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Review Article

A review article on Ahara Vidhi Vidhana (Rules for consuming

food) in consonance with Charaka Samhita
Raveendran Nair Kumari Lekha Jinu Sankar, Lalchand Harjpal, Rupendra Chandrakar, Shrikant Naik
Department of Samhita Siddhant Evum Sanskrit, Shri Narayan Prasad Awasthi Government Ayurvedic College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Abstract
Introduction: It is not just the quantity or quality of food that determines the maintenance of health but also the way of consuming
food. The digestion, absorption, and assimilation of food are complex procedures where physical, physiological, social, and
emotional factors play a critical role. For achieving complete benefits of food, one should also follow certain rules as told in
Ayurveda regarding what, when, where, and how the food should be consumed. Objectives: To evaluate and prepare data regarding
various dietary and dining rules (Ahara Vidhi Vidhana) recorded in Ayurveda texts, along with their design and utility under the
purview of Charaka Samhita. Materials and Methods: For this Ayurveda books such as Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita,
Ashtanga Sangraha, Ashtanga Hridaya, Sharangadhara Samhita, Bhavaprakasha, and Yogaratnakara were reviewed for gaining
information regarding dietetic rules said in Ayurveda and the concept has been presented while keeping the view of Charaka
Samhita at the center. Observations: The rules are divided into dietary rules and dining rules. The first one explains what food
should be consumed depending on the quality of the food and the condition of the person. The latter one deals with the way the
food should be consumed, which has direct effects on hygiene of the food and the condition of the mind. Conclusion: The findings
from the review suggests that by not following these rules, it is understood that tan individual may land up in a sea of many diseases
and following them will benefit the overall health.

Keywords: Aharavidhi, Ayurveda, dietetic rules, dining rules

Introduction normal people, so it is considered as Mahabhaishajya

Anna or Ahara (Food) is considered as precious gem from
the Vedic period itself. In Mahabharata, it is said that all
living beings are formed out of Ahara and it helps in the
growth and existence of all living things; it is considered
as Lord Brahma by Upanishads.[1]
Ahara is given prime importance and is said to be the first
among the three subpillars that support life.[2] The growth,
nourishment, procreation, and dissolution of living
beings are the result of food according to Ayurveda.[3] All
the things that help to lead a quality life such as strength,
intellect, complexion, cheerfulness, good voice, happiness,
contentment, intellect etc. are dependent on Ahara.[4] Food
is the one thing that promotes health in both diseased and
Received: 04-04-2021, Revised: 08-08-2021, Accepted: 15-07-2021,
Published: 01-07-2021.
Access this article online
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Website:
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(Ultimate Medicine).[5]
Ayurveda had classified food according to seasons, age,
purpose, benefits, constitution, daily usable, and not
usable, aimed at giving the best and balanced diet to the
body regarding age, season etc. However, the complete
utilization of food takes place only with these rules for
consuming food and is known as Aharavidhividhana.
Although most Acharyas talk about the rules, the one that
is said by Charaka appears to be more practical as he says
what are to be followed, what not, and who should follow
this rule.
Address for correspondence: Dr. R. K. Jinu Sankar,
Ayurveda Samhita Evum Siddhant, Shri Narayan Prasad Awasthi
Government Ayurvedic College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
E-mail: rkjinusankar@gmail.com
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as
appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com

How to cite this article: Jinu Sankar RK, Harjpal L, Chandrakar R,

DOI: Naik S. A review article on Ahara Vidhi Vidhana (Rules for consuming
10.4103/jism.jism_31_21 food) in consonance with Charaka Samhita. J Indian Sys Medicine
2021;9:161-5.

      © 2021 Journal of Indian System of Medicine | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow 161  
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Sankar, et al.: Ahara Vidhi Vidhana in consonance with Charaka Samhita
Aims and Objectives
To evaluate and prepare data regarding various dietary
and dining rules (Ahara Vidhi Vidhana) recorded in
Ayurvedic texts, along with their design and utility under
the purview of Charaka Samhita.
Materials and Methods
The review data were collected mainly from Ayurveda
Samhitas such as Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita,
Ashtanga Sangraha, Ashtanga Hridaya, Sharangadhara
Samhita, Bhavaprakasha, Yogaratnakara, and Ayurveda:
The Science of Healthy Living by Dr. Akhilesh Sukla
Aharavidhi Vidhana
The general rules that have to be followed are described
below.[6]
Ushnam Bhunjita (Consuming hot food)
One should consume food that is warm. Consuming warm
food helps in retaining the taste of food, stimulates the
digestive fire, and undergoes digestion very easily. It will
also help in Anulomana (normalize proper movement)
of Vata because of Ushnaguna (hot potency), which is
an antagonist to the aggravating factor of Vata. Warm
food also helps in reducing increased Kapha[7] in the body,
which is why Sharangadhara used Ushna Jala (Hot water)
as an example of Lekhana (Scraping) karma (Action).[8]
Food consumed cold will result in anorexia, decreased
digestive fire, nausea, distension of the abdomen, etc.[9]
And when the food is extremely cold, it results in the
vitiation of Vatakapha along with a cough and hiccup.[10]
Foods that are extremely hot are also not advisable. If
consumed, they cause Mada (Intoxication), Daha (Burning
Sensation), Trishna (Thirst), loss of strength, giddiness,
and Raktapitta (Bleeding disorders).[9] Another category
is the food that is again made hot, after preparation. This
is also not advisable because even water that is reheated
is contraindicated for use,[11] so using reheated food is
definitely not indicated.
Even though it is advised to take Ushna Ahara, it should
not be consumed by people who are suffering from severe
Pittaja diseases as it is said in the context of fever that
Shadangapaniya (Medicated Cold Infusion) is given
instead of Ushnajala in people suffering from Pittaja
disease, Kshataksheena (Exhausted), and Raktapitta;
otherwise, it may cause complications such as burning
sensation, unconsciousness, loose stools etc.[12]
Snigdham Bhunjita (Consuming food that is Unctuous)
Unctuous food is advised, because it will be delicious,
and it will increase the subdued power of digestion in a
similar manner that ghee ignites fire. The food will get
digested quickly and Anulomana of Vata occurs due to
162 162  Journal of Indian System of Medicine ¦ Volume 9 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ July-September 2021
the softness imparted by Snigdha Guna. It will strengthen
the sense organs and will enhance growth, strength, and
complexion of the body.[7]
The food consumed dry without getting moistened
remains as a hard mass, causing improper digestion and
results in the formation of Vidagdha (Indigestion due
to Pitta Dosha) type of Ajirna.[13,14] Dry food diminishes
the color and strength of the body; causes dryness,
constipation, tiredness, and retention of urine; and vitiates
Vata, resulting in its upward movement.[15,16] Consuming
excessive unctuous food make the person to suffer from
drowsiness, thirst, indigestion, excessive salivation, loss
of taste, heaviness of heart, and disease of the abdomen
and throat, along with other diseases due to Kapha and
Meda.[15,16]
Even though Snigdha food is advised, people having pure
Kaphamedaja diseases, obesity, Kaphajagulma (Phantom
tumor), Prameha (diabetes), Raktapitta, Kushta (Skin
disorders), Udara (Ascites) etc. should consume Snigdha
Ahara with caution, because they may serve as causative
or aggravating factors of the same.
Maatraavat Bhunjita (Consuming food in proper quantity)
Food consumed in proper quantity keeps Tridosha (Three
bodily humors) in normalcy, thereby increasing the
lifespan of a person. Proper quantity does not impair
the power of digestion and ensures proper peristalsis and
comfortable passage of food toward the rectum after being
properly digested before being expelled out.[7] Chakrapani
clears that food consumed in a proper quantity stays in its
place and thus not disturb other Dosha.[7]
The quantity of food taken that gets digested in proper
time without affecting the normalcy of the body is called
as Maatra or the measure of proper quantity.[17] Foods
that are heavy for digestion should be consumed in half
satiety or less than that, and foods that are light and easy
to digest should not exceeds one’s satiety level.[18] The
intake of food must be according to the level of one’s
digestive fire. One should always eat either half or one
third of the stomach and leave the rest for liquid and other
bodily humors.[19]
Consuming food in less quantity results in all types of
Vataroga; the depletion of strength, color, and valor of
body, on the other hand, when taken in excess will cause
instant Tridoshakopa and result in Amapradosha (Diseases
of ama), which may further lead to many other metabolic
diseases.[20]
Jirne Bhunjita (Consuming food after digestion of
previously consumed food)
The next diet should be taken only after the proper digestion
of previous food. If taken otherwise, the improperly
digested Ahararasa (primary product of digestion) of the
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Sankar, et al.: Ahara Vidhi Vidhana in consonance with Charaka Samhita
previous meal gets mixed up with Ahararasa of the newly
taken food and instantaneously aggravates all Doshas.[7]
One should consume food after digestion of the previous
meal, when the digestive fire is excited, when an appetite
has developed, and post-attending the urges of passing
flatus, urine, and feces. This time eructation is felt pure
and Doshas are situated in their proper locations. As
the Srotas (channels) will be opened in this period, Vata
moves in its normal course and aids in proper digestion
and assimilation of food. The food thus ingested will
always promote the life span, without causing problems
to Dhatus of the body.[7]
A healthy person is advised to consume food only twice
a day, that is morning and evening; taking food between
this time is contraindicated in order to allow proper
digestion.[21] Food should not be taken within 3 h after
the previous meal because the production of Rasadhatu
(Primary product of digested food) takes place during this
time and if food is consumed, it hinders this process and
causes many diseases.[21]
Everyone cannot think and decide the perfect time for
taking food considering all the earlier cited factors such as
Kaala (Time), Prakruti (Constitution) etc., but at least one
can easily assess their “Jirna” (Digested) stage for deciding
when to eat. It is said that hunger occurs when Ahararasa,
Doshas, and Malas completely undergo Paaka (Complete
metabolism), so one can take food when he feels hungry
irrespective of Kaala.[22]
Viryaavirudham Bhunjita (Consuming food that is not
contraindicated in Potency)
One should consume food that is noncontradictory in
Virya (potency). On consuming noncontradictory food, a
person is not affected by diseases such as Kushta, Andhya
(Blindness), Visarpa (Erysipelas disease) etc., which
were considered complications of Virudha (incompatible
foods).[7,17,23] Consuming food contrary in potency is
also mentioned as the most important reason in causing
Kushta and Shwitra (Leukoderma).[24]
Virya is the power by which an action takes place, nothing
can be done in the absence of Virya, and every action
is the result of it.[25] Components in the diet that are
contrary to the body elements (Dosha and Dhatus) and
tend to disagree with the system are termed as Virudha
Ahara. Some articles are naturally incompatible on
account of their qualities such as poison; some become
incompatible when combined, such as taking milk with
sour fruits; some by the mode of preparation; and some
by factors such as place, time, dose etc.[26] The substances
having opposite Viryas when used in combination are
known as Virya Viruddham. Charaka specifies that when a
substance having Shita Virya (cold potency) is consumed
with a substance having Ushna Virya (hot potency), it is
called as Virya Virudha.[27]
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Even though the food items which are contrary in potency
like combined use of milk and prawn were told to avoid
here, it is better to avoid all types of Virudha to prevent
diseases that are caused due to VirudhaAhara.
Ishte Deshe Ishta Sarvopakaranam Bhunjita (Consuming
food in places that are pleasant to mind and with required
cookery)
One should dine at one’s favorite places, which are
equipped with desired accessories.[7] While eating at
one’s favorite place with the desired accessories, one is
not afflicted with psychological trauma.[7] Having food
in uncomfortable places without proper accessories may
lead to some psychic agitation and result in complications
that are caused by an inflicted mind.[7] Even though food is
taken in proper quantity, the mind that is inflicted due to
factors such as fear, anger, shyness, and jealousy will make
a person to misinterpret good hygienic food as unhygienic
and results in Ajirna (indigestion).[28,29]
Susrutha had given some specific guidelines regarding
the place and methods for having food.[13] He had advised
to consume food in a beautiful and auspicious place
that is devoid of Vaastu Dosha (Unpropitious land) and
unwanted people, having a pleasant smell, and that is well
covered in order to provide protection from dust and other
organisms.[13] He gives a large list of utensils required for
preparation, serving, storage, and dining for specific kinds
of food, such as milk in a copper vessel, alcohol in earthen
pots etc.[13]
One should not eat in a place without any shelter that is
not below any tree, not on the bed, not in the hot sunlight,
nor in a dark place and one should also not consume food
in a broken or soiled utensil.[30] All these factors influence
the psyche as well as affect the hygiene of the place. The
mind gets diverted from food as well as food can be
contaminated by foreign factors, so one should always
consume food in a proper place with proper equipment.
Naatidrutam Bhunjita (Not consuming food too fast)
One should not consume food hurriedly.[7] If one
consumes food in a hurry, it will enter the wrong passage,
will not move properly, and will get located at improper
places; that is, the asphyxiation of food may be possible.[7]
Besides this, the person consuming food will not be able to
appreciate the good quality of it or identify any defects of
food, including hair or any other foreign materials mixed
with the food.[7]
Due to haste, Vata will be aggravated and it will mislead
the food into other places, producing symptoms such
as hiccup, Avasada (Low placed) etc. Avasada can be
applied to both food and Agni, because food consumed
in a hurry can obviously affect the power of digestion
due to increased Vata.[31] Proper placement of food, at a
proper time, for a proper duration is required for optimum
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Sankar, et al.: Ahara Vidhi Vidhana in consonance with Charaka Samhita
digestion. However, when food is consumed in a hurry,
it bypasses all places within a shorter duration and the
functions that are expected to happen at that particular
region cannot take place in a proper manner; this again
leads to disturbances in digestion and absorption.[31]
Psychologically, for good digestion the appreciation of the
qualities of food such as smell, taste, and sight is needed,
which helps in inciting appetite. In a hurry, good qualities
are unnoticed, which leads to the absence of an interest in
eating.[31] Physiologically, the salivation and secretion of
enzymes is hampered; also, the food is not chewed properly
and remains as large particles, so they do not undergo the
action of digestive juices due to their larger size.[31]
Naativilambitam Bhunjita (Not consuming food too slow)
One should not consume food very slowly.[7] By consuming
food very slowly, one does not get satisfaction or satiation,
may eat more, and food becomes cold and is irregularly
digested due to irregular contact of digestive fire.[7]
Practically people who consume food while watching
television, under tension or any worries or who are
involved in various thoughts are not aware of their
speed of eating. So, they tend to eat more and also there
will be less appreciation of good or bad qualities of
food, which is similar to consuming food in a hurried
manner. So, the earlier mentioned psychological factors
regarding food consumed in a hurry can also be applied
here.[32] Physiologically, multiple Avasthapaka (Stages of
digestion) of food occurs due to delayed intake of each
bolus and it will result in the formation of Ama, which is
the seed for many other diseases.[7]
So, one should not consume food in an excessive hurried
or excessive slow manner.
Ajalpan Ahasan Tanmana Bhunjita (Not speaking or
laughing while having food)
One should not consume food while talking or laughing,
or without concentration. The food consumed while
talking, laughing, or with a distracted mind produces
complications just like food taken hurriedly, that is, the
movement of food in an abnormal passage etc.[7]
Food nourishes the body and the mind whereas the
mind controls the fate of food that we have consumed.
The contraindications stated earlier, namely Atidrutam,
Ativilambitam, Hasan, and Jalpan, are the result of the
vitiated mind and consuming food in Anishtadesha or
without proper requirements may serve as a reason for its
vitiation.
Aatmaanamabhisameekshya Samyak Bhunjita
(Consuming food after due consideration of self)
Food should be always consumed with due consideration
to oneself, knowing well about the suitability or the
164 164  Journal of Indian System of Medicine ¦ Volume 9 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ July-September 2021
unsuitability of the food components to the self. Thus, one
should consume food only after proper self-consideration.[7]
The word Atmanam means self and Abhisameekshya
means properly assessed. That is individuals can make
modifications according to their conditions than blindly
following all the rules as told in the text.[7]
Although this is said in the very last part of the sloka,
it is applicable to all the earlier stated rules. Whenever a
rule is framed regarding anything in Ayurveda, it is done
in a manner which tries to fit in almost all the samples
in a population. Still, there will be some samples which
cannot be incorporated into this generalization. So after
explaining all the rules Acharya conclude by saying that
even though these rules were said in general, utmost
priority should be given to self assessment[7]
Discussion
Generally, when some rules are told the common things
that come to our mind are what, when, where, and how to
follow these rules. Charaka divided rules on the basis of
these questions. Foremost explanation is regarding what
sorts of food are to be taken. The food should be Ushna,
Snigdha, Virya Avirudha and Matravat. Among these, first
three deals with the quality and latter one deals with the
quantity of food to be taken Consuming warm, unctuous,
and compatible food delivers a balanced diet to the
body and an adequate quantity of food aids in the easy
digestion and absorption of food. The next thing said is
when to take food. Acharya explains the characteristics of
the proper time to consume food, that is, after the proper
digestion of a previous meal. The food consumed after the
complete digestion of a previous meal helps in the easy
digestion of a meal already consumed and the meal to be
consumed. Otherwise, it may hinder the proper digestion
of both meals and may lead to metabolic disorders if
the subject continues this unhealthy lifestyle. From here,
the involvement of bodily and mental factors starts in
addition to the properties of food. The next explanation is
regarding where to consume food, that is, in Ishta Desha
etc. Here, their benefits along with the complications on
not following them are given. These include concerns
about the factors of mind and the cleanliness of the food
served. Scientifically, it is proved that microgeographies
of the built environment provide a subtle, pervasive, and
unconscious influence in food choice, food intake, obesity,
and health.[33] Finally, how to consume food is told; that
is, food to be consumed not too fast or too slow, without
talking or laughing and with proper consideration of
self. A person consuming food too slow or fast reported
less hunger at a high significant level.[34] In a study, eating
intake was significantly enhanced with the presence of
familial friends and with watching TV at a high significant
level, because both of these will draw attention away from
the consumed food and can stimulate food intake.[35]
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Sankar, et al.: Ahara Vidhi Vidhana in consonance with Charaka Samhita
Conclusion
In the busy schedule of day-to-day life, people find it easy
to sacrifice the rules to consume food for saving time or
due to the afflicted mind. These are not considered as a
reason for causing diseases by common man, but they
are the most important and proven factors in causing
psychosomatic and metabolic diseases. Thus, from
observation and discussion cited earlier in this article, we
can conclude that the first two rules Ushna and Snigdha
are optional; depending on the condition of the person
that one can follow or not follow. The latter are to be
properly followed. The most important and ignored thing
told by Charaka is Aatmanam Abhisameekshya Samyak,
which applies to each and every of the earlier cited rules.
That is, these are general rules and changes can be made
according to the suitability of the subject and disease
condition. But as a whole, following these rules will help
a normal person in maintaining and improving his or her
health and not following these will gradually result in the
manifestation of many lifestyle and metabolic disorders.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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