Note:

y2 = x is not a function
y=x
⇒  it represents 2 separate function.
y = −x 
Same is the case for x2 + y2 = 1
y2 = 1 – x2

⇒ y= 1 − x2

=– 1 − x2

Definition of Bounded Function Know the facts

A function is said to be bounded if |f(x)| ≤ M,
where M is a finite quantity. If graph of function can be bounded
between 2 horizontal lines, then
Ex. function is bounded.
(i) y = |sinx| ≤ 1 → Bounded
If range of function contain ∞ or -∞
(ii) y = |[x]| → No maximum or minimum value.
⇒ function is not bounded.
So unbounded.
(iii) y = ex → unbounded
(iv) y = lnx → unbounded
(v) y = {x} → bounded
(vi) y = sec x → unbounded.
(vii) y = x3 – 10x2 + 3x + 1 = f(x), f; [-100, 26] → R
→ bounded
(Since domain is finite, range will also be finite. So,
it is bounded)
Function

70.
(viii) y = sgnx → bounded
as range is finite {-1, 0, 1}

Definition of ODD and EVEN Functions

A function f(x) defined on the symmetric
interval (–a, a)
If f(-x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then
f is said to be an even function.
If f(-x) = -f(x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then
f is said to be an odd function.

Geometrical interpretation of odd and even

function

(i) y = f(x) ⇒ (x, y)

For even function, f(-x) = y = f(x)

⇒ Graph will be symmetric about y-axis.

(ii) For odd function f(–x) = –f(x)

 e can see that, for odd function,

W
Graph is symmetric about origin.

Ex. Common odd functions: f = sinx, tanx, x, x3 Know the facts

Ex. Common even functions: f = cos x, sin2x, x2,
(i) A function may neither be odd
|x|, |sinx|
nor even. eg. x2 + x, sinx + cosx.
(ii) Every function can be expressed
Ex.
as the sum of an even and an odd
(i) f(x) = x2 + x ⇒ f(–x) = x2 – x ≠ f(x) or -f(x)
function.
∴ x2 + x is neither odd nor even.
f ( x ) + f ( −x ) f ( x) + f (− x) f ( x) − f (− x)
(ii) (a) Let h(x) = f ( x) = +
2 2
 2

f ( −x ) + f ( x ) even odd
h(-x) = = h(x) so,
2 (iii) The only function which is
it is even function. defined on the entire number line
and is even and odd at the same
time is f(x) = 0.
Function

71.
 (b) Let h(x) = f(x) – f(–x)
h(–x) = f(–x) – f(x) = –h(x).
So, it is odd function.
Sum of both of above functions is f(x). Hence f(x) can be divided into
sum of even and odd function.

Q.1 Express ex as sum of an odd and even function

A.  ex + e− x 
ex =  +
 e x − e− x 
 
2
 2
 
even  function odd  function

Q.2 Identify given below functions as odd, even or neither odd nor even.
1− x
(i) f(x) = ln   = ln (1-x) – ln (1+x)
1+ x

A. 1+ x
f(-x) = ln   = ln (1+x) – ln (1-x) = –f(x)
1− x
So, it is odd function.

Q. (
(ii) f(x) = ln x + 1 + x2 )
A. f(–x) = ln (-x+ 1 + x2 )
f(x) + f(–x) = ln ((1+x2)- x2) = ln1 = 0
⇒ f(-x) = –f(x), so f(x) is odd function.

Q. (iii) f(x) = 1 + x + x2 − 1 − x + x2

A. f ( −x )   =   1 − x + x2 − 1 + x + x2   =  − f ( x ) → odd

Q. (iv) f ( x ) = x
2x + 1
2x − 1
 1 + 2x 
 
A. 2 + 1
−x
f ( −x )   = −x  − x 2x 
 = −x 
2 − 1 1−2 
x

 
 2x 
 1 + 2x   2x + 1 
= −  x 
 1 − 2 x 
= x  2 x − 1  = f(x) → even
Function

72.
 (1 + 2 ) x 2

Q. (v) f ( x )  =  
2x

A. f ( −x ) =
(1 + 2 ) −x 2
1 + 2.2− x + 2−2x
=
2− x 2− x
22x + 2.2x + 1
= 2x + 2 + 2-x = = f (x)
2x

So, it is even function.

1 + 2x
Q. (vi) f ( x ) =
1 − 2x

1 + 2− x 2x + 1
A. f ( −x ) = =
1 − 2− x 2x − 1
  = −f ( x ) → odd

f(x) = ([a]2-5[a] + 4) x3 + (6{a}2 – 5{a} +1) x + x tan x is even function.

Q. Find ∑ ai (ai are values of a for which function is even)
([.] is the greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function)

A. ( ) ( )
f ( x ) =   [a ] − 5 [a ] + 4 x3 + 6 {a} − 5 {a} + 1 x + xtanx
2


2

even part
odd part

For f(x) to be even, make odd part = 0

∴ [a]2 – 5[a] + 4 = 0
∴ [a] = 1 and 4
1 1
6{a}2 – 5{a} +1 = 0 ⇒ {a} = and
2 3
1 1 1 1
So possible values of a= [a] + {a} are 1 + ,1 + ,4 + ,4 +
2 3 2 3
2 2 35
∴ ∑ ai =  10 +  1 +     =  11   =  
3 3 3
Function

73.
 Note:

f(x) g(x) f(x) +g(x) f(x)-g(x) f(x)·g(x) f(x)/g(x) (gof)(x)

odd odd odd odd even even odd

even even even even even even even

odd even neither odd neither odd odd odd even

nor even nor even

even odd neither odd neither odd odd odd even

nor even nor even

Proof: Know the facts

Let’s prove the first:
h(x) = f(x) + g(x), f(x) and g(x) are odd
h(-x)= f(-x) + g(-x)=-f(x)-g(x)=-h(x)
∴ h(x) is odd
Let h(x) = g(f(x))
h(–x) = g(f(-x)) = g(-f(x)) = -g(f(x))
= – h(x) → odd.
Similarly, rest can be proved.
Definition of Periodic Function
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists
a positive number T (T>0) called the period of
the function such that f(x + T) = f(x), for all
values of x within the domain of x.
f(x) = f(x + T) = f(x + 2T) = f(x + nT); n∈ I
Ex.
f(x) = sinx → T1 = 2p → T can be 2p, 4p, 6p, 8p
g(x) = {x} → T2 = 1 → T can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
∴ No common T. ∴ f(x) + g(x) is not periodic.
Ex. (i) y = cos x → Period = 2π
(ii) y = a+ b cos x → Period = 2π
(a) f(T) = f(0) = f(–T), where T is the
period.
(b) Inverse of a periodic function
does not exist.
(c) Every constant function is always
periodic, with no fundamental
period.
(d) If f(x) has a period T and g(x)
also has a period T then it does not
mean that f(x) + g(x) must have a
period T. e.g., f(x) = |sin x| + |cos x|.
(e) If f(x) is periodic and g(x) is also
periodic then it does not mean that
f(x) + g(x) must be periodic.
1
(f) If f(x) has a period p, then ,
f (x)
and f ( x ) also has a period p
(g) If f(x) has a period T then
f(ax + b) has a period T/|a|.

Point to Remember!!!

Common periodic functions sinx, cosx, tanx, {x} , |sinx|, |cosx|, sin2x
Period → 2p 2p p 1 p p p
Function

74.
Ex. f(x) = sinx. Find period.
Know the facts
Sol. f(x + T) = f(x)
LCM of rational and irrational
⇒ sin (x + T) – sin(x) = 0 number is not defined.
p 
LCM of rational numbers , and
T  T q m
⇒ 2 sin cos  x +  = 0
2  2
r LCM of p,  and r
T T =
⇒ sin =0⇒ = np , n∈ I s HCF of q,mand s
2 2
⇒ T = 2n π but T should be smallest
Know the facts
positive value
In case of f(ax + b), let period of f(x)
⇒ T = 2π is T and f(ax + b) be T’.
f(a(x + T’) + b) = f(ax + b)
⇒ f(ax + b + aT’) = f(ax + b)
T
⇒ aT’ = T ⇒ T’ = .
a
But since period must be positive,
T
T’=
a
Examples on Periodic Functions

Find period of:

Q.1 2x 4x
(i) f(x) = cos − sin
3 5

A. Period of cosx = 2 π
2  2π
Period of cos  x  = = 3π
3  2/ 3
4  2π 5π
Similarly, period of sin  x  = =
 5  4 / 5 2
5π
LCM of 3 π and is 15 π
2
So, period is 15π.
Function

75.
 Q. (ii) f(x) = cos (sinx)

A. Period of sinx = 2 π
But f(x) is a composite in trigonometric function.
T T T
So, period may be ,   ,   .i.e., also.
2 4 8
So, we must check.
T
= π ⇒ f(x+π) = cos (sin (x+ π )) = cos (-sinx) = cos (sinx)
2
∴ π can be period.
T π
Now check for =
4 2
  π 
cos  sin  x +   = cos (cosx) ≠ f(x)
  2 
π
so, is not the period.
2
∴ π is the period.

Q. (iii) f(x) = sin (cosx)

A. Sol. Period of cosx = 2p = T

T
now check for = p
2
f(x + p) = sin (cos (x + p)) = sin (-cosx) = -sin (cosx) ≠ f(x)
∴ p is not the period.
So, T = 2π

Q. (iv) f(x) = sin4x + cos4x

A. f(x) = 1 −
1
( sin2x )
2

2
1  1 − cos4x 
f(x) = 1 −  
2 2 
2π π
Period of f(x) = period of cos (4x) = =
4 2
Function

76.