ENGINEERING REPORT

Air Pollution Source Installation

A. Generator Set
A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric
generator (often an alternator) to generate electrical energy. This is a specific
case of engine-generator. A diesel compression-ignition engine is usually
designed to run on diesel fuel, but some types are adapted for other liquid fuels
or natural gas.
Diesel generating sets are used in places without connection to a power
grid, or as emergency power-supply if the grid fails, as well as for more complex
applications such as peak-lopping, grid support, and export to the power grid.
This report is made for the application of different buildings for Permit to
Operate Air Pollution Installation in connection to RA 8749.
These buildings compses of PHILAM Life Center and 3 school sites. The
facility needed the generator set in order to supply daily power for its equipment
such as computers and lights, air conditioning units, and processes.

DIESEL GENERATOR SET

The packaged combination of a diesel engine, a generator and various
ancillary devices (such as base, canopy, sound attenuation, control
systems, circuit breakers, jacket water heaters and starting system) is referred to
as a "generating set" or a "genset" for short.
The generator set installed is fueled by diesel. This unit is kept in a well
ventilated place located at Burgos, Ilocos Norte. The equipments composes of 12
sets of DAEWOO DWG 250E (343HP engine), 227kVA, 3 phase unit operating
at a voltage of 220 volts. The capacity is designed to supply daily loads for
the buildings. The estimated average fuel consumption per day is about 1730 gs
a day during 8-hours of operation.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

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 ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
Brand Name/Model P126TI-3
Engine Power HP (kW) 343 HP (256kW)
Type of Fuel Diesel
Fuel Consumption (Displacement) 18 gallons/hour (11051 cc)
No. of Hrs. of Operation/Year 39420 hours
Amount of Fuel Consumed 631450 gal/year
No. of Cylinder 6 cylinder
Rated RPM 1800 rpm
Corresponding Air Pollution Control None
Device

ALTERNATOR SPECIFICATIONS
Model DAEWOO DWG250E
Capacity 227 kW
Phase 3 phase
Voltage 220 V
Frequency 60 Hz

Power Factor/ Cos  0

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Geographical
Coordinates Latitude Longitude
DMS N18030’20” East 120038’5”
Decimal 18.505645 120.634734

Photos of the Genset Equipment with Geographical

Coordinates

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EMISSIONS
Most of the pollutants from IC engines are emitted through the exhaust.
However, some total organic compounds (TOC) escape from the crankcase as a
result of blow by (gases that are vented from the oil pan after they have escaped
from the cylinder past the piston rings) and from the fuel tank and carburetor
because of evaporation. Nearly all of the TOCs from diesel CI engines enter the
atmosphere from the exhaust. Evaporative losses are insignificant in diesel
engines due to the low volatility of diesel fuels.
The primary pollutants from internal combustion engines are oxides of nitrogen
(NOx), total organic compounds (TOC), carbon monoxide (CO), and
particulates, which include both visible (smoke) and non-visible emissions.
Nitrogen oxide formation is directly related to high pressures and
temperatures during the combustion process and to the nitrogen content, if any,
of the fuel. The other pollutants, HC, CO, and smoke, are primarily the
result of incomplete combustion. Ash and metallic additives in the fuel
also contribute to the particulate content of the exhaust. Sulfur oxides (SOx)
also appear in the exhaust from IC engines. The sulfur compounds, mainly sulfur
dioxide (SO2), are directly related to the sulfur content of the fuel.
 NITROGEN OXIDES

Nitrogen oxide formation occurs by two fundamentally different

mechanisms. The predominant mechanism with internal
combustion engines is thermal NOx which arises from the thermal
dissociation and subsequent reaction of nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2)
molecules in the combustion air. Most thermal NOx is formed in the
high-temperature region of the flame from dissociated molecular nitrogen
in the combustion air. Some NOx, called prompt NOx, is formed in the
early part of the flame from reaction of nitrogen intermediary species,
and HC radicals in the flame. The second mechanism, fuel NOx, stems
from the evolution and reaction of fuel-bound nitrogen compounds
with oxygen. Gasoline, and most distillate oils have no chemically-
bound fuel N2 and essentially all NOx formed is thermal NOx.

 TOTAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

The pollutants commonly classified as hydrocarbons are composed of a

wide variety of organic compounds and are discharged into the
atmosphere when some of the fuel remains unburned or is only partially
burned during the combustion process. Most unburned hydrocarbon
emissions result from fuel droplets that were transported or injected into
the quench layer during combustion. This is the region immediately
adjacent to the combustion
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 chamber surfaces, where heat transfer outward through the cylinder walls
causes the mixture temperatures to be too low to support combustion.

 CARBON MONOXIDE

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, relatively inert gas formed as an

intermediate combustion product that appears in the exhaust when
the reaction of CO to CO2 cannot proceed to completion. This situation
occurs if there is a lack of available oxygen near the hydrocarbon (fuel)
molecule during combustion, if the gas temperature is too low, or if the
residence time in the cylinder is too short. The oxidation rate of CO is
limited by reaction kinetics and, as a consequence, can be accelerated only
to a certain extent by improvements in air and fuel mixing during the
combustion process.

 SMOKE AND PARTICULATE MATTER

White, blue, and black smoke may be emitted from IC engines. Liquid
particulates appear as white smoke in the exhaust during an engine cold
start, idling, or low load operation. These are formed in the quench layer
adjacent to the cylinder walls, where the temperature is not high enough to
ignite the fuel. Blue smoke is emitted when lubricating oil leaks, often
past worn piston rings, into the combustion chamber and is partially
burned. Proper maintenance is the most effective method of preventing
blue smoke emissions from all types of IC engines. The primary
constituent of black smoke is agglomerated carbon particles (soot)
formed in regions of the combustion mixtures that are oxygen deficient.

 SULFUR OXIDES

Sulfur oxides emissions are a function of only the sulfur content in the
fuel rather than any combustion variables. In fact, during the
combustion process, essentially all the sulfur in the fuel is oxidized
to SO2. The oxidation of SO2 gives sulfur trioxide (SO3), which reacts
with water to give sulfuric acid (H2SO4), a contributor to acid
precipitation. Sulfuric acid reacts with basic substances to give
sulfates, which are fine particulates that contribute to PM-10 and
visibility reduction. Sulfur oxide emissions also contribute to corrosion of
the engine parts.

POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICE

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There is no pollution control device installed. However, proper preventive
maintenance will be done to make the generator set in good running condition to
avoid the emission of these pollutants in the atmosphere.

MONITORING, RECORDKEEPING AND REPORTING

Recording and reporting is basic monitoring tool, if presents the actual status of
the operation, and can detect any eventually that may arise so that
necessary adjustments are done.

The operation of the generator is being recorded which include the number of
hours it will run, the liters of fuel used, the changing of oil, parts and
other accessories. The preventive maintenance of the generator set follows
the manufacturers recommended procedures.

Evaluation and reporting of these records will be done every quarter.

EMISSION MANAGEMENT

To make the emission of the generator meet the standard set in the Implementing
Rules and Regulations of RA 8749 otherwise known as the Clean Air Act of
1999 it will be maintained always in good running condition, especially so
that no pollution control device is installed.

EMISSION ESTIMATES COMPUTATION

FORMULA:
E = A x EF x [1-ER/100]

WHERE:
E = Emission Estimation
A = Activity Rate
EF = Emission Factor
% ER = Overall Emission Reduction Efficiency
NOTE: If there is no pollution control facility [1-ER / 100] = 1.0

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EMISSION FACTOR (E.F.) FOR DIESEL ENGINE: US EPA AP 42 5th
Edition

PM = 6.47 lbs / 1000 gallon of fuel

NOx = 102 lbs / 1000 gallon of fuel
CO = 3,940 lbs / 1000 gallon of fuel
SOx = 5.31 lbs / 1000 gallon of fuel
VOC = 147.70 lbs / 1000 gallon of fuel

MAX POWER OUTPUT/CAPACITY:

The Daewoo P126TI-3 343 (HP/256kW) Diesel Engine is coupled to

a
227kW/284 kVA Generator/Alternator.

Since there is no record yet, the Fuel consumption is calculated to

be
631450 gal/year.

DIESEL FUEL CONSUMPTION: 631450 gallons/year

 PARTICULATE MATTER, PM:

EPM = 631450 gals/year x .6.47 lbs/1000 gal x 1 ton/2210 lbs
= 1.848634163 ton/ year
 NITROGEN OXIDE, NOx:
ENOx = 631450 gals/year x 102 lbs/1000 gals x 1 ton/2210 lbs
= 29.14384615 ton/ year
 CARBON MONOXIDE, CO:
ECO = 631450 gals/year x 3,940 lbs/1000 gals x 1 ton/2210 lba
= 1125.752489 ton/ year
 SULFUR OXIDE, SOx:
ESox = 631450 gals/year x 5.31 lbs/1000 gals x 1 ton/2210 lbs x
0.005/100
= 0.00007585971719 ton/year
 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND, VOC:
EVOC = 631450 gals/year x 147.7 lbs/1000 gals x 1 ton/2210 lbs
= 42.20143213 ton/year

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The above computation showed that the resulting emission concentration of air
contaminants from the proper combustion of gasoline oil of the generator set is
within tolerable standards.

Prepared by:

EDRALIN C. ODASCO
BS Mechanical Engineering

Attested By:

Name:

SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN TO before me this day of _ , at

, Philippines.

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