Sta Rosa, Daniel P.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE May 08, 2023

ABM 12C Quarter 2: Module 3: MODERN ASTRONOMY Mrs, Joyce Relativo-Feolino

MODULE 3 - GQ

1. Identify and cite the contributions of the famous astronomers who gave insights and interpretations of the universe.

There have been numerous astronomers throughout history who have contributed to our understanding of the universe. Here are a few
examples:

1. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) - Galileo is famously known for being the first to use a telescope to observe the heavens. He discovered the four
largest moons of Jupiter, observed the phases of Venus, and made countless other astronomical observations that challenged the accepted
view of the universe at the time.

2. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) - Kepler was a German astronomer who is best known for his laws of planetary motion. He discovered that
planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun, rather than circular orbits as previously believed.

3. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) - Newton is considered one of the most important figures in the history of science. His laws of motion and theory
of gravity revolutionized our understanding of the universe. He also invented the reflecting telescope, which allowed astronomers to see
further into space.

4. Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) - Hubble was an American astronomer who discovered that the universe is expanding. He also classified galaxies
into different types based on their shapes, and discovered that there are other galaxies beyond our own Milky Way.

5. Stephen Hawking (1942-2018) - Hawking was a British physicist and cosmologist who made groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of black
holes and the early universe. He is famous for his work on the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, now known as Hawking
radiation.

6. Tycho Brahe was a famous Danish astronomer who lived from 1546 to 1601. He is known for his meticulous observations of the night sky,
which helped to improve our understanding of the universe. Brahe is perhaps best known for his work on the motion of the planets. He
observed the positions of the planets and stars over many years, and used this data to create more accurate models of the solar system. In
particular, he refined the existing model of the solar system, which held that all planets orbited the sun in perfect circles. Brahe's observations
showed that the planets actually moved in elliptical orbits, with the sun at one of the foci.

Brahe's work also had wider implications for the understanding of the universe as a whole. He argued that the stars were much further away
than previously thought, and that the universe was much larger than anyone had imagined. He also believed that the universe was made up of
many smaller systems, or "worlds," each with its own sun and planets.

Overall, Tycho Brahe's work had a profound impact on the development of astronomy, and laid the groundwork for many of the discoveries
that followed in the centuries after his death.

7. Nicolaus Copernicus was a famous Polish astronomer who lived from 1473 to 1543. He is known for his revolutionary theory that the sun,
rather than the Earth, was the center of the universe. This theory challenged the prevailing view of the time, which held that the Earth was the
center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited around it.

Copernicus' insights and interpretations of the universe were based on a lifetime of observations and calculations. He spent many years
studying the positions of the planets and the movements of the stars, and he used this data to develop his heliocentric model of the solar
system. In this model, the sun was at the center of the universe, with the Earth and other planets orbiting around it.

Copernicus' theory was not widely accepted during his lifetime, but it had a profound impact on the development of astronomy in the centuries
that followed. His work challenged many long-held beliefs about the nature of the universe, and paved the way for new discoveries and
insights. For example, his theory helped to explain the retrograde motion of the planets, which had long puzzled astronomers.

Overall, Nicolaus Copernicus' insights and interpretations of the universe were groundbreaking and revolutionary. His work helped to move
astronomy forward, and set the stage for many of the discoveries that followed in the centuries after his death .

2. Enumerate and explain Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.

Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer who lived from 1571 to 1630. He is known for his three laws of planetary motion, which describe
the motion of planets around the sun. The three laws are:

1. Kepler's First Law: The Law of Ellipses - The orbit of each planet around the sun is an ellipse, with the sun at one of the two foci. This means
that the planet does not orbit the sun in a perfect circle, but instead follows an elliptical path.

2. Kepler's Second Law: The Law of Equal Areas - A line that connects a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals. This
means that a planet moves faster when it is closer to the sun, and slower when it is farther away.

3. Kepler's Third Law: The Law of Harmonies - The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of
its orbit. This means that the farther a planet is from the sun, the longer it takes to complete one orbit. This law also allows astronomers to
calculate the distance between planets and the sun based on their orbital periods.

These laws were a major breakthrough in the understanding of planetary motion. They helped to explain the irregularities in the motion of
planets that had puzzled astronomers for centuries, and they laid the groundwork for Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation. Kepler's laws
also helped to establish the heliocentric model of the solar system, which held that the sun, rather than the Earth, was at the center of the
universe.

3. Cite Kepler’s discovery based from Brahe’s initial data.

 Johannes Kepler worked as an assistant to Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer who made detailed and precise observations of the
positions of stars and planets in the night sky. Brahe's data was crucial in Kepler's discovery of his three laws of planetary motion.
 Specifically, Kepler used Brahe's data on the position of Mars to develop his theory of elliptical orbits, which became his first law of
planetary motion. Brahe's observations of Mars showed that its orbit was irregular and did not fit the circular model of the solar
system used at the time. Kepler used this data to develop the idea that planets orbit the sun in elliptical paths, with the sun at one of
the foci.
 Additionally, Kepler used Brahe's data on the motion of Mars to develop his second law of planetary motion, which states that
planets move faster when they are closer to the sun and slower when they are farther away. Brahe's observations of Mars showed
that it moved faster when it was closer to the sun, and Kepler used this data to develop his second law.
 Overall, Kepler's discovery of his laws of planetary motion was built on Brahe's initial data, which provided the foundation for his
groundbreaking work in the field of astronomy.

Answer the ff. activities:

A. What I have learned p.12

1. TYCHO BRAHE was a Danish astronomer and nobleman who made accurate observations of the movement of
celestial bodies.

2. JOHANNES KEPLER was a German astronomer and mathematician who worked as an assistant to Brahe and
formulated the three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe’s extensive astronomical data.

3. KEPLER'S FIRST LAW: states that planets follow an elliptical orbit.

4. KEPLER'S SECOND LAW: states that when an imaginary line is drawn from the center of a planet to the
center of the Sun, an equal amount of space is swept in equal amount of time.

5. KEPLER'S THIRD LAW: states that the ratio of the squares of the period of two planets is equal to the ratio of
the cubes of the planets’ average distance from the Sun

B. What I can do p.12

 Scientists like Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler were pioneers in their field, and their work had significant implications for the way that
people understood the world around them. However, their discoveries often challenged long-held cultural and religious beliefs, and as a
result, they faced opposition and even persecution.
  In older times, many people believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe, and that all celestial bodies revolved around it. This
was an idea that had been put forth by the ancient Greeks, and it was widely accepted in Western culture for centuries. However, Brahe and
Kepler's work challenged this idea, and they argued that the sun, not the Earth, was at the center of the universe. This was a radical idea that
went against the prevailing beliefs of the time, and it was met with skepticism and resistance.
 If scientists like Brahe and Kepler had not defied cultural beliefs and challenged the status quo, it is likely that scientific progress would have
been severely limited. Without their discoveries, we may not have the advanced understanding of the universe that we
 have today. We may still believe that the Earth is at the center of the universe, and we may not have developed the technologies and
methods that have allowed us to explore space and make new discoveries about the universe.
 In addition, if scientists had not been able to challenge cultural beliefs and pursue scientific inquiry, we may not have made progress in other
areas of science, such as medicine, biology, and chemistry. It is only through the scientific method and rigorous analysis that we are able to
make progress and improve our understanding of the world around us.
 In conclusion, scientists like Brahe and Kepler were essential in advancing our understanding of the universe, and their work had significant
implications for the way that people understood the world around them. Without their discoveries, scientific progress would have been
severely limited, and we may not have the advanced understanding of the universe that we have today.

C. Assessment p.13-15

1. D 6. C 11. B.

2. B 7. D 12. C.

3. B 8. D 13. C.

4. C 9. C 14. C.

5. B 10. A 15. B.

Sta Rosa, Daniel P. PHYSICAL SCIENCE May 08, 2023

ABM 12C Mrs, Joyce Relativo-Feolino

The Aristotelian and Galilean Conceptions of Vertical, Horizontal, and Projectile Motions

MODULE 4 - GQ
1. Describe motion and its application in real-life-situation.

 Motion is the action of changing location or position. Life is motion. From the coordination of the muscles of our body which enables
us to walk, run, and dance to the pumping of our hearts to deliver blood to the different parts of our bodies are motion.
 Motion is the change of position of an object over time. It can be described using different parameters such as speed, velocity,
acceleration, and displacement. Motion is an important concept in physics and has numerous applications in real-life situations.
 One of the most common applications of motion is in transportation. Cars, airplanes, trains, and ships all use the principles of motion
to move from one place to another. The speed and velocity of these vehicles are carefully calculated to ensure they reach their
destination on time.
 Another application of motion is in sports. Athletes use their knowledge of motion to improve their performance. For example, a
sprinter adjusts their running technique to maximize their speed and acceleration. Similarly, a basketball player uses their
knowledge of motion to shoot the ball accurately.
 Motion is also used in the design of amusement park rides. Roller coasters, for example, use the principles of motion to create a
thrilling and safe ride. Engineers carefully calculate the speed and acceleration of the ride to ensure it is safe for riders.
 Finally, motion is used in the design of buildings and bridges. Engineers use their knowledge of motion to ensure that structures are
stable and can withstand external forces such as wind and earthquakes.
 In summary, motion is an important concept in physics that has a wide range of applications in real-life situations. From
transportation to sports and even building design, the principles of motion are used to improve our daily lives.

2. Identify and describe Aristotle’s concept of vertical, horizontal and projectile motion.

 Aristotle's concept of motion was based on his observation of the world around him. He divided motion into three categories:
vertical, horizontal, and projectile.
 Vertical motion is the movement of an object up or down. Aristotle believed that objects naturally sought their natural place - heavy
objects fall towards the ground while lighter objects rise up. He believed that the speed of an object's vertical motion was
determined by its weight - heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects.
 Horizontal motion is the movement of an object in a straight line parallel to the ground. Aristotle believed that objects required a
constant force to maintain their horizontal motion. He also believed that an object's speed in horizontal motion was proportional to
the force applied to it.
 Projectile motion is the combination of vertical and horizontal motion. Aristotle believed that the motion of a projectile was a
combination of its horizontal and vertical motion. He believed that the motion of a projectile was a result of a force applied to it -
such as a thrown spear or an arrow shot from a bow. Aristotle believed that the speed and trajectory of a projectile was determined
by the angle at which it was thrown or shot.
 Overall, Aristotle's concept of motion was based on his observations of the natural world and was later refined by other scientists in
the field of physics. His understanding of vertical, horizontal, and projectile motion laid the foundation for the study of mechanics
and the development of physics as a scientific field.

3. Identify and describe Galileo’s concept of vertical, horizontal and projectile motion.

 Galileo Galilei's concept of motion was a significant advancement from Aristotle's concept of motion. He challenged
many of Aristotle's ideas and conducted experiments to better understand the nature of motion. Galileo's concept of
motion included vertical, horizontal, and projectile motion.
 Vertical motion: Galileo challenged Aristotle's belief that heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects. He conducted
experiments by dropping objects of different weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and observed that they fell at
the same rate. This led him to conclude that the speed of falling objects is not determined by their weight but by the
force of gravity. He also discovered that the speed of a falling object increases over time and is proportional to the
time it has been falling.
 Horizontal motion: Galileo's experiments with inclined planes led him to conclude that objects in motion tend to
remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force. He also discovered that the speed of an object in horizontal
motion remains constant unless acted upon by an external force such as friction.
 Projectile motion: Galileo conducted experiments with projectiles and observed that the motion of a projectile is a
combination of its horizontal and vertical motion. He also discovered that the path of a projectile is a curve rather
than a straight line. He concluded that the trajectory of a projectile is determined by its initial velocity, the force of
gravity, and air resistance.
  Overall, Galileo's concept of motion challenged many of the ideas of Aristotle and laid the foundation for modern
physics. His discoveries led to a better understanding of the laws of motion and were essential in the development of
technologies such as rockets and satellites.

A. What I Have Learned

 ARISTOTELIAN Description
Horizontal An object moving in a violent motion requires push or pull to
Motion maintain horizontal motion. Motion continues only so long as there
is an applied force to an object. When the force is removed, motion
stops.
Vertical Motion Vertical motion is referred to as natural motion. In a natural motion,
the object will move and will return to its natural state based on the
object's material or composition - earth, water, air, and fire
Projectile Aristotle believed that the projectile motion of an object is
Motion parallel to the ground until it is the object's time to fall back into
the ground. An impetus will be kept by the object until such time
that the initial force is forgotten, and the object returns to its
natural state to stop moving and fall to the ground. He viewed
projectile motion as natural and violent motion. He said that heavy
objects fall faster than light ones.
GALILEAN Description
Horizontal An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in
Motion motion, and an external force is not necessary to maintain the
motion. If the Earth’s surface is very flat and extended infinitely,
objects that are pushed will not be impeded. Thus, the objects will
continue to move. This kind of motion, however, is not evident
in nature
Vertical Motion In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not
depending on their weight, but in the time of fall. Also, if the object
encountered a resistive force from a fluid equal or greater than its
weight, it will slow down and reaches a uniform motion until it
reaches the bottom and stops
Projectile Galilean projectile motion refers to the motion of an object that is
Motion launched into the air and moves under the influence of gravity,
taking into account air resistance. Galileo studied projectile motion
by observing the motion of cannonballs and other projectiles.
The motion of a cannonball fired from a cannon, taking into account
air resistance, is an example of Galilean projectile motion. Galileo's
experiments with inclined planes and rolling balls showed that the
natural path of a projectile was not a curve but a combination of
horizontal and vertical motion.
B. Assessment pp.12-13
Examples
The motion of a rolling ball on a flat surface is an example
of horizontal motion. Aristotle believed that objects in
motion would eventually come to a stop unless a force was
applied to keep them moving.
The motion of a stone dropped from a height is an example
of vertical motion. According to Aristotle, objects have a
natural tendency to move towards their natural place,
which for a stone is the center of the earth, so it falls
straight down.
The motion of a cannonball fired from a cannon is an
example of projectile motion. Aristotle believed that a
projectile would follow a natural curved path, with the
highest point of the curve being the apex, before
eventually falling back to the ground.
Example
A bowling ball thrown horizontally on the floor will
continue to move unimpeded.
The motion of a projectile moving horizontally with a
constant velocity is an example of Galilean horizontal
motion. Galileo's experiments with inclined planes and
rolling balls showed that objects in motion will continue to
move at a constant speed in the absence of external forces,
which contradicted Aristotle's idea that a force was
necessary to keep an object moving.
A book and a crumpled paper dropped together at a
certain height neglecting air resistance.
The motion of a falling object under the influence of gravity
is an example of Galilean vertical motion. Galileo's
experiments showed that all objects, regardless of their
mass, fall to the ground at the same rate, which
contradicted Aristotle's ideas about natural motion.
The motion of a cannonball fired from a cannon, taking
into account air resistance, is an example of Galilean
projectile motion. Galileo's experiments with inclined
planes and rolling balls showed that the natural path of a
projectile was not a curve but a combination of horizontal
and vertical motion.
 Modified True or False. Read each statement carefully. Write True if the statement is correct and if FALSE, change the
italicized word or group of words to make the statement correct. Use a separate paper for your answer.

True 1. Aristotle claimed that violent motion is an imposed motion.

True 2. In natural motion, an object will move and will eventually return to its natural state depending on the composition that
the object is made of.

Aristotle 3. According to Galileo, heavy objects will fall faster than light ones.

True 4. Aristotle said that to keep the object moving in horizontal motion, a constant amount of force is needed.

True 5. Objects dropped simultaneously will reach the ground at the same time regardless of their masses and air resistance.

True 6. Galileo concluded that the path taken by a projectile is parabolic.

True 7. Galileo used an inclined plane to perform his experiments both on uniformly accelerated motion and to study projectile
motion.

Galileo 8. Aristotle believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly
accelerated motion in the vertical direction.

Violent Motion 9. A kicked ball is an example of a natural motion.

Does not 10. Vertical motion does affect the horizontal motion of a projectile.

Downward Acceleration11. The “rate of fall” of an object is better measured in terms of upward acceleration.

True 12. According to Galileo, a stone dropped in the ocean will sooner or later travel at constant speed.

True 13. In Galileo’s view of vertical motion, the fall of the object is dependent on its weight.

Aristotle 14. To Galileo, natural motion is largely vertical motion.

Natural 15. The fall of heavy object toward the center of the earth is a violent motion.

C. Additional Activities p.13

Given two one-peso coins, released at the same time, Coin A is dropped while Coin B is thrown horizontally coming from
the same height. Which one do you think would reach the ground first? Use a sheet of paper for your observations.

For me based on my observation and based on the laws of motion, both coins would reach the ground at the same time. This is
because the force of gravity acts on both objects equally, regardless of their initial velocity or direction of motion. While Coin B
is moving horizontally, it is also falling vertically at the same rate as Coin A. Therefore, both coins cover the same vertical
distance in the same amount of time. This is known as the principle of equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, which is
one of the fundamental principles of physics. Hence, both coins would reach the ground at the same time if they are released at
the same height and at the same time.