Chapter

3
Percent: The term 'percent' is derived from the Latin word 'Per centum'.
It implies "out of every hundred''.
The symbol ‘%’ is used to denote percentage. For example, 15% means
15 out of 100. Each ratio can be expressed as a percentage.
1
For example, can be expressed as a percentage by multiplying by 100;
2
1
´ 100 = 50%
2
A given percentage value can be converted to corresponding fraction by
dividing by 100.
75 3
Example: 75% = 75 out of hundred = =
100 4
Percentage fraction conversion chart:
1 5 1 2 2
= 50% = 83 % = 22 %
2 6 3 9 9
1 1 1 2 1
= 33 % = 14 % = 10%
3 3 7 7 10
2 2 2 4 1 1
= 66 % = 28 % =9 %
3 3 7 7 11 11
1 3 6 2 2
= 25% = 42 % = 18 %
4 7 7 11 11
3 1 1 1 1
= 75% = 12 % =8 %
4 8 2 12 3
1 3 1 5 2
= 20% = 37 % = 41 %
5 8 2 12 3
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 2 5 1 1 2
= 40% = 62 % =6 %
5 8 2 15 3

3 7 1 1
= 60% = 87 % = 5%
5 8 2 20

4 1 1 1
= 80% = 11 % = 4%
5 9 9 25

1 2
= 16 %
6 3

æ y ö÷
Formula to calculate percentage value: y% of x = çç ÷× x
çè 100 ø÷

From the above formula, we have the following result: x% of y = y% of

x.
whenever we have two numbers a and b, one number can be expressed
as a percentage of the other as follows:
x y
x as a percent of y = ´ 100 , y as a percent of x = ´ 100.
y x
Percentage increase or decrease:
increase in the quantity
Percentage increase = ´ 100
original quantity

decrease in the quantity

Percentage decrease = ´ 100
original quantity
For example, if the net profit of a company grew from 50 crore in 2003 to
75 crore in 2004, then the percentage increase in the net profit from 2003
to 2004 is calculated as follows:
increase in the net profit = (75 – 50) crore = 25 crore
This increase is on Rs. 50 crore.
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 increase in profit from 2003 to 2004
So, Percentage increase = ´ 100
Net profit in 2003

25
= ´ 100 = 50%
50
When a quantity increases or decreases by some percent, the new value
of the quantity can be directly calculated as follows:
If the original quantity is 120 and it increases by 25% , then the new
quantity is: 1.25 × 120 = 150
(Here, 1.25 = 1 + 0.25, where 0.25 is equivalent to 25%)
Similarly, if there is a decrease by 25% on 120, then the new quantity is:
0.75 × 120 = 90
(Here, 0.75 = 1 – 0.25, where 0.25 is equivalent to 25%)
Some important conclusions:
æ a ö
(i) If x is a% more than y, then y is ç ´ 100 ÷ % less than x.
è 100 + a ø

æ a ö
(ii)
If x is a% less than y, then y is ç ´ 100 ÷ % more than x.
è 100 - a ø
Example: If in an examination, the marks secured by Prerna are 20%
less than that of Vinita, then marks secured by Vinita are how
much percent more than prerna’s marks?
Solution: a = 20%
According to the above formula; Required percentage
æ a ö 20
= ç ´ 100 ÷ % = ´ 100 = 25%
è 100 - a ø 80
(iii) If a number is first increased by a% and then decreased by a%
then the net effect is always a decrease which is equal to ‘a%
a2
of a’ i.e., %
100
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Example: The salary of a worker is first increased by 5% and then it is
decreased by 5%. What is the change in his salary?
Solution: Here a = 5%
There will be a net decrease; Percent decrease
a2 52
= %= %= 0.25%
100 100
(iv) If a quantity is first changed (increased or decreased) by a%
and then changed (increased or decreased) by b%, then

é
Net change = ê ± a ± b +
( ± a )( ± b) ù
ú%
êë 100 úû
Net change is an increase or a decrease according to the posi-
tive or negative sign, respectively of the final result.
Example: The price of an article is first increased by 20% and then de-
creased by 25% due to reduction in sales. Find the net percent
change in the final price of the article.
Solution: a = 20%, b = 25%
æ 20 ´ ( -25 ) ö
Required percentage change = ç 20 - 25 + ÷%
è 100 ø
= (– 5 – 5)% = – 10%
So, there is a net decrease of 10% in the final price of the ar-
ticle as the final result is negative.
(v) If the price of a commodity increases or decreases by a%, then
the decrease or increase in consumption, so as not to increase
æ a ö
or decrease the expenditure is equal to ç ÷ ´ 100%
è 100 ± a ø
(vi) If the population of a town is P and it increases (or decreases)
at the rate of R% per annum, then
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 n
æ R ö
(i) Population after n years = P ç 1 ± ÷
è 100 ø

P
(ii) Population n years ago = n
æ R ö
ç 1 ± ÷
è 100 ø
('+' sign for increment; '–' sign for decrement).
Some tricks to calculate faster:
(i) Splitting the percentage into parts
Example: Find 51% of 128.
Soltion: 51% of 128 = (50 + 1)% of 128 = 50% of 128 + 1% of 128 = 64 +
1.28 = 65.28
(ii) Interchanging the percentage value and the number
Example: Find 39% of 12.5
1
Solution: 39% of 12.5 = 12.5% of 39 = ´ 39 = 4.875
8

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1. Nikhil spent 20% of his monthly income on food and 15% on house
rent. 40% of the remaining he spent on transport and 30% on
entertainment. He is left with an amount of Rs. 8775 after all the
expenditures. What is Nikhil’s monthly income?
Sol. Let the income be Rs. 100
100

20%
15%

Rs. 20 Rs. 15 Rs. 65

(Food) (House Rent) (Remaining)

40% 30%

26 19.5
(transport) (entertainment)
Final Saving = 100 – 20 – 15 – 26 – 19.5 = Rs. 19.5; But his final
saving is Rs. 8775
19.5 8775
(× 450)
So, Income = Rs. 100 × 450 = Rs. 45000.
2. If the price of a Commodity be raised by 40%, by how much percent
must a householder reduce his consumption of that commodity, so
as not to increase his expenditure?
Sol. Here, a = 40%; According to the formula,

æ 40 ö 40
ç
Reduction in Consumption = ç ( 100 + 40 ) ´ 100 ÷÷ % = ´ 100
è ø 140
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 200 4
= % = 28 %
7 7
3. The population of a town is 352800. If it increases at the rate of 5%
per annum, then what will be its population 2 years hence. Also,
find the population 2 years ago.
Sol. P = 352800, R = 5%, n = 2
n 2
æ R ö æ 5 ö
P
Population after 2 years = ç 1 + ÷ = 352800 ´ ç 1 + ÷
è 100 ø è 100 ø

21 21
= 352800 ´ ´ = 388962
20 20

P 352800
Population 2 years ago = n
= 2
æ R ö æ 5 ö
ç 1 + ÷ ç 1 + ÷
è 100 ø è 100 ø

20 20
= 352800 ´ ´ = 320000
21 21
4. There are 3 contestants P, Q and R in an election. P secured 20% of
the votes and Q secured 70% of the remaining votes. If R secured
4800 votes, by how many votes has the winner won the election?
Sol. Let the total number of votes be 100.
P secured 20% = 20 votes.
Remaining votes = 100 – 20 = 80
Q secured 70% of 80 = 56 votes.
R secured (80 – 56) = 24 votes.
But R secured 4800 votes.
24 4800
(× 200)
So, winner Q won the election by 56 – 24 = 32 votes
32 6400 6400 votes
(× 200)
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