WEEK 8: FORCE

Jenelle Bie, PTRP || March 2023 PHPT211

Miriam Aurea T. Gonzales (2nd year-2nd semester)

TOPIC OUTLINE
I. Force
II. Types of Forces
III. Newton's Laws
IV. Force Vectors
V. Force of Gravity
a. COM of the Human Body
b. COM, LOG, and Stability
c. Alterations in Mass of an Object 1.d. FRICTIONAL FORCE
→ Is the force generated by two surfaces that
FORCE contact and slide against each other.
→ Any kind of push or pull on an object that → Ex: Force between the therapeutic ball
changes the motion of the object. and the floor
→ Force is an external agent capable of → Friction stopped the ball
changing a body's state of rest or motion.
1.e. NORMAL FORCE
UNIT OF FORCE → as Defined as the force that any surface
→ Newton exerts on any other object.
→ kg m/s2 → Downward force must equal the upward
force (normal force).
TYPES OF FORCES
1. CONTACT FORCES
a. Applied Force
b. Muscular Force
c. Spring Force
d. Frictional Force
e. Normal Force
2. NON-CONTACT FORCE
a. Magnetic Force
b. Electric Force
Gravity- downward; force= upward force kung
CONTACT FORCES saan pinatong
→ Forces that act through direct contact
between two objects.

1.a. APPLIED FORCE

→ Force which is applied to an object by
another object.
→ Most common
→ Ex: A therapist pushing a wheelchair

1.b. MUSCULAR FORCE

→ It is a force produced by muscle action.
→ Ex: Bicep curls exercises using 15 lbs db
1.c. SPRING FORCE NON-CONTACT FORCE
→ Spring force is observed when the spring → A force applied to an object by another
exerts an equal as well as an opposite body that is not in direct contact with it.
force on a body which compresses or
stretches it.
→ Ex: Trampoline
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[PHPT] 2.08 Force – Gonzales, Miriam Aurea T.

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION

NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

→ AKA: LAW OF INERTIA
→ Every object continues in its state of rest,
or of uniform velocity in a straight line, as
long as no net force acts on it.

2.a. MAGNETIC FORCE

→ Magnetic force is a consequence of
electromagnetic force and is caused by the
motion of charges.

2.b. ELECTRIC FORCE

→ The repulsive or attractive interaction
between any two charged bodies.

BALANCED FORCES
2.c. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE → Balanced forces are forces that are equal
→ The force of attraction between all masses and opposite so that they can cancel out.
in the universe.
→ Gravitational force pulls objects with mass
$toward each other.

UNBALANCED FORCES
→ Are forces that when added do not cancel
out and cause a change in the motion of
the object.

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[PHPT] 2.08 Force – Gonzales, Miriam Aurea T.

FRICTION
→ Friction resists motion.
→ Friction causes moving object to slow
down.
→ Friction produces heat.

STATIC FRICTION
→ Occurs between stationary surface in
contact.

SLIDING FRICTION
→ Occurs when one surface slides on
another.

ROLLING FRICTION
→ Occurs when a rounded surface rolls over
another.
INERTIA
→ The tendency of an object to maintain its
WAYS TO REDUCE FRICTION
state of rest, or of uniform velocity in a
→ Use wheels or rollers
straight line.
→ Lubricants
→ Objects do not want their motion to
→ Sanding the surface
change.
→ Mass measures how much inertia an
AIR RESISTANCE
object has (More mass=more inertia)
FREE FALL
→ The situation where gravity is the only
MASS
force acting on an object.
→ Is the amount of matter that an object
possess.
AIR RESISTANCE
→ The more mass an object has, the greater
→ The force the air applies on a moving
the force needed to give it particular
object.
acceleration.
→ It attempts to slow down falling objects.
→ Sl Unit: kilogram (kg)

WEIGHT
→ Is the gravitational force that a large body
exerts on another object.
→ The pull of gravity acting on an object.
→ W=mg
NOTE: Weight is a force

Galileo= crumpled paper= the paper can reach the

ground same w/ stone= because of decreased
resistance

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[PHPT] 2.08 Force – Gonzales, Miriam Aurea T.

NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

→ AKA: LAW OF ACCELERATION
→ The acceleration of an object is directly
→ proportional to the net force acting on
→ it, and is inversely proportional to the
object's mass. The direction of the
acceleration is in the direction of the net
force acting on the object.

Unit
→ Newton discovered the idea of a FORCE.
→ More force = More acceleration
→ More mass= More force
→ FORCE= mass x acceleration (F= ma)
→ SI Unit: Newton (N)
→ 1N= 1kg m/s-
SCALAR VS VECTOR QUANTITIES
SCALAR
→ Specified completely by a number and
units and have no direction associated
with them.
→ Ex: Mass, Time, and Temperature

UNBALANCED FORCES VECTOR

→ Are forces that when added do not cancel → Any quantity that has both magnitude and
out and cause a change in the motion of direction
the object. → Ex: Displacement, Force, and Momentum

NET FORCE
→ Sum of all forces acting on the object.
→ When multiple forces are acting on an
object, the net force is the amount of force
that is left after adding all the forces on DRILL... SCALAR OR VECTOR
the object. 1. Mass= S
2. Distance= S
NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION 3. Displacement= V
→ AKA: LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION 4. Force= V
→ Whenever one object exerts a force on a 5. Velocity= V
second object, the second object exerts an 6. Acceleration= V
equal force in the opposite direction on 7. Temperature= S
the force.

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[PHPT] 2.08 Force – Gonzales, Miriam Aurea T.

FORCE VECTOR CENTER OF MASS (CoM)

FORCE VECTORS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY:
1. A point of application on the object acted
upon.
2. An action line and direction/orientation
indicating a pull toward or a push away
from the source, at a given angle to the
object acted upon.
3. Length that represents, and may be drawn
proportional to, its magnitude (the
quantity of the push or pull)
4. A length that may be extended to assess
the relation between two or more vectors
or to assess the relation of the vector to
adjacent objects or points.
→ The hypothetical point at which all the
mass of the object/segment appear to be
concentrated.
→ Every object or segment can be
considered to have single CoM.
→ Used in modalities/ exercise
→ Ex: UE= 1st segment- arm,2nd- elbow jt, 3rd-
wrist jt, hands( if classified as 1 segment
same CoM but different __)

FORCE OF GRAVITY • If symmetrical= equal mass= Center

→ The force of gravity pulls object with mass
toward each other.
→ Any object with mass exerts a
gravitational force on all other objects
with mass.
→ The force of gravity acting on an object or
segment is considered to have its point of
application at the center of mass (CoM) or
center of gravity (CoG) of that segment or
object.
(mass)
• B. If not equal mass from end to end=
CoM= point finger to heavier side
• C. Assymentrical- not all solid but larger
area= CoM outside of object/ Empty space
(not all CoM lies with heavier obj)

•
A. 3 segments
o CoG of upper arm= same proximal
o Hand= middle (usually equal)
• B. GA and Fh= center CoG (1 only)
• C. Arm and Forearm= CoM more distally
CoM can change depends on how it is segmented

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[PHPT] 2.08 Force – Gonzales, Miriam Aurea T.

Anatomical Position LINE OF GRAVITY A(LoG)

→ Slightly Anterior to S2 (if → The force of gravity acting on an object is
body is only in 1 segment) always vertically downward toward the
center of the earth.
TATATPAA

(if hypothetical lines displaced= could be risk to

fall)

SPECIFIC AREAS OF COM (SEGMENTAL MASS)

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[PHPT] 2.08 Force – Gonzales, Miriam Aurea T.

Line of gravity does not adjust= if changes LoG=

Unstable

*most stable= Anatomical pxn

STABILITY

CoM OF THE HUMAN BODY

→ Depends on the proportions/weight of the
person

BASE OF SUPPORT (BoS)

→ The area beneath an object or person's
feet.

NOTE...
→ The location of the CoM of an object or the
body depends on the distribution of mass
of the object

ALTERATIONS IN MASS OF AN OBJECT OR

SEGMENT
→ Depends on the distribution of mass of the
object.
→ Adding external mass is the most common
way to redistribute the mass.
→ The shift will be proportional to the
weight added.

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[PHPT] 2.08 Force – Gonzales, Miriam Aurea T.

1. cast at right= shift at right= unstabl3

2. 1 Leg stance (L)= unstable
3. Decreased BOS

*CRUTCH=
→ To improve stability of pt, the (L) foot and
crutch creates a BOS (triangle)

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[PHPT] 2.08 Force – Gonzales, Miriam Aurea T.

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