The Most Comprehensive Yet Simple Guide of Static

Electricity

Static electricity is kind of big deal on tankers. If you think it is just a

hypothetical term, you would be wrong.

Shipping history has witnessed many incidents related to static electricity.

For example, a cargo tank of the vessel Fiona exploded when surveyor was
manually measuring the temperature of the cargo. In the NTSB investigation,
the reason for the explosion was found to be static electricity.
There are many other such incidents.

So what exactly is static electricity and why this is so big deal?

Let us discuss. But before we do that we need to refresh some basic science.

Some basic science

To understand static electricity, we need to refresh some basic science.

Knowledge of the basic science would help when we talk about relatively bigger
terms.

But don’t worry, this will be just basic science and I won’t bore you with high
dose of science.

What are atoms?

All the matters in this world are made of atoms. Atoms consists of three things.
Negatively charged electron, positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.
An atom has equal number of protons and electrons and thus is electrically
neutral in nature. Neutrons and protons together makes the nucleus of an atom
and electrons are present in the outer shells of an atom. Electrons are very very
light (1:1800) as compared to the proton and neutron.

An atom never looses its protons and neutron and so the composition of its
nucleus never changes.

But an atom may loose or gain electrons to or from other materials.

Since electrons are so light, these are easily released with small amount of
energy. Friction is the most common way in which electrons are released from
an atom.
What makes an object a conductor or insulator

I just said that electrons can be easily released from an atom. But this isn’t the
case with atoms of all the elements.

Some atoms have the tendency to release electrons easily while others have
tendency to accept electrons easily.

A conductor of electricity has loosely bound electrons in the outer shell of its

atom. These electrons are looking to escape from the atom. So conductors have
the affinity to release the electrons easily.
Non-conductors (Insulators) like plastic have tightly bound electron which
do not release easily. Insulators can however accept the electrons.

Do you want to know why some materials have tendency to give up their

electrons and other to receive the electrons? Then you should know terms
like electronic configuration of an atom and valency.
If you are interested in these terms you can read about that in detail but for the
time being let us stick to our topic.

So if we rub a conductor and inductor together, some of the electrons would

move from conductor to the inductor.
So let us summarize what I have said so far in these three points.

What is electricity
Electricity is flow of charge. Electron is the carrier of the charge because it
carries a negative charge. If we can free an electron from an atom and force it
to move, we have created the electricity.

What is static electricity

When two dissimilar materials are rubbed together, one may give up
its electrons and other may receive these electrons.

The material that gives up electrons becomes positively charged. And the one
that receives electrons becomes negatively charged.

So what would happen when two objects, one positively and other negatively
charged come together? The extra electrons from negatively charged particle
would move to the positively charged material. This is because of nature of
equilibrium. This flow of electrons (charge) is called static electricity.
This is a form of electricity because as I said the electricity is flow of charge.

Still not clear what static electricity is, watch this wonderful video.
 Three stages of static electricity

Let us now simplify the process of generation of static electricity

 Charge separation

 Charge accumulation

 Electrostatic discharge

Charge separation

When two different materials come in contact, electron may move from one
material to another.

This process is called charge separation and is the first step for static electricity
generation.

But for one material to give its electron and other to be able to receive electron,
one material need to be conductor while other need to be insulator.
 On board tankers charge separation can happen because of

 Friction between the cargo and the pipeline during flow of cargo. In this case
the pipeline loose the electron and cargo gains the electron and becomes
negatively charged.

 Friction between the cargo and tank top because of splashing during initial
stage of loading. Again during splashing, the tank top gives electrons and cargo
gains the electrons.

 Steaming:  Steam is an insulator. When steam flows through the steam pipe, it

attains a negative charge (I hope by this time you would know why?)
 mixing of two immiscible liquids: When two immiscible liquids are mixed
together, charge separation can take place.
You will note that in all these situations of charge separation, one material is a
conductor and other is insulator.

Charge accumulation 
I said that charge separation requires one insulator and one conductor. It isn’t
that charge separation cannot take place in two conductors.
But in two conductors the separated charges recombine and neutralize almost
immediately.

When an insulator has attained a negative charge, it takes time for it to release
it because of the properties of the insulator. This time is called the relaxation
time.

If a material (or cargo) cannot retain a charge for longer period, it will be of no
concern to us. This is because, for spark generation there need to be sufficient
charge accumulated.

So Charge can only be accumulated on inductors. Any charge accumulated on

conductors is released at the first opportunity.

Electrostatic discharge

When two material with opposite charge come in contact, electrons shift from
one material to another.  This process is called electrostatic discharge.

For this electrostatic discharge to take place, the two charges need to have
a minimum distance between them. If two charges are separated by a large
distance, these will not meet.
This distance depends upon how strongly the materials are charged. Or in more
technical words, how much the voltage difference between two objects is. More
the voltage difference, lesser distance is required for electrostatic discharge.

Electrostatic discharge is one thing. Electrostatic discharge to produce a spark is

another thing.

For electrostatic discharge to produce a spark, there need to be certain amount

of voltage difference between two charges.

This again highlights the importance of presence of an inductor in this process.

Inductors are able to retain a charge and thus will be able to create that voltage
difference.

Sources of static electricity on board

While static electricity is present everywhere, it is of concern where flammable

vapours may be present. Tankers will have the flammable vapours in the cargo
tanks and so static electricity present a major hazard on tankers.
Let us discuss what are the sources of static electricity on tankers.

i) Static accumulator cargoes

Now if I was clear on what I said so far, you would know two things.

First, that only insulators can accumulate the electric charge.

Second, there has to be charge build up for the spark to take place during
electrostatic discharge. Conductors cannot retain the charge and hence will not
be the main reason to produce spark.

Insulator has the tendency to hold the charge and are the reason for the spark
during electrostatic discharge.

Now the cargoes that are not good conductor of electricity would be able to hold
the charge for longer period of time. These cargoes possess the hazard of static
electricity.

These cargoes are called static accumulators.

ISGOTT has assigned a number to define static accumulator cargoes. As per
ISGOTT, these are the cargoes that have conductivity of less than
50 picoSiemens/metre (pS/m).

ii) Free fall in the tank

If a cargo or ballast is loaded from the top in such a way of free fall into the
tank, the cargo (or ballast) will splash. This produces a mist of electrically
charged droplets in the ullage space of the tank.

To avoid the explosion, ISGOTT does not allow loading on top for static
accumulator cargoes.
 iii) Water Mist

Like free fall in the tank, water jet from the tank cleaning machines during tank
cleaning also generate mist of electrically charged droplets.

iv) Inert gas

Inert gas can carry the electrically charged small particle with it. These particles
can be carried into the tank along with the inert gas in to the tank.

v) Other sources

There can be number of other sources on board for static charges generation.
And it is not possible to check if static charge exists or not. The best possible
way is that whenever in doubt, assume static charge exists.

Precaution against static electricity

Whatever the reason of static electricity generation is, the more important thing
is not to allow the explosion.

Even if the electrostatic discharge results in a spark generation, two more

things need to be present for the explosion to occur

 Flammable mixture which can be ignited

 air to support the combustion

If the tanks are in inert condition, there are no specific precautions required for
static electricity. This is because there is no oxygen inside the tank to support
combustion.

Let us say tanks are not in inert condition and vessel is loading the static
accumulator cargo. The flammable mixture and oxygen would be present inside
the tank.

To avoid explosion due to static electricity, we need to take steps to

 minimise the charge separation and charge accumulation

 Avoid the electrostatic discharge

 Let us see how we can achieve that

Minimising the charge separation and charge accumulation

I have already described how charge separation take place. By friction between
two dissimilar material or by mixing of two immiscible liquids among many. If
we understand the reason for static charge generation, we would understand
the steps required to minimise these.

Linear velocity restriction

When a static accumulator cargo flows through the pipeline, the pipeline loose
some of its electrons. The cargo gains these electrons and becomes negatively
charged.

This cargo when enters the empty tank, it splashes. This again increases the
static charge generation.

To avoid this static charge generation, we need to reduce the friction between
the cargo and the pipeline. Also we need to reduce the splashing of the cargo in
the tank. This can only be achieved by reducing the rate of flow.

ISGOTT requires that for loading static accumulator cargoes, we must restrict
the linear velocity to

 1 m/s until the cargo is loaded to a level where there is no splashing during
loading. This is generally possible when filling pipes and all other structures at
the tank bottom has been submerged to twice the filling pipe diameter.

 After all the splashing has stopped, linear velocity can be increased to
maximum 7 m/s.

Calculating the maximum loading rate as per these linear velocities is not that
difficult. Here is the calculation for loading rate through 10 inch pipe with linear
velocity of 1 m/s.
The maximum loading rate for other size of pipeline diameter can be calculated
in similar way

When loading static accumulator cargoes, we must not increase the loading rate
as per these linear velocities.
Avoiding free fall of the cargo in the tank

Free fall of the cargo from top of the tank causes splashing and thus static
charge generation. So far as possible, we should not allow the free fall of the
cargo into the tank.

In case of static accumulator cargoes, it is a must to load only through the

bottom line unless the tanks are in inert condition.

Controlling the inert gas or air in the tank

The inert gas can carry some of the charged particles along with it. Introducing
the inert gas in a tank that is already inert is of no danger.

But inerting the tank that is not inert and has flammable vapours can be
dangerous because of static charge accumulation.

In this case controlling the rate of inert gas entering in the tank will be the best
solution.

Bonding

Bonding of all equipments ensures that there is no charge separation.

Antistatic additives

Adding some chemicals can increase the conductivity of the cargo. If these

chemicals are added to the static accumulator cargoes, these would no longer
be static accumulators.
Irrespective of whether the antistatic additives are added or not, sip staff should
treat these cargoes as static accumulator.

Avoiding the electrostatic discharge

We have done our best to reduce the static charge generation in the tank. But
can we measure the charge in the tank ? No.

Even if we have minimised static charge generation in the tank, we can never

be sure that spark will not generate if we introduce a metal object in the tank.
 So taking the precautions for preventing electrostatic discharge is as important
as controlling the static charge generation.

If we have loaded a conductive cargo, the charge accumulated will

automatically be discharged through the tank sides. This is because

 Tank sides are earthed as these are directly in touch with the seawater.

 Conductive Materials (and cargoes) have the tendency to discharge the

accumulated charge immediately.

This means that even if the charge is accumulated while loading these cargoes,
it immediately gets discharged.

But this is not the case with cargoes that are poor conductor of electricity
(Static accumulator cargoes). It takes some time for these cargoes to discharge
the static charge accumulated.

Now what will happen if we

 introduce a non-conductor material in the tank

 introduce a conductor (Metal) in the tank

Non-conductor material will either be negatively charged same as the cargo or

will be neutral.

If the this material and the cargo have same polarity of charge, there will not be
any exchange of charge and thus no spark.

This is the reason that ISGOTT allows the tapes made of non-conductors for
static accumulator cargoes without waiting for relaxation time.

Now if we introduce a metal in the tank, this metal will most likely be positively
charged or neutral.  When this metal is introduced in the tank containing the
static accumulator cargo, electrons will move from the cargo surface to the
metal.
This transfer of electrons can result in a spark. So to avoid this spark we need
to take few precautions

Allow 30 minutes of relaxation time

The charge accumulated on the cargo surface gets discharged through the tank
sides which are earthed through the sea water.

But this process take time in case of static accumulator cargoes.

Before introducing any metal object in the tank, we need to allow this relaxation
time. As per ISGOTT, we need to allow at least 30 minutes of relaxation time
after all the movement of cargo in the tank is complete.

Only after 30 minutes of relaxation time, we can introduce any metal tapes
inside the tank.

If you have loaded a static accumulator cargoes, some vetting inspectors would
ask for the time sheet at load port to check if 30 minutes of relaxation time was
allowed before start of ullaging.

This relaxation time is not required if the sounding pipe extends to full height of
the tank and is bonded at the bottom of the tank.
Conclusion

Static electricity is so real. Everyone have felt it at least once in their lifetime.

We have touch the door know to get a shock.

We have played a trick to pick piece of paper with a plastic scale. We have seen
it and we have felt it.

But after all this if we refuse to accept it as a risk on tankers, we are fooling
ourself. Static electricity is a real risk on tankers and all the places where a
spark can cause an explosion.

Knowledge of how static electricity is generated can help in taking steps to

mitigate the risk of explosion due to static electricity.