%

FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING AND
BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTME
NT OF
CHEMICAL
AND
MATALL
UGICAL
ENGI
NEE
RING

CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
 LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT: Heat and Mass flow

instability and secondary flow effects in
cylinder measuring system.

Name: KATLEGO

SEBANO

Student Number:224474857
Date Experiment Performed:

Date Experiment Submitted:

Submitted to:
 TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND METTALURGICAL ENGINEERING

REPORT GRADING FORM

Name of Student: KATLEGO SEBANO

Student Number: 224475857

Title of Report: Heat and Mass flow instability and secondary flow effects in cylinder
measuring system.

Term: 1 DATE:

Subject Max Mark Actual Mark

1. Title Page
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Theoretical Background
5. Procedure
6. Results
7. Discussion of Results
8. Conclusion and
Recommendations
9. Literature Cited
10. Nomenclature
11. Organization and Neatness

Appendix
A1 Raw Data
A2 Data analysis and Sample
Calculations
TOTAL

Signed:____
Commen
Table of Contents
1.ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................4

2.INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................5

3.THEORITICAL BACKGROUND....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.RESULTS..............................................................................................................................7

5.DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS............................................................................................8

6.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..................................................................8

7.LITERATURE CITED......................................................................................................9

8.REFERENCE......................................................................................................................10

9.SAMPLE CALCULATIONS.............................................................................................11
ABSTRACT

Elastic instability is offered as a possible way for intensifying heat transfer at low
Reynolds numbers. The start of elastic instability and its impact on heat
transmission, on the other hand, is largely dependent on the rheological properties of
the polymer solution, which have not been revealed. The heat transfer performance
owing to rheological differences is evaluated in a swirling flow configuration between
parallel plates by altering solution concentration, sucrose percentage, and salinity.
When the swirling velocity is fixed, the results show that increasing material content
and decreasing salinity can readily create elastic instability, resulting in enhanced
heat transfer performance. Yet, when the swirling velocity increases and the
maximum salinity decreases, the salinity effects fade. Salinity no longer influences
enhancement. For low Reynolds numbers, the heat transfer performance based on
pure elastic instability improves more than that based on inertial-elastic instability.
 INTRODUCTION

Effective heat transfer is critical in many industrial areas, including power generation,
information computing technology, chemical production, and the ultra-high heat flux
experienced in the aerospace industry. The development of high-performance heat
transfer techniques at low Reynolds number, Re, has been widely explored in recent
decades, driven by industrial needs for process intensification and device shrinking.
A common strategy for increasing heat transfer at low Re numbers is to produce
turbulent-like flow motion through geometrical changes, which is not always
acceptable due to the laminar flow nature encountered.

One option recommended is to employ viscoelastic fluid, which is typically created by

adding small amounts of high-molecular-weight polymer to a pure Newtonian
solvent. In the presence of elastic nonlinearity, this viscoelastic fluid exhibits severe
flow instability, which is characterized by a normalized Weissenberg number, defined
as Wi = γ•λ, where is the shear rate applied to the flow and is the polymer relaxation
time. As the inertial effect is ignored at vanishing Reynolds number, the viscoelastic
fluid is pronounced to create purely elastic instability at Wi > 1, and as the value of
Wi is increased further, the flow is aroused to a so-called elastic turbulence regime.

The existence of elastic instability or turbulence is due to the interactions between

the stretching of lengthy polymer chains brought on by shear stress and opposing
perturbations to the primary flow. The swirling flow between two parallel plates, the
Taylor-Couette flow setup, the curvilinear serpentine channel, and some self-
designed geometries like the cross slot channel and straight channel with obstacles
inserted are just a few examples of conventional geometries where this turbulent-like
phenomenon has been observed. The commencement of elastic instability is always
preceded by a sudden increase in flow resistance, which is comparable to the
characteristics of inertial turbulence. Nevertheless, it is still debatable whether the
curvature of the flow geometry is a necessary prerequisite for this to occur. Also, it
has been demonstrated that using elastic turbulence is a successful way to improve
mixing perform

MATERIALS
METHOD

 Removed the temperature hood cover.

 Attached the Anton Paar Measuring system CC18 – 18mm cup and bob
measuring system.
 Screwed the cup off and fill it with the sample until the measuring level. NB!!
Do not over fill.
 Placed the measuring cup to it measuring position and screw it tight.
 Switched on the viscotherm on the rheology software.
 Set the temperature on the viscotherm to 15°C and set the Rheometer
temperature to 25°C.
 Opened the Viscosity flow curve project on the software and set the testing
temperature from 25°C to 100°C.
 Set the measuring gap to 5mm.
 Started the test and wait till the temperature is stable.
 Repeated the test on 100°C and wait for the temperature to be stable .
RESULTS

RESULTS FOR 25℃

RESULTS FOR 100℃

DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS

At a rotational speed, the heat transmission behaviors were studied. We observed

that the wide gaps between the two parallel plates resulted in a very inhomogeneous
shear rate inside the bulk fluid. As a result, the shear rate was adjusted depending
on the pure solution's viscosity profiles, And we observed that the heat rate was
negative meaning that the was heat lost, reasons to cause the heat lost was
because the disk was not insulated.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The performance of convective heat transfer under various conditions was examined
in a swirling flow configuration between two parallel disks, the bottom disk was
cooled to a constant temperature of 15 °C, allowing the Nu dependences on fluid
concentration, solvent concentration, and salinity to be observed. One can draw the
following conclusions:

 When spinning at low speeds, the saltiness is reduced while the heat transfer
enhancement improves for a given whirling velocity. But, when the whirling
velocity exceeds a certain number, which is made possible by the reduction of the
shielding effect, the enhancement ceases to be dependent on salinity. It becomes
obvious that the salinity affects the start of elastic instability, while the fluid
concentration limits the maximum amplification. Moreover, the dependency of Nu
on Wi differs with different salinities as a result of the considerable variations in
shear-thinning. Low salinity solutions exhibit more pronounced shear-thinning,
which inhibits an increase in the enhancement of heat transfer.
 The Disk must be insulated so that the won’t be any heat lost.
LITERATURE CITED
( 41.2 . η )
. Ta=
[ ω c . ρ. Ri . ( δ cc−1 ) ]
2
ωc= 3
η 2
[ ρ . Ri . ( δ cc−1 ) ]
2

ℜ=(V m . L . ρ)/η

L= (Re – Ri) . V m = ω. Rrep, with Rrep = (Re + Ri) / 2

. ℜ=¿ ω. (Re + Ri). (Re – Ri). ρ] / (2. η) = [ω. ρ. (Re2 – Ri2)] / (2. η)

Or ℜ=[ ω . ρ . Ri . ( δ cc−1 ) ] /(2 . η)

2

∆T
. Qconv = =hA ( T w −T ∝) . As = лDL,
Rconv
8.REFERENCE
 W.M. Abed et al.
Numerical and experimental investigation of heat transfer and fluid flow
characteristics in a micro-scale serpentine channel
Int. J. Heat Mass Transf.
(2015)
 R. Schweins et al.
Dilute solution behaviour of sodium polyacrylate chains in aqueous NaCl
solutions
Polymer
(2003)
 P. Li et al.
Laminar flow and forced convective heat transfer of shear-thinning
power-law fluids in dimpled and protruded microchannels
Int. J. Heat Mass Transf.
(2016)
 H. Yang et al.
Experimental investigation on convective heat transfer of Shear-thinning
fluids by elastic turbulence in a serpentine channel
Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
(2020)
 K. Tatsumi et al.
Local flow and heat transfer characteristics of viscoelastic fluid in a
serpentine channel
Int. J. Heat Mass Transf.
(2019)
 A. Minaeian et al.
Forced convective heat transfer of nonlinear viscoelastic flows over a
circular cylinder at low Reynolds inertia regime
Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul.
(2020)
 Ç. Şahin et al.
Effects of polymer/surfactant additives on forced convective heat
transfer in vortex shedding flow past a circular cylinder
Int. J. Therm. Sci.
(2019)
 D. Copeland et al.
Elastic turbulence influences and convective heat transfer within a
miniature viscous disk pump
Int. J. Heat Mass Transf.
(2017)
 D.-Y. Li et al.
Measuring heat transfer performance of viscoelastic fluid flow in curved
microchannel using Ti–Pt film temperature sensor
Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
(2016)
 W.M. Abed et al.
Experimental investigation of the impact of elastic turbulence on heat
transfer in a serpentine channel
J. Non Newtonian Fluid Mech.
(2016)
RAW DATA

9.SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

FOR WHEN TEMPERATURE IS 25℃

GIVEN:

DENSITY = 0.853g

Viscosity = 44.976 mPas

Diameter = 28.94 mm

L = 8 cm

Tylor vortices

.Ta=
[ ω c . ρ. Ri2 . ( δ cc−1 ) ]
η

=(56400.62)( 853)¿ ¿
= 141.56
CRITICAL ANGULAR VELOCITY:

( 41.2 . η )
ωc= 3
2
[ ρ . Ri . ( δ cc−1 ) 2 ]

( 41.2)(0.04497)
= (853)¿ ¿

= 56400.62 m/s

REYNOLDS NUMBER

. ℜ=[ ω . ρ . Ri . ( δ cc −1 ) ] /(2 . η)
2

= (56400.62)(853)¿ ¿

=70.78

Area:

A= (pi).D.L

= (3.142) (28.94÷1000) (8÷100)

= 7.273×10−3

.Q CONV

∆T
. Q conv = =hA ( T w −T ∝)
Rconv

= (500) (7.273×10−3 )(15-25)

= -36.365 W

Heat transfer coefficient: 500 W/ (m2.k)

FOR WHEN TEMPERATURE IS 100℃

.Ta=¿ ¿

=(56400.62)( 853)¿ ¿

= 141.59

CRITICAL ANGULAR VELOCITY:

( 41.2 . η )
ωc= 3
2
[ ρ . Ri . ( δ cc−1 ) 2 ]

( 41.2)(4.3577 ×10−3 )
=
(796.3)¿¿

= 5853.73m/s

REYNOLDS NUMBER

. ℜ=[ ω . ρ . Ri . ( δ cc −1 ) ] /(2 . η)
2

= (5853.73)(769.3)¿ ¿

=70.78

Area:

A= (pi).D.L

= (3.142) (28.94÷1000) (8÷100)

= 7.273×10−3

.Q CONV

∆T
. Q conv = =hA ( T w −T ∝)
Rconv

= (500) (7.273×10−3 )(15-100)

= -309.1025 W

Heat transfer coefficient: 500 W/ (m2.k)