Thermo-Fluid Lab Reports

Fluid flow experiment on parallel and mixed flow modules
Thermo-Fluid Laboratory II
By Group Members Id NO
1. Haftom yirga Eit/ur1644/03
2. Hailemariam sissay Eit/ur1722/03
3. Kaleab eyassu Eit/ur1870/03
4. Kedir Mohammed Eit/ur1895/03
5. Mebratu wubie Eit/ur2101/03
6. Shiferaw alemu Eit/ur2617/03
7. Solomon yirga Eit/ur2685/03
5th year Add students
Undergraduate Program
Dept. of Mechanical Eng’g
December 2014 G.C.
Sub to: Ing. Solomon Tekelemikael
Coarse Instructor
Dept. of Mechanical Eng’g

Table of Content
Table of Content.......................................................................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgment....................................................................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Nomenclature............................................................................................................................................................................... v
1. Heat Exchangers................................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Application of Heat Exchangers........................................................................................................................2
1.3. Types of Heat Exchangers................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Parallel Fluid Flow Module...........................................................................................................................................5
2.1. Introductions............................................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2. Apparatus Features................................................................................................................................................ 5
2.3. Principle Experiment.............................................................................................................................................5
2.4. Tender Specification.............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.5. Experiment Procedure..........................................................................................................................................6
2.6. Working Parameters..............................................................................................................................................7
2.7. Experiment 1 (For the Ring Heater)...............................................................................................................8
2.8. Experiment 2.......................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.9. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................... 12
Reference..................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Acknowledgment
We would like to express our deepest appreciation and gratitude to the following people for
helping us complete this paper.
First we would like to express our deepest gratitude to our course instructor, Ing Solomon
Tekelemikael, for his skillful guidance, encouragement, enormous patience, and willing attitude
throughout this paperwork.
We would also like to thank the Dep’t of Mechanical Engineering department for providing us
important data and other materials.
Special thanks on to each and every member of our group without the initiative support, it
would have been difficult to accomplish the paper.
We would like to thank Mekelle University as a whole for providing us books and internet access
which was very helpful for further understanding.
Last, but not least, we would like to thank all the people without whom this paper would not
have been completed on time.
Abstract
A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to
another. The media may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct
contact. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants,
chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas processing, and sewage
treatment. The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in
which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows past
the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air.
 Experiment Objective(Specific)
The two experiments provided on this assignment are mainly focused on determining the heat
transfer coefficient along with the flow speed from tube wall to shell side within a tube bundle
and analyzing the relationship between Nusselt's and Reynold's numbers by varying the flow rate
and temperature of the air, by controlling the fan inlet and the heater temperature. The value
from each experiment is recorded to be analyzed on the conclusion portion.
Nomenclature
 tH – is the heater temperature,
 tU – is the air temperature,
 QH – is Heater Power input,
 P1 – Inlet air Pressure
 P2 – Outlet Pressure
 v – is the kinematic viscosity,
 ρ – is the density of air,
 c – is the air flow speed,
 α – is the coefficient of heat transfer,
 αm – Experimentally determine average heat transfer coefficient
 A – Cross sectional area
 A - Internal tube surface
 f3 - Correction factor
 f6 - Correction factor
 Nu – is the Nusselt’s number,
 d – tube diameter (for mixed flow)
 L – tube length ( for parallel flow)
 Δ pv – is the pressure loss,
 ξ – is the coefficient of flow resistance
 λ – thermal conductivity
 Nudturb - Nußelt number (diameter, turbulent)
 Pel - Recorded heat output
 tFl - Average temperature of the fluid
 tWa - Average wall temperature
 L’ - Characteristic dimensions of the plat length of the internal tube diameter
1. Heat Exchangers
1.1. Introduction
A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to
another. The media may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct
contact. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants,
chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas processing, and sewage
treatment. The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in
which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows past
the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air.
Consider a gas central heating furnace (boiler) that heats hot-water radiators. It works by burning
natural gas, making a line or grid of hot gas jets that fire upward over water flowing through a
network of pipes. As the water pumps through the pipes, it absorbs the heat energy and heats up.
This arrangement is what we mean by a heat exchanger: the gas jets cool down and the water
heats up.
A heat exchanger is a device that allows heat from a fluid (a liquid or a gas) to pass to a second
fluid (another liquid or gas) without the two fluids having to mix together or come into direct
contact. If that's not completely clear, consider this. In theory, we could get the heat from the gas
jets just by throwing cold water onto them, but then the flames would go out! The essential
principle of a heat exchanger is that it transfers the heat without transferring the fluid that carries
the heat.
The above Figure shows how a simple heat exchanger works. A hot fluid flows through a tube
coiled inside a larger shell through which another colder fluid is running in the opposite
direction. Heat is exchanged by the fluids: the hot fluid cools down and the cold fluid warms up,
without them actually coming into contact and mixing.
1.2. Application of Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers are found usually working to heat or cool buildings or helping engines and
machines to work more efficiently. Refrigerators and air-conditioners, for example, use heat
exchangers in the opposite way from central heating systems: they remove heat from a
compartment or room where it's not wanted and pump it away in a fluid to some other place
where it can be dumped out of the way.
In power plants or engines, exhaust gases often contain heat that's heading uselessly away into
the open air. That's a waste of energy and something a heat exchanger can certainly reduce
(though not eliminate entirely—some heat is always going to be lost). The way to solve this
problem is with heat exchangers positioned inside the exhaust tail pipes or smokestacks. As the
hot exhaust gases drift upward, they brush past copper fins with water flowing through them.
The water carries the heat away, back into the plant. There, it might be recycled directly maybe
warming the cold gases that feed into the engine or furnace, saving the energy that would
otherwise be needed to heat them up. Or it could be put to some other good use, for example,
heating an office near the smokestack.
In buses, fluid used to cool down the diesel engine is often passed through a heat exchanger and
the heat it reclaims is used to warm cold air from outside that is pumped up from the floor of the
passenger compartment. That saves the need for having additional, wasteful electric heaters
inside the bus. A car radiator is another kind of heat exchanger. Water that cools the engine
flows through the radiator, which has lots of parallel, aluminum fins open to the air. As the car
drives along, cold air blowing past the radiator removes some of the heat, cooling the water and
heating the air and keeping the engine working efficiently. The radiator's waste heat is used to
heat the passenger compartment, just like on a bus.
For an energy-efficient shower, it might have a heat exchanger installed in the wastewater outlet.
As the water drips down the plug, it runs through the copper coils of a heat exchanger.
Meanwhile, cold water that's feeding into the shower to be heated pumps up past the same coils,
not mixing with the dirty water but picking up some of its waste heat and warming slightly—so
the shower doesn't need to heat it so much.
1.3. Types of Heat Exchangers
All heat exchangers do the same job that is passing heat from one fluid to another, but they work
in many different ways. The two most common kinds of heat exchanger are the shell-and-tube
and plate/fin. In shell and tube heat exchangers, one fluid flows through a set of metal tubes
while the second fluid passes through a sealed shell that surrounds them. That's the design shown
in the diagram up above. The two fluids can flow in the same direction (known as parallel flow),
in opposite directions (counter flow), or at right angles (cross flow). Plate/fin heat exchangers
have lots of thin metal plates or fins with a large surface area (because those exchanges more
heat more quickly). Generally some well known types of heat exchangers are:
o Double pipe heat exchanger

o Shell and tube heat exchanger
o Plate heat exchanger
o Plate and shell heat exchanger
o Adiabatic wheel heat exchanger
o Plate fin heat exchanger
o Pillow plate heat exchanger
o Fluid heat exchangers
o Optimization
o Waste Heat Recovery Units
o Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger
o Phase-change heat exchangers
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As stated earlier the general function of a heat exchanger is to transfer heat from one fluid to
another. The basic component of a heat exchanger can be viewed as a tube with one fluid
running through it and another fluid flowing by on the outside. There are thus three heat transfer
operations that need to be described:
1. Convection heat transfer

2. Conduction heat transfer, and
3. Radiation heat transfer.
Convection heat transfer: - is a mode of heat or energy transfer between a solid surface and an
adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion and it evolves the combined effect of conduction and fluid
motion. The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convective heat transfers.
In the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent
fluid is by pure conduction.
Forced convection: - if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by external means such as a
fun, pump or the wind.
Natural of free convection: - if the fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that are induced by
density differences due to the variation of temperature in the fluid.
Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of liquid are also considered to be
convection because of the fluid motion induced during the process, such as the rise of the vapor
bubbles during boiling or the fall of the liquid droplets during condensation.
Qconv = h As (Ts - T∞)
Newton’s law of cooling
h = convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC.
As = the surface area the through which convection heat transfer takes place
Ts = the surface temperature
T∞ = the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.
The convection heat transfer coefficient h is not a property of the fluid. It is experimentally
determined parameter whose value depends on all the variable influencing convection such as: -
 The surface geometry

 The nature of fluid motion
 The property is the fluid
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 The bulk fluid velocity
Let’s see some typical valves of h (w/m2 oc).
 Forced convection of gases = 25-250

 Forced convection of liquid = 50-20,000
 Boiling and condensation = 2,500-100,000
The heat transfer in around pipes can be investigated using WL34101. The heat transfer from the
pipe wall to the medium is observed. A ring heater simulates the flow inside the pipe, while a rod
heater reflects the conditions in the flow around a pipe.
The power and surface temperature of the two electrical heaters are measured and displayed on
the base unit WL31401.
Conduction heat transfer: - is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a
Substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles.
Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases. In gases and liquids, conduction is due to
the collisions and diffusion of the molecules during their random motion. In solids, it is due to
the combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free
electrons. A cold canned drink in a warm room, for example, eventually warms up to the room
temperature as a result of heat transfer from the room to the drink through the aluminum can by
conduction.
The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the geometry of the medium, its
thickness, and the material of the medium, as well as the temperature difference across the
medium. We know that wrapping a hot water tank with glass wool (an insulating material)
reduces the rate of heat loss from the tank. The thicker the insulation, the smaller the heat loss.
We also know that a hot water tank will lose heat at a higher rate when the temperature of the
room housing the tank is lowered. Further, the larger the tank, the larger the surface area and thus
the rate of heat loss.
Thus we conclude that the rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is proportional to the
temperature difference across the layer and the heat transfer area, but is inversely proportional to
the thickness of the layer. That is,
( Area ) (tempertaure difference )

Rate of heat conduction =
thickness
T 1−T 2
Qcon=kA
Δx
ΔT
= -kA
Δx
Where: - k – thermal conductivity of the material
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ΔT = T2 – T1 = temperature difference
A – Wall area
L – Wall thickness
Here dT/dx is the temperature gradient, which is the slope of the temperature curve on a T-x
diagram (the rate of change of T with x), at location x. The relation above indicates that the rate
of heat conduction in a direction is proportional to the temperature gradient in that direction.
Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature, and the temperature gradient
becomes negative when temperature decreases with increasing x
.
Radiation heat transfer: - is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves
(or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.
Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of energy by radiation does not require the
presence of an intervening medium. In fact, energy transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed of
light) and it suffers no attenuation in a vacuum. This is how the energy of the sun reaches the
earth.
Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon, and all solids, liquids, and gases emit, absorb, or transmit
radiation to varying degrees. However, radiation is usually considered to be a surface
phenomenon for solids that are opaque to thermal radiation such as metals, wood, and rocks
since the radiation emitted by the interior regions of such material can never reach the surface,
and the radiation incident on such bodies is usually absorbed within a few microns from the
surface.
When a surface of emissivity and surface area As at an absolute temperature Ts is completely

enclosed by a much larger (or black) surface at absolute temperature Tsurr separated by a gas
(such as air) that does not intervene with radiation, the net rate of radiation heat transfer between
these two surfaces is given by
·
Qrad=ε σ As ¿Ts4 – T4surr)
Where: - ε – emissivity
As - Surface area
Ts4 – absolute temperature
T4surr – surrounding temperature
In this special case, the emissivity and the surface area of the surrounding surface do not have
any effect on the net radiation heat transfer.
Radiation heat transfer to or from a surface surrounded by a gas such as air occurs parallel to
conduction (or convection, if there is bulk gas motion) between the surface and the gas. Thus the
total heat transfer is determined by adding the contributions of both heat transfer mechanisms.
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2. Parallel Fluid Flow Forced Convection Heat Exchanger
2.1. Introductions
In parallel flow exchangers, the hot and cold fluids move parallel to each other. Heat exchangers
where the fluids move in the same direction are referred to as parallel flow or co-current,
exchangers where fluids move in the opposite direction are referred to as counter flow or
counter-current. In Parallel flow heat exchangers, the outlet temperature of the "cold" fluid can
never exceed the outlet temperature of the "hot" fluid. The exchanger is performing at its best
when the outlet temperatures are equal.
In parallel flow heat exchange, heat is transferred using a ring heater and rod heater. The air
ducts is mounted on the base unit and connected electrically. The experiment on the parallel fluid
flow heat exchanges simultaneously with the heat transfer behavior on and inside the pipes.
Parallel flow heat exchanger extension kit expands the range of experiments possible with the
heat transfer test stand. In this extension kit the heat is transferred using a ring heater and rod
heater. The air duct is mounted on the base unit and connected electrically. This unit addresses
the principle of the heating of pipes. The experiment simulates heat transfer behavior on and in
pipes. In this case the heat transfer from the pipe wall to the medium is considered directly. The
heater elements in the duct are arranged parallel to the flow. The heat transfer produced here is
convection. Convective heat transfer can be sub-divided into free and forced convection. In the
case of forced convection, the fluid to be heated is conveyed past the exchange area by a
pumping device (pump, fan), while in the case of free convection, flow is only achieved due to
the density difference in the heated fluid.
2.2. Objective
 To determine the heat transfer coefficient from tube wall to shell side within a tube
bundle
 To determine the relationship between Nusselt's and Reinhold’s numbers by varying the
flow rate of air,
 And calculation of the air velocity
2.3. Tender Specification
The inner wall of the exchanger should consist of a clear acrylic tube of length 130mm. The flow
of air is determined by the use of the circular inlet device to be supplied with the basic bench.
The tube bundle should consist of two copper heaters connected to the power supplier. First a
ring heater followed by a rod heater arranged in series at a straight path of the air flow to the fan
blades. The tube diameter will vary in order to alter the air flow speed and pressure. A unit
layout of the apparatus is provided
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.
Fig. 5 Parallel flow unit layout [from WL 314.01 Parallel Flow Module]
1. Heater Rod 6. Connection to the Fans

2. Ring Heater 7. Connector (Rod Heater)
3. Connector (Ring Heater) 8. Connector for Thermocouple

4. Connector for Thermocouple (Rod Heater)
(Ring Heater) 9. Fastening Bracket
5. Intake Nozzle 10. Connection for Pressure
Measurement
11. Guide Piece
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2.4. Experiment Procedure
The procedure of making an experiment on properly assembled parallel flow heat exchanges are:
 Plug in all necessary power cables along with pressure or temperature

measuring cables on the appropriate spots provided.
 Switch on control and display unit.
 Record initial air temperature.
 Switch on the fan on the master switch box.
 Fix the fan opening to the desired space then record the pressure from the flow
rate measurement.
 Switch the heater power at the control and display unit.
 Measure the air temperature at different heater power inputs.
 Vary the fan valve opening then measure the air temperature at different heater
temperature inputs.
 Record the measurements after the variation is established and for this case
consider the variation of temperature at different time limits, usually ten to
fifteen minutes.
2.5. Working Parameters

 P – is the differential pressure,
 ρ = 1.293 Kg/m3
 c – is the flow speed,
 α
 c=
√2P
ρ
– is the coefficient of heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient or film
coefficient, in thermodynamics and in mechanics is the proportionality coefficient
between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat (i.e., the
temperature difference, ΔT):
QH
 α=
A∗(t H −t U )
-----------[w/m2K]
 A = 7.5398 * 10-3 m2 (From the module)
 A general figure for the heat transfer coefficient with air in vigorous motion along
a metal wall is:
i.e. 58 < α < 290
 Nu – is the Nusselt’s number. In heat transfer at a boundary (surface) within a fluid,

the Nusselt number (Nu) is the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer across
(normal to) the boundary. In this context, convection includes both advection and
diffusion. Named after Wilhelm Nusselt, it is a dimensionless number. The conductive
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component is measured under the same conditions as the heat convection but with a
(hypothetically) stagnant (or motionless) fluid.
α∗L
 Nu =
λ
 L = 0.13m (From the module)
 λ = 25.69 * 10-3w/mK (From the module), is the thermal conductivity,
2.6. Experiment 1 (For the Ring Heater)

The differential pressure, p = 2250Pa = 2.25KPa
No. Heater Power Heater Tempo Air Tempo α Nu

QH [w] tH[oc] tU[oc] [w/m2K]
1. 69 105 16 102.8 120
2. 128 109 16 182.5 213
3. 196 112 16 270 316
The (α) value is to be calculated from the first law of thermodynamics. The following is found:
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
Where: - A = 7.5398 * 10-3 m2 (From the module)
69 w
α=
(7.5398∗10−3 m2)∗( 105 C0 −16 C0 )
α = 102.8 w/m2K
The Nusselt’s number is given by;
α∗L
Nu =
λ
Where:- L = 30 *10^-3m
λ = 25.69 * 10-3w/mK (From the module)

2 −3
(102.8 w /m K )∗(30∗10 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w/mK )
Nu = 120
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
128 w
α=
(7.5398∗10 m 2)∗( 109 C0 −16 c 0 )
−3
α = 182.5 w/m2K
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The Nusselt’s number for the second recording is given by;
α∗L
Nu =
λ
2 −3
(182.5 w /m K )∗(30∗10 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w/mK )
Nu = 213
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
196 w
α=
(7.5398∗10 m 2)∗( 112 C 0−16 C0 )
−3
α = 270 w/m2K
The Nusselt’s number for the third recording is given by;
α∗L
Nu =
λ
2 −3
(270 w /m K )∗(30∗10 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w/mK )
Nu = 316
The flow speed, which independent of the temperature but the pressure of air flow is given as
follows;
C=
√2P
ρ
 ρ = 1.293 Kg/m3
 P = 2250pa
C=
√ 2∗2250 pa
1.293 kg /m3
= 32.9 m/sec
2.7. Experiment 2
The heater power constant = 36w
No. Heater Power Heater Tempo Air Tempo P α Nu

QH [w] tH [oc] tU [oc] Kpa [w/m2K]
1 36 85 16 0.65 69.2 80.8
2 36 79.2 16 2.1 75.54 88.22
3 36 71.3 16 2.35 86.34 100.8
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QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
36 w
α=
(7.5398∗10 m )∗( 85 C 0−16 C0 )
−3 2
α = 69.2 w/m2K
The Nusselt’s number is given by;
α∗L
Nu =
λ
 L = 30*10^-3m (From the module)
 λ = 25.69 * 10-3w/mK (From the module)
2 −3
(69.2 w /m K )∗(30∗10 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w/mK )
Nu = 80.8
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
36 w
α=
(7.5398∗10 m 2)∗( 79.2C 0−16 C 0 )
−3
α = 75.54w/m2K
The Nusselt’s number for the fifth recording is given by;
α∗L
Nu =
λ
2 −3
(75.54 w/m K )∗(30∗10 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w/mK )
Nu = 88.22
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
36 w
α=
(7.5398∗10 m2)∗( 71.3 C0 −16 C0 )
−3
α = 86.34 w/m2K
The Nusselt’s number for the sixth recording is given by;
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α∗L
Nu =
λ
2 −3
(86.34 w /m K)∗(30∗10 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w /mK )
Nu = 100.8
2.8. Conclusion
From the first experiment
When the pressure of the flowing air is kept constant and varying the power increase the
temperature difference and it shows that increasing the temperature result in increasing
heat transfer coefficient (α) and the nusselt number (Nu).
And the second experiment
As the tunnel throttle valve is open wind air flow faster (less turbulent flow). As a result the
heat transfer coefficient (α) and the nusselt number (Nu) decreases.
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3. Mixed Flow Forced Convection Heat Exchanger
3.1. Introduction
The Mixed Flow Heat Exchanger is provided for experiment of Cross Flow Heat Exchanger and
utilizing a common power supply and temperature read-out facility to demonstrate the use of
flow baffles within a tube bundle in order to increase the heat transfer capability of the
exchanger. They are arranged so that the number of baffles and the spacing between them can be
varied. In the mixed flow heat exchanger, heat is transferred using a heat built in to an air duct
and the then to the air by the means of longitudinal and cross flow mechanisms. The combination
of the two flow mechanisms is termed as mixed flow. The air duct is mounted on the base unit
and connected electrically. The heat transfer is a convective mode of heat transfer. The Mixed
Flow Module extension kit expands the range of experiments for the heat transfer test stand. In
the extension kit mentioned the heat is transferred using a heater built into an air duct. The heater
is integrated into a flow labyrinth. The labyrinth is so designed that the heat is transferred to the
air by means of longitudinal and cross flow. This combination of longitudinal and cross flow is
termed mixed flow. The air duct is mounted on the base unit and connected electrically. The
experiment simulates the heat transfer behavior of pipes. In this case the heat transfer from the
pipe wall to the medium is considered directly. The heat transfer produced here is convection.
The convective heat transfer can be sub-divided into free and forced convection. In the case of
forced convection, the fluid to be heated is conveyed past the exchange area by a pumping
device (pump, fan), while in the case of free convection, flow is only achieved due to the density
difference in the heated fluid.
3.2. Objective
 To understand the heat transfer coefficient from tube wall to shell side within a tube
bundle.
 To understand the relationship between Nusselt's and Reynolds numbers by varying the
flow rate of air.
3.3. Description
The Apparatus consists of a clear acrylic tube of nominal bore 14 mm which is the outer wall
(shell side) of the exchanger and positioned at the inlet to the fan of the Heat Transfer Bench. Air
flow through the heat exchanger is determined by the dimensions of the orifice plates mounted in
ducting at the inlet, while pressure tapings into the tube allow the pressure drop across the tube
bundle to be measured on the sloping manometers. The tube bundle consists of a number of
blank tubes and a single heated tube positioned centrally within the tube bundle. The heated tube
incorporates a surface mounted type K thermocouple which is connected to the variable low
voltage power source and read-out facility which is provided with the basic bench. The heater
element is sized so that the bulk air temperature remains substantially constant, thus greatly
simplifying the experimental technique.
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The outer wall (shell side) of the exchanger should consist of a clear acrylic tube of nominal bore
100mm, which is positioned at the inlet to the fan of the Heat Transfer Bench. The flow of air is
determined by the use of the conical inlet device to be supplied with the basic bench. The tube
bundle should consist of a number of blank tubes and a single heated tube, positioned in a series
of baffle plates that are free to slide along the tubes, enabling the baffle pitch to be varied. The
heated tube, positioned centrally in the tube bundle, is to contain a built in, wall mounted
thermocouple.
Fig. 6
Mixed flow unit layout [from WL 314.01 Parallel Flow Module]
1. Connection to the Fans,

2. Connector (non-heat resistant),
3. Connector for Thermocouple,
4. Fastener,
5. Connection for Pressure Measurement,
6. Intake Nozzle,
7. Fastening Bracket,
8. Guide Pieces,
9. Deflection plates, 8 pieces (max.),
10. Retaining Screw,
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The procedure of making an experiment on properly assembled mixed flow heat exchanges are:
 Plug in all necessary power cables along with pressure or temperature measuring
cables on the appropriate spots provided.
 Switch on control and display unit.
 Record initial air temperature.
 Switch on the fan on the master switch box.
 Fix the fan opening to the desired space then record the pressure from the flow rate
measurement.
 Switch the heater power at the control and display unit.
 Measure the air temperature at different heater power inputs.
 Vary the fan valve opening then measure the air temperature at different heater
temperature inputs.
 Record the measurements after the variation is established and for this case
consider the variation of temperature at different time limits, usually ten to fifteen
minutes.

 v – is the kinematic viscosity,
 v= 153.5 * 10-7 m2/sec
 Δ p v – is the pressure loss,
 ξ – is the coefficient of flow resistance. The flow resistance offered by the
peripheral fluid flow is known as the coefficient of flow resistance.
2∗Δ p v
 ξ=
c∗ρ

 ρ = 1.293 Kg/m3
 c – is the flow speed,
 α
 c=
2P
ρ √
– is the coefficient of heat transfer (From empirical formula),
QH
 α= -----------[w/m2K]
A∗(t H −t U )
 A general figure for α with air in vigorous motion along a metal wall is:
23
i.e. 58 < α < 290
 Nu – is the Nusselt’s number,
α∗L
 Nu =
λ
 d = 0.014m (From the module)
3.7. Experiment 1
No. QH tH tU P P1 P2 Α Nu C
o
[w] [ c] [oc] [kpa] [kpa] [kpa] [w/m2K] [m/sec]
1. 47 56.1 14 0.31 0.31 4.37 101.5 53.3 22
2. 88 85.5 14 0.31 0.31 4.37 112 61 22
3. 121 102.2 14 0.31 0.31 4.37 118 64.3 22
The pressure loss is given by:
Δ p v = P 2 - P1
Δ p v = 4.37 – 0.31
Δ p v = 4.06kpa
Then the coefficient of heat transfers and the Nusselt numbers for each recording is given as
follows;
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
47 w
α=
(10.996∗10 m2)∗( 56.1 Co −14 C o )
−3
α = 101.5w/m2K
The Nusselt’s number can now be calculated from the coefficient of heat transfer and the
diameter:
α∗d
Nu =
λ
 L = 0.014m (From the module)
23
2
(101.5 w /m K )∗(0.014 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w/mK )
Nu = 53.3
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
88 w
α=
(10.996∗10−3 m2)∗( 85.5 C o−14 C o )
α = 112 w/m2K
diameter:
α∗d
Nu =
λ
2
(112 w/m K )∗(0.014 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w /mK )
Nu = 61
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
121 w
α=
(10.996∗10 m 2)∗( 107.2 Co −14 C o )
−3
α = 118w/m2K
diameter:
α∗d
Nu3 =
λ
2
(118 w/m K )∗(0.014 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w /mK )
Nu = 64.3
The flow speed is given as follows;
C=
√ 2P
ρ
23
 ρ = 1.293 Kg/m3
C=
√ 2∗310 pa
1.293 kg /m3
C = 22 m/sec
The Reynolds number is given by;
c∗d
 Re =
v
22∗0.014
 Re =
153.5
 Re = 0.0020
The coefficient of resistance is given by:
2∗Δ p v
 ξ=
c∗ρ
(2∗4060 pa)
 ξ=
(22 m/sec ⁡)∗(1.293 kg /m3)
 ξ = 285.45
3.9. Experiment 2
No. QH tH tU P P1 P2 α Nu C
o
[w] [ c] [oc] [kpa] [kpa] [kpa] [w/m2K] [m/sec]
1 54 73.4 14 0.31 0.3 4.4 82.67 45 22
2 54 72 14 0.31 0.3 4.4 84.67 46.17 22
3 54 71 14 0.31 0.3 4.4 86.15 47 22
The pressure loss is given by:
 Δ p v = P2 - P 1
 Δ p v = 4.4kpa – 0.3kpa
 Δ p v = 4.1kpa
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
 A = 10.996* 10-3 m2 (From the module)

54 w
α=
(10.996∗10−3 m 2)∗( 73.4 C 0−14 C o )
α = 82.67 w/m2K
23
diameter:
α∗d
Nu =
λ
 d = 0.014m (From the module)
2
(82.67 w/m K )∗(0.014 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w/mK )
Nu = 45
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
54 w
α=
(10.996∗10 m2)∗( 72C o −14 C o )
−3
α = 84.67 w/m2K
diameter:
α∗d
Nu =
λ
2
(84.67 w/m K )∗(0.014 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w/mK )
Nu = 46.14
QH
α=
A∗(t H −t U )
54 w
α=
(10.996∗10 m2)∗( 71C o −14 C o )
−3
α = 86.15w/m2K
diameter:
α∗d
Nu =
λ
2
(86.15 w/m K )∗(0.014 m)
Nu =
(25.69∗10−3 w/mK )
23
Nu = 47
The flow speed is given as follows;
 C=
√
2P
ρ
 ρ = 1.293 Kg/m3
 C=
√
2∗310 pa
1.293 kg /m3
 C =22 m/sec
The Reynolds number is given by;
c∗d
 Re =
v
22∗0.014
 Re =
153.5
 Re = 0.0020
The coefficient of resistance is given by:
2∗Δ p v
 ξ=
c∗ρ
(2∗4100 pa)
 ξ=
(22 m/sec ⁡)∗(1.293 kg /m3)
 ξ = 288.26
3.10. Conclusion
From the above experiments on the mixed flow module it’s observed that at a constant
differential pressure the increase in the heater power results in raise in air temperature and then
increase in the coefficient of heat transfer, but for a varying differential pressure will greatly
affect the temperature as well as the rate of heat transfer even if the heater temperature is kept
constant. Yet the differential pressure is in direct proportion with that of the temperature, and the
rate of heat transfer. The increase in the second pressure will definitely increase the temperature
of the air.
23
4. Tubular Forced Convection Heat Exchanger
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Objective
 To understand the heat transfer coefficient from tube wall to shell side within a tube
bundle.
 To understand the relationship between Nusselt's and Reynolds numbers by varying the
flow rate of air.
4.3. Description

In this supplemental device, the heat is transferred through an externally heated, air-conducting
tube. The air channel is mounted on the main unit and electrically connected to it. The principle
of heating tubes is the subject of investigation. The experiments allow investigations of heat
transfer to and within tubes. In this case, heat transfer from the tube wall to the medium is
directly observed
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 17 18 19 20
23
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. Side view of a section of the WL314.03
1. Pressure gauge connection for the measuring nozzle at the air inlet
2. Rubber feet
3. Temperature measuring point, tube wall (Temp.2)
8. Quick-lock
9. Pitot tube position scale
10. Pitot tube adjuster
11. Thermocouple connector plug from the Pitot measuring point (Temp. 7)
12. Differential pressure connection A Pitot tube (Pdynamic+static)
13. Differential pressure connection B (Pstatic)
14. Measuring amplifier with a display and measuring point selector
15. Measuring point selector
16. Thermocouple input socket
17. Thermocouple attachment plug from the heated tube wall
18. Mains plug for the tube heater
19. Thermocouple attachment plug for the intake air temperature (Temp. 1)
20. Air inlet measuring nozzle
21. Temperature measuring point, Heater (Heater Temp.)

Observe the following switch-on procedures after the devices have been connected to the power
supply.
 Switch on the main switch.
23
 Switch on the fan on the main switchbox.
 Switch on the operating and display unit for the thermocouples on the rear.
 Switch on the heater control unit and the heater.
 Set the heater output on the operating and display panel.
 Measurement can start after the displayed values are stable.

In equilibrium, all the supplied electrical output is returned to the air via convection.
Determining the heat transfer coefficient.
Q=Pel
With the heat surface A, A = π*d*L
We can determine the average heat transfer coefficient αm,
Q
α m=
A∗(T wa−Tfl)
With
Tfl = ttemp8 – ttemp1/2
Twa=
Experiment 1
23
Reference
1. WL 314.01 Parallel Flow Module

2. WL 314.02 Mixed Flow Module
3. Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach 5Th Ed 2006 Solution - By
Cengel And Boles
4. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer-Incropera 6th ed
5. Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design by R. K. Shah and Dušan P. Sekulić.
John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
6. Heat Exchanger Design by Arthur P. Fraas. Wiley-IEEE, 1989.
7. Thermal Design and Optimization by Adrian Bejan, George Tsatsaronis, and
Michael J. Moran. Wiley-IEEE, 1996.
8. www.wikipedia.org
9. www.brighthubengineering.com
23
23

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Fluid flow experiment on parallel and mixed flow modules

1. Haftom yirga Eit/ur1644/03

2. Hailemariam sissay Eit/ur1722/03

3. Kaleab eyassu Eit/ur1870/03

4. Kedir Mohammed Eit/ur1895/03

5. Mebratu wubie Eit/ur2101/03

6. Shiferaw alemu Eit/ur2617/03

7. Solomon yirga Eit/ur2685/03

5th year Add students

Dept. of Mechanical Eng’g

December 2014 G.C.

Sub to: Ing. Solomon Tekelemikael

Dept. of Mechanical Eng’g

1.2. Application of Heat Exchangers

1.3. Types of Heat Exchangers

o Double pipe heat exchanger

1. Convection heat transfer

Qconv = h As (Ts - T∞)

Newton’s law of cooling

h = convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC.

Ts = the surface temperature

T∞ = the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.

 The surface geometry

Let’s see some typical valves of h (w/m2 oc).

 Forced convection of gases = 25-250

( Area ) (tempertaure difference )

Where: - k – thermal conductivity of the material

When a surface of emissivity and surface area As at an absolute temperature Ts is completely

Qrad=ε σ As ¿Ts4 – T4surr)

Ts4 – absolute temperature

T4surr – surrounding temperature

2.3. Tender Specification

1. Heater Rod 6. Connection to the Fans

3. Connector (Ring Heater) 8. Connector for Thermocouple

 Plug in all necessary power cables along with pressure or temperature

2.5. Working Parameters

 Nu – is the Nusselt’s number. In heat transfer at a boundary (surface) within a fluid,

2.6. Experiment 1 (For the Ring Heater)

No. Heater Power Heater Tempo Air Tempo α Nu

The Nusselt’s number is given by;

λ = 25.69 * 10-3w/mK (From the module)

The Nusselt’s number for the third recording is given by;

No. Heater Power Heater Tempo Air Tempo P α Nu

The Nusselt’s number is given by;

The Nusselt’s number for the fifth recording is given by;

The Nusselt’s number for the sixth recording is given by;

And the second experiment

1. Connection to the Fans,

3.6. Working Parameters

 ρ – is the density of air,

The flow speed is given as follows;

The Reynolds number is given by;

The coefficient of resistance is given by:

 A = 10.996* 10-3 m2 (From the module)

The flow speed is given as follows;

The Reynolds number is given by;

The coefficient of resistance is given by:

4.4. Tender Specification

Fig. Side view of a section of the WL314.03

4.5. Experiment Procedure

4.6. Working Parameters

With the heat surface A, A = π*d*L

We can determine the average heat transfer coefficient αm,

With the heat surface A, A = πdL