of nourishment by food ingested in the four-
b. Consuming cold water immediately fold manner i.e. eaten, drunk, licked up and
after having hot tea or Coffee. masticated and similarly the diseases that
afflict this body are equally the result of food
13. Upachar Viruddha - Consumption of that is also eaten, drunks, licked up and
those substances which are against masticated. It is the distinction between the
treatment. [19] For example – use of wholesome diet and that of
a. Intake of cold things after taking ghee. unwholesome diet that is responsible for the
b. Intake of hot water after taking Madhu distinction between health and disease in the
(Honey) body. [25]
14. Paaka Viruddha - Consumption of Agnimandya is source of several diseases.

those substances which are against Viruddha ahara causes the vitiation of Agni
cooking. Preparation of food with bad or by Abhojana, Ajirnatibhojana, Vishamashana,
rotten fuel and under cooking, over Asatmya, Ati Ruksha and Sheeta, Sansrusta
cooking or burning during the process of Bhojana. Thus the Agni mostly gets vitiated
preparation. [20] by Viruddhahara. This vitiated Jatharagni
does not digest even the lightest of food
15. Sanyoga Viruddha - Consumption of substances, resulting in indigestion (Ajirna).
those substances which are against This undigested food material turns sour and
combination. Or intake of two such acts like a poison, which is called Ama visha
substances which on combination have in Ayurvedic terminology. Following are the
poisonous effects.[21] For example diseases mentioned in Ayurved texts as a
a. Intake of sour substances with milk result of Viruddha Ahara [26], [27]
b. Fruit Salad / Milk + Banana  Klaibya (Impotency)
 Blindness
16. Hriday Viruddha – Consumption of  Visarpa (Erysipelas)
those substances which are not liked by  Jalodara (Ascitis)
the person. In short intake of unpleasant  Unmada (Insanity)
food. [22]  Bhagandara (Fistula in ano)
 Murcha (Coma/fainting)
17. Sampad Viruddha – Consumption of  Aadhmana (Abdominal distention)
those substances which are not having  Galgraha (Obstruction in throat)
their proper qualities. [23] For example –  Pandu roga (Anemia)
a. Intake of substance those are not  Ama (Endogenous toxin)
mature, over matured or putrefied.  Kilasa (Leucoderma)
 Kushtha (Various skin disorders)
18. Vidhi Viruddha – This type includes  Grahani (Sprue)
the diet which is not according with the  Shotha (Swelling or oedema)
rules of eating. [24] For example –  Amlapitta (Acidity)
a. Eating food in public place or open  Jwara (Fever)
place.  Pinas (Allergic Rhinitis)
 Santana Dosha (Infertility problem)
Viruddha Ahara (unwholesome diet)  Mrutyu (Death)
produces various types of diseases. Charakaa

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Food combinations must be avoided / black gram (Phaselolus radiatus Linn),

honey, radish, milk, germinated grains
Many food combinations are given in the and jaggery. Because it leads to
texts as incompatible with proper explanation Deafness and Blindness. Trembling, loss
[28][29]
for e.g. of intelligence, loss of voice and nasal
voice and even cause death.
 Fish (Specially Chilmil fish) should not  One should not consume Pushkara mula
take along with milk because both (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) or rohini
substances are Madhura (sweet) in taste shak or meat of kapota (pigeon) fried in
and sweet after digestion. This sarshapa taila along with milk and
combination is Abhishyandi (produce honey. Because this obstructs channels
more moisture in the tissue and causes of circulation and causes dilation of
obstruction of various channels). Second blood vessels, Apasmara (Epilepsy)
reason is that both have opposite Shankhak (Temporal headache),
(incompatible) in potency. Fish being hot Galaganda (Scrofula), Rohini
in potency and milk is of cold potency. (Diphtheria) or even death.
This opposite potencies causes great  After eating Muli (radish), Lasuna
vitiations of three doshas i.e.Vata, Pitta (garlic), Tulsi (basil) one should not be
and Kapha doshas. consumed milk because of the risk of
 Dadhi (Curd) should not be consumed in skin disorders (Leprosy).
the night. Because curd is acidic in  All Sour substances are incompatible
nature. It aggravates Pitta and Kapha with milk.
doshas which later on produces a lot of  Ghee (Clarified butter) kept for more
heat in the stomach. A curd is heavy, than ten consecutive days in a bronze
slow to digest and produces constipation. vessel should be avoided as
It can be best digested at lunch time unwholesome.
when the digestive abilities are the  Avoid eating melons and grains together.
strongest. Melons digest quickly whereas grains
 Warm honey should not be consumed by take more time. This combination will
the person suffering from heat upset the stomach. Melons should be
exhaustion or sun stroke. Because after eaten alone or left alone.
heated honey becomes poison and this  Milk and melons both should not be
can cause death. consumed at a same time. Because both
 Avoid consuming cold water are Sheet (cold) in nature, but milk is
immediately during or after a meal hot Sarak (laxative) and melon is Mutral
tea or coffee. Because it diminishes the (diuretic). Milk takes longer time to
Agni and causes various digestive digest. Moreover the action of
problems. hydrochloric acid in the stomach causes
 Avoid eating bananas with milk. the milk to curdle. For this reason
Because it can diminish Agni, change Ayurveda advises against taking milk
the intestinal flora producing excess with sour fruits.
toxins in the body. The combination may  Avoid eating melons and grains together.
also cause cold, cough and even produce Melons digest quickly whereas grains
allergies. take more time. This combination will
 After consuming green leafy vegetables, upset the stomach. Melons should be
drinking of milk should be avoided. eaten alone or left alone.
 Avoid consuming meat of animals of  Sweet and sour fruits should never be
marshy and domestic region with Masha combined as in a fruit chat. Individual

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fruits should be eaten as such and as a There are certain incompatible food
different meal. combinations mentioned in Ayurveda text
 Avoid eating raw and cooked foods summarized in Table 1.[30]
together. One can have the salad first and
then proceed for dinner after a short gap. Treatment of diseases aggravated by
 Likewise honey and ghee in equal Viruddha Ahara
quantity, hot water after taking honey are
antagonistic. Acharya Charaka mentioned that diseases
 Combination of fruit salad with milk and caused by intake of Viruddha Aahar [31][32]
banana should be avoided. (incompatible foods and drugs) can be cured
 Upodika should not be cooked with paste by following therapies-
of Til (Sesamum). Because it causes  Vaman Karma (Medicated Emesis)
diarrhea.  Virechana (Purgation)
 Meat of haridraka (kind of yellow bird)  Administration of antidotes
pierced with wood of haridra (Berberis (Administration of substances which
aristata) and cooked with the flame of are of converse qualities)
haridra takes away life quickly. The  Taking prophylactic measures
same smeared with ash and sand (as a
method of cooking) and consumed along Exceptional cases for consuming Viruddha
with honey (also kills the person Ahara
quickly)
 Pippali (Piper longum) processed with Food though incompatible do not produce
fish fat is fried should be rejected. disease If an individual is habituated to the
 Meat of balaka bird along with varuni intake of unwholesome drugs or diet or if they
(supernatant fluid of wine) takes away are taken in small quantity or taken by a
life. person having strong digestive power or by a
 Similarly also the meat of Tittir (black young person (adult) or by the one who has
partridge) Patradhya (peacock) Godah undergone Oletion therapy or who is strong
(iguana lizard) Lava (common quail) physique due to regular physical exercise. The
Kapinjala (gray pigeon) cooked over by unwholesomeness of various diets does not
the fire of wood of Eranda (Ricinus have any effect. [33]
communis) plant and processed with
fried in its oil castor oil.
Table 1: Incompatible food combinations as per Ayurveda texts
Sr. No Food Incompatible With

1 Milk Bananas, Fish, Meat, Melons, Curd, Sour Fruits and Bread containing yeast
2 Melons Grains, Starch, Fried foods, Cheese
3 Starches Eggs, Milk, Bananas and Dates
4 Honey Ghee (in equal proportions) Heating or cooking with
5 Radish Milk, Bananas and Raisins
6 Lemon Yogurt, Milk, Cucumbers and Tomatoes
7 Eggs Milk, Meat, Yogurt, Melons, Cheese, Fish and Bananas
8 Mangos Yogurt, Cheese, Cucumbers
9 Corn Dates, Raisins and Bananas
Nightshades,
10 Yogurt, Milk, Melon and Cucumber
(Potato, Tomato and Chilies)

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DISCUSSION High-temperature cooking must also be called

as Sanskara Viruddha. An advanced glycation
Viruddha Ahara is the origin of most of the end-product (AGE) may be formed external to
ailments. Regular consumption of the body (exogenously) by heating (e.g.,
incompatible food can lead to inflammation at cooking). Under certain pathologic conditions
a molecular level; ending in creation of (e.g., oxidative stress due to hyperglycemia in
arachidonic acid which will finally results in patients with diabetes and hyperlipidemia,
to increased level of prostaglandin-2 and AGE formation can be increased beyond
thromboxane. This inflammatory consequence normal levels. AGEs are now known to play a
lies behind basic pathologies that create Agni role as pro-inflammatory mediators in
Mandya, Ama, and a number of metabolic gestational diabetes as well. The formation
disorders. [34] and accumulation of advanced glycation end
products (AGEs) has been implicated in the
Theory of autoimmune mechanism and free progression of age-related diseases. AGEs
radical are playing role in etiopathology of the have been implicated in Alzheimer's
diseases caused by Viruddha Ahara. Ama disease, cardiovascular disease, and
which is accrued at the level of intestine may stroke. The mechanism by which AGEs
lead to the gastroenteritis; a part of Ama induce damage is through a process
penetrates intestinal mucosa, circulates all called cross-linking that causes intracellular
over the body and performs the role of damage and apoptosis. They form photo-
Antigen, consequently vitiating the humors to sensitizers in the crystalline lens, which has
cause different disorders. Ama can also be implications for cataract
compared to unstable reactive free radicals, development. Reduced muscle function is also
which are the main cause of many diseases associated with AGEs. [36]
and degenerative changes in the body and it
may be produced due to Viruddha Ahara. Ama Fast food is high in energy density and low in
and free radicals can be co-related as follows. essential micronutrient density, especially zinc
(Zn), of which antioxidant processes are
A current study shows that a toxin called 4- dependent. It has been tested that frequent fast
hydroxy-trans-2- nonenal (HNE) forms when food consumption could induce oxidative
such oils as corn, soyabean, and sunflower oils damage associated with inflammation in
are reheated. There seems to be a influence of weanling male rats in relevance to Zn
4-HNE on the health of cells. deprivation, which could adversely affect
testis function. Zn and iron (in plasma and
In higher concentrations (around 10-20 testicular tissue), plasma antioxidant vitamins
micromolar) have been shown to trigger well- (A, E, and C), as well as testicular Super-
known toxic pathways such as the induction Oxide Dismutase (SOD) and reduced
of caspase enzymes, the laddering of genomic Glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation indexes
DNA, the release of cytochrome c from [Thio-Barbituric Acid Reactive Substances
mitochondria, with the eventual outcome of (TBARS) and Lipoprotein Oxidation
cell death (through Susceptibility (LOS)], inflammatory markers
both apoptosis and necrosis, depending on (plasma C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and
concentration). HNE has been linked in the testicular Tumor Necrosis Factor - Alpha
pathology of several diseases such as (TNF-α)) were determined in one of the
Alzheimer's disease, cataract, atherosclerosis, studies. Serum testosterone and histological
and cancer.[35] examination of the testes were performed also.
A severe decrease in antioxidant vitamins and
Zn, with concomitant iron accumulation was

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found. Zinc deficiency correlated positively 2. Charaka. Charaka Samhita (Charak Chandrika
with SOD, GSH, antioxidant vitamins, and Hindi commentary). Brahmanand Tripathi,
Ganga Sahay Pandey, editors. 1st ed. Varanasi:
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inflammation in testicular tissue leading to Hindi commentary). Brahmanand Tripathi,
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CONCLUSION 5. Sushruta. Sushrut Samhita (Nibandhasangraha
Sanskrit commentary) Trikamji Y. editor, 5th
edition, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia
Ayurveda provides a complete and systemic publications; 1992 Sutrasthana. Sutrasthana
understanding about the effect of food on our 20/20 pg. 85.
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Publications Pvt. Ltd; 2011. P.983.
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manner leads to various diseases. Thus Ahara Hindi commentary). Brahmanand Tripathi,
play a significant role in causation and curing Ganga Sahay Pandey, editors. 1st ed. Varanasi:
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disease prevention, weight control and proper Sthana, 26/88. p.497.
sleep. A balanced diet is also important Hindi commentary). Brahmanand Tripathi,
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Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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Viruddha ahara-Incompatible foods in Ayurveda

Article · January 2013

Ashvin Bhaurao Bagde Ranjeet Sawant

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VIRUDDHA AHARA - INCOMPATIBLE FOODS IN AYURVEDA

Ashvin Bagde1*, Ranjeet Sawant2, Milind Nikumbh3, Anil Kale4

Received: 02-06-2013; Revised: 10-07-2013; Accepted: 15-07-2013

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Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 203

INTRODUCTION the body. So these food articles become

Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 204

5. Satmya Viruddha - Consumption of 10. Avastha Viruddha - Consumption of

Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 205

14. Paaka Viruddha - Consumption of Agnimandya is source of several diseases.

Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 206

Food combinations must be avoided / black gram (Phaselolus radiatus Linn),

Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 207

Table 1: Incompatible food combinations as per Ayurveda texts

Sr. No Food Incompatible With

Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 208

DISCUSSION High-temperature cooking must also be called

Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 209

Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None Declared

Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 211

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