FINAL COMPILATION-edited

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST
MANILA CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM OF A HOSPITAL

ESTABLISHMENT
In Partial Fulfillment of the course subject NME 4102: Air-Conditioning and Ventilation Systems
Submitted by:
Padaong, Mark Raven B.
Taladhay, Shawn T.
Submitted to:
Engr. Diosdado Doctor
December 12, 2023

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This design stands as a testament to the culmination of dedicated effort, unwavering
support, and invaluable contributions from numerous individuals and resources.
Firstly, we extend our heartfelt gratitude to our professor, Engr. Diosdado Doctor, for their
unending guidance, encouragement, and insightful feedback throughout this intricate design
journey. Their expertise and mentorship have been instrumental in shaping the conceptualization
and refinement of this work.
We express our sincere appreciation to our family for their unwavering love, understanding,
and encouragement during this endeavor. Their unwavering support provided the necessary
motivation to navigate through the challenges and complexities of this design.
Special mention and gratitude are extended to our friends and mechanical engineering
classmates who provided both intellectual and emotional support, offering diverse perspectives
and engaging discussions that broadened the horizons of this design project.
i
Definition of Terms
Absolute pressure. Gage pressure plus the pressure of the atmosphere, normally 14.696 at sea
level at 70°F.
Absorber. That part of an absorption chiller where the water is absorbed by the salt solution.
Absorption. The process by which one substance is absorbed by another.
Air conditioner. Equipment that conditions air by cleaning, cooling, heating, humidifying, or
dehumidifying it. A term often applied to comfort cooling equipment.
Air conditioning. A process that maintains comfort conditions in a defined area.
Air-cooled condenser. One of the four main components of an air-cooled refrigeration system. It
receives hot gas from the compressor and rejects heat to a place where it makes no difference.
Air friction chart. A chart used to determine proper round duct sizes.
Air vent. A fitting used to vent air manually or automatically from a system.
Ambient temperature. The surrounding air temperature.
Anemometer. An instrument used to measure the velocity of air.
Angle valve. Valve with one opening at a 90° angle from the other opening.
Atomization. The process of using pressure to change liquid to small particles of vapor.
Back pressure. The pressure on the low-pressure side of a refrigeration system (also known as
suction pressure).
Balance point. The temperature in a structure where the heat pump will run full-time and maintain
the temperature in the structure. Auxiliary heat must be used to accompany the heat pump when
the temperature is below the balance point.
Capacity. The rating system of equipment used to heat or cool substances.
CFM. A standard of airflow measurement. Cubic feet per minute.
Chilled-water system. An air-conditioning system that circulates refrigerated water to the area to
be cooled. The refrigerated water picks up heat from the area, thus cooling the area.
Coefficient of performance (COP). The ratio of usable output energy divided by input energy.
Compressor. A vapor pump that pumps vapor (refrigerant or air) from one pressure level to a
higher-pressure level.
Condensate. The moisture collected on an evaporator coil.
Density. The weight per unit of volume of a substance.
Dew point temperature. The exact temperature at which moisture begins to form.
Diffuser. The terminal or end device in an air-distribution system that directs air in a specific
direction using louvres.
Enthalpy. The amount of heat a substance contains from a predetermined base or point.
Entropy. Term to describe the change in heat content of a pound of refrigerant per degree Rankine.
Expressed in units of
Btu/lb/°R.
Error. The signed or mathematical difference between the set point and the control point of a
control process that tells whether the control point is above or below the control set point.
Evaporation. The condition that occurs when heat is absorbed by liquid and it changes to vapor.
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Evaporator. The component in a refrigeration system that absorbs heat into the system and
evaporates the liquid refrigerant.
Head Pressure. Pressure which exists in condensing side of refrigerating system.
Horsepower (hp). A unit equal to 33000 ft-lb of work per minute.
Humidity. The total amount of moisture in air. Relative humidity (RH), is the amount of moisture
in air, relative to its total capability based upon its temperature (dewpoint). Moisture will condense
on surfaces which are below this dewpoint.
Latent heat (hidden heat). Heat energy absorbed or rejected when a substance is changing state
and there is no change in temperature.
Offset. The position of ductwork that must be rerouted around an obstacle.
Psychrometric chart. A chart that shows the relationship of temperature, pressure, and humidity
in the air.
Refrigerant. A substance produces a refrigerating or cooling (heat absorbing) effect while
expanding or vaporizing.
Saturation Temperature. The temperature where a refrigerant exists in both liquid and vapor
form relative to its measured pressure.
Sensible heat. Heat that causes a change in temperature.
Static pressure. The bursting pressure or outward force in a duct system.
Temperature. Degree of hotness or coldness as measured by a thermometer; measurement of
speed of motion of molecules.
Temperature difference (TD). The difference between the inlet temperature and outlet
temperature of a heat exchanger. For example, an evaporator may have a 20°F TD: 75°F air in and
55°F air out.
TON. A unit of measurement used for determining cooling capacity. One ton is the equivalent of
12,000 BTUs per hour.
Ton of refrigeration. The amount of heat required to melt a ton (2000 lb) of ice at 32°F in 24
hours, 288,000 Btu/24 h, 12000 Btu/h, or 200 Btu/min.
Torque. The twisting force often applied to the starting power of a motor.
Water-Cooled Condenser. Condensing unit which is cooled through use of water.
Watt. Unit of electrical power. Volts x Amps = Watts.
Wet Bulb. Device used in measurement of relative humidity. Evaporation of moisture lowers
temperature of wet bulb compared to dry bulb temperature in same area.
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Building Location ............................................................................................... 1
1.2. Floor Plan ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Zoning ................................................................................................................ 3
1.3.1. Zone 1 .............................................................................................................. 4
1.3.2. Zone 2 .............................................................................................................. 5
1.3.3. Zone 3 .............................................................................................................. 7
1.3.4. Zone 4 .............................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................. 11
COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS ............................................................................ 11
2.1. Design Conditions................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Material Specifications .......................................................................................... 14
2.2.1. Exterior Wall Specifications ........................................................................... 14
2.2.2. Interior Wall Specifications ............................................................................ 16
2.2.3. Window Glass Specifications .......................................................................... 18
2.2.4. Door Specifications......................................................................................... 20
2.3 Transmission Load ................................................................................................ 23
2.4 Solar Load ............................................................................................................ 31
2.4.1 Solar Load on Opaque Surfaces....................................................................... 31
2.4.2 Solar Load on Transparent Surfaces ................................................................ 34
2.5 Internal loads ........................................................................................................ 48
2.5.1 Load Due to Occupants ................................................................................... 48
2.5.2 Lighting Load ................................................................................................. 58
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2.5.3 Equipment Load ............................................................................................. 63
2.6 Cooling Load Due to Air Infiltration ...................................................................... 67
2.7 Ventilation Load .................................................................................................... 76
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................. 86
3.0 Ducting Design.......................................................................................................... 86
3.1 Design Parameters .................................................................................................... 86
3.2 Supply Air ............................................................................................................. 87
3.3 Diffuser Selections ................................................................................................. 90
3.4 Number of Diffusers required ................................................................................ 91
3.5 Duct Sizing ....................................................................................................... 94
3.5.1 Duct Diameter ............................................................................................ 94
3.5.2 Air Velocity ................................................................................................ 95
3.5.3 Velocity Pressure ........................................................................................ 96
3.5.4 Total Equivalent Length ............................................................................. 97
3.5.5 Resistance Pressure .................................................................................... 98
3.5.6 Total Static Pressure ................................................................................... 99
3.6 Duct Sizing Computation and AHU Selection .................................................. 101
3.6.1 Duct Diameter............................................................................................... 101
3.6.2 Air Velocity in Duct ....................................................................................... 101
3.7 Zone 1 Computation ............................................................................................ 102
3.7.1 AHU Selection ............................................................................................... 105
3.8.1 AHU Selection ............................................................................................... 109
3.9.1 AHU Selection ............................................................................................... 113
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3.10 Zone 4 Computation .......................................................................................... 114
3.10.1 AHU Selection ............................................................................................. 116
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................ 120
4.0 Equipment Selection ............................................................................................... 120
4.1 Chiller Selection ................................................................................................. 120
4.1.1 Chiller Types ............................................................................................... 121
4.2. Selected Chiller ...................................................................................................... 123
4.3. Chiller Components ............................................................................................... 128
4.3.1. Compressor ..................................................................................................... 128
4.3.2. Refrigerant ...................................................................................................... 129
4.3.3. Evaporator ...................................................................................................... 129
4.3.4. Condenser ....................................................................................................... 131
4.3.5. Electronic Expansion Valve .............................................................................. 131
4.3.6. Data Acquisition System .................................................................................. 133
Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 135
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List of Figures
Figure 1. 1 Aerial View of the Location .............................................................................. 1
Figure 1. 2 Street View of the Location .............................................................................. 2
Figure 1. 3 Floor Plan of the Hospital ................................................................................ 3
Figure 1. 4 Designated Zoning of the Establishment ........................................................... 4
Figure 1. 5 Layout of Zone 1 .............................................................................................. 4
Figure 2. 1 Min, Max, and Avg temperature in Hermosa, Bataan ..................................... 12

Figure 2. 2 Cross sectional area of exterior walls .............................................................. 15
Figure 2. 3 Cross Sectional Area of Interior walls ............................................................. 17
Figure 2. 4 Window Specifications……………………………………………………………..19
Figure 2. 5 Window Illustration ....................................................................................... 20
Figure 2. 6 Door material selection .................................................................................. 21
Figure 2. 8 Floor Plan of Zone 1 Area 1: Dietary .............................................................. 24
Figure 2. 9 Air Properties on Psychrometric Chart .......................................................... 68
Figure 2. 10 Cooling Load Distribution Chart…………………………………………………85
Figure 3. 1 Four-way Ceiling Diffuser .............................................................................. 91

Figure 3. 2 Resistance Pressure chart ............................................................................... 98
Figure 3. 3 Duct Layout of Zone 1 ................................................................................. 103
Figure 3. 5 Duct Layout of Zone 3 .................................................................................. 111
Figure 4. 1 Photo showing an Absorption Chiller ........................................................... 121

Figure 4. 2 Photo showing an Air-Cooled Chiller............................................................ 122
Figure 4. 3 Photo showing a Water-Cooled Chiller ......................................................... 123
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Figure 4. 4 Dimensions of Air – Cooled Chiller............................................................... 126
Figure 4. 5 Schematic Diagram of Air – Cooled Chiller .................................................. 127
Figure 4. 6 Diagram of BMS .......................................................................................... 133
Figure 4. 7 Controller Front View .................................................................................. 134
List of Tables
Table 1. 1 Summary Description of Zone 1 ........................................................................ 5
Table 1. 5 Zoning Summary .............................................................................................. 9
Table 2. 1 Recommended Temperatures for Health Care Facilities ................................... 13

Table 2. 2 Summary of design conditions ......................................................................... 13
Table 2. 3 Exterior Wall Specifications ............................................................................ 15
Table 2. 4 Interior Wall Specifications ............................................................................. 17
Table 2. 5 Window Specifications .................................................................................... 18
Table 2. 6 Glass Specifications ......................................................................................... 19
Table 2. 7 U – values for Swing Doors, W/ m2K ............................................................... 20
Table 2. 8 Door Specifications.......................................................................................... 21
Table 2. 9 Summary of U-Values ...................................................................................... 22
Table 2. 10 Summary of Transmission Load .................................................................... 26
Table 2. 11 CLTD Correction for Latitude and Month Applied to Walls and Roofs, North
Latitudes, F. ................................................................................................................... 33
Table 2. 12 Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) Values .................................... 33
Table 2. 13 Design Parameters for Solar Load on Opaque Surfaces .................................. 34
Table 2. 14 Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor for Sunlit Glass (SHGF), BTU/HR FT2..... 35
Table 2. 15 Shading Coefficient for Glass ......................................................................... 35
Table 2. 16 Cooling Load Factor for Glass ....................................................................... 36
Table 2. 17 Summary of Solar Load ................................................................................. 37
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Table 2. 18 Comparison of Transmission Load and Solar Load ........................................ 42
Table 2. 19 Occupants Design Parameters ....................................................................... 49
Table 2. 20 Required Area per Occupant ......................................................................... 52
Table 2. 21 Summary of Number of Occupants ................................................................ 53
Table 2. 22 Occupant Load Summary .............................................................................. 56
Table 2. 23 Lighting Specifications .................................................................................. 59
Table 2. 24 Recommended Illumination Values ................................................................ 60
Table 2. 25 Summary of Lighting Load ............................................................................ 61
Table 2. 26 Summary of Equipment Load ........................................................................ 63
Table 2. 27 Circulating Air Parameters ............................................................................ 68
Table 2. 28 Typical Allowable Design Air Infiltration Rates Through Windows and Doors 69
Table 2. 29 Summary of Infiltration Load ........................................................................ 71
Table 2. 30 Circulating Air Parameters ............................................................................ 77
Table 2. 31 Standard Design Parameters ......................................................................... 77
Table 2. 32 Recommended Air Change per Hour, ACH .................................................... 78
Table 2. 33 Ventilation Load Parameters ......................................................................... 78
Table 2. 34 Summary of Ventilation Load ........................................................................ 80
Table 2. 35 Cooling Load Summary ................................................................................. 82
Table 3. 1 Properties of air .............................................................................................. 87

Table 3. 2 Summary of Volumetric Flow Rate .................................................................. 88
Table 3. 3 Supply Diffuser Specifications ......................................................................... 90
Table 3. 4 Summary of Computer Diffuser Count per Room ............................................ 92
Table 3. 5 Recommended Minimum Velocities for Different Duct Designs ........................ 95
Table 3. 6 Air Velocity for Duct Design Calculation .......................................................... 95
Table 3. 7 Table for Conversion of Velocity-to-Velocity Pressure....................................... 96
Table 3. 8 Elbows and Branch Entries Expressed as Equivalent Feet of Straight Duct ...... 97
Table 3. 9 Corrections for Balanced Duct Method .......................................................... 100
Table 3. 10 Main and Branch Supply Duct Sizes for Zone 1 ........................................... 102
Table 3. 11 Balanced-Duct Computation for Zone 1 ....................................................... 104
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Table 3. 12 Summary of the Air Quantity and Static Pressure of Zone 1 ......................... 105
Table 3. 13 Zone Requirements and Selected AHU Comparison for Zone 1 .................... 106
Table 3. 26 Summary of AHU Selection for Supply Air .................................................. 118
Table 4. 1 Air – Cooled Chiller Specifications ................................................................ 124

Table 4. 2 Selected Chiller Specifications ....................................................................... 125
Table 4. 3 Compressor Specifications ............................................................................. 128
Table 4. 4 Evaporator Specifications .............................................................................. 129
Table 4. 5 Chiller and AHU Flow Rate ........................................................................... 130
Table 4. 6 Condenser Specifications ............................................................................... 131
Table 4. 7 Expansion Valve Specifications ...................................................................... 132
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The chapter discusses the description of the establishment to be designed by an air
conditioning system. It includes the type of establishment, location, floor area and also the
zoning of each area in the establishment.
1.1. Building Location
The establishment to be designed by a centralized air conditioning system is the second floor
of a three-storey General Hospital located in Palihan, Hermosa, Bataan. The coordinate of the said
location is 14° 50.51’ N and 120° 28.47’ E (Google Earth, 2023). The design spans a total lot area
of 3543.2 square meters with a floor area of 2684.67 square meters. The lot shown below along
with aerial view and the street view of the establishment’s location.
Source: Google Earth
Figure 1. 1 Aerial View of the Location
1
Source: Google Street View
Figure 1. 2 Street View of the Location
1.2. Floor Plan
Understanding the floor plan of the establishment is crucial in designing the air
conditioning system. The design feature is essential to good air quality, hygienic design, and
comfort conditioning can be obtained by an early influence on building arrangement and floor plan
features that affect equipment location and space availability (ASHRAE, 2003). Figure 1.4 below
shows the floor plan area to be supplied by the air conditioning system. The total floor area of the
second floor of the hospital is 2684.67 square meters.
2
Figure 1. 3 Floor Plan of the Hospital
1.3. Zoning
A zoning system offers the means to partition the interior of a commercial facility into distinct
sections, referred to as zones. Through the utilization of a zoning system, it becomes feasible to
regulate the temperature of a zone according to the preferences of its occupants, without causing
any disruptions to the comfort of adjacent regions (Sobieskiinc.com, n.d.).
The hospital is divided into 4 different zones. Zone 1 includes the cafeteria and kitchen. Zone
2 includes the male surgical ward, conference room, recovery room, admin office, nurse room 1,
and accounting department. Zone 3 includes the general ward, single bed wards, oxygen storage,
isolation rooms, nurse room 2, and sterile room. Zone 4 includes the corridor and hallways. Figure
1.4 below shows the designed zoning of the establishment.
3
Figure 1. 4 Designated Zoning of the Establishment
1.3.1. Zone 1
The Figure 1.5. below shows the areas included in zone 1 of the establishment. Zone 1 is
located on the west side of the establishment.
Figure 1. 5 Layout of Zone 1 4

Table 1.1 below shows the different areas included in Zone 1. It presents the different types
of areas, floor area, and orientation.
Table 1. 1 Summary Description of Zone 1
Zone 1
Description Area Orientation
Area 1 Dietary 46.68 West
Area 2 Pantry & Kitchen 60.52 North
Area 3 Radiotherapy 43
Area 4 Auto Clave room 28 West
Area 5 Pathologist lab 29.77
Area 6 Physiotherapy room 46.57
Area 7 Store room 45.35
South
Area 8 Record room 26.16
Area 9 Doctor’s Clinic 19.47
Area 10 Cafeteria 419.44 Interior
Total 869.82
Zone 1 of the establishment consists of 10 areas including the cafeteria and the kitchen.
The total area of zone 1 is 869.82 square meters. The areas are located on the west, north, and
south side of the establishment.
1.3.2. Zone 2
Figure 1.6 shows the areas included in zone 2 of the establishment. Some of the area in
Zone 2 is located on the south side while other areas are located on the east side of the building.
The table below shows the different areas included in Zone 2. It includes the number of
rooms and their respective floor areas. The orientation of the areas is also included.
Figure 1. 6 Layout of Zone 2 5

Zone 2
Location Area Orientation
Area 1 Medical Superintendent 36.32
Area 2 Admin office 26.87
Interior
Area 3 Conference room 34.21
Area 4 Locker room 19.33
Area 5 Anesthetic room 19.48
Area 6 Accounting Dept 73.88
South
Area 7 Male Surgical ward 155.72
Area 8 Recovery room 51.15
Area 9 Toilet & Bath 1 28.58 Interior
Area 10 Ward store 1 5
Area 11 Single bed ward 24.39
Area 12 Toilet & Bath 2 27.25
Area 13 Male Isolation ward 1 21.45 East
Area 14 Male Isolation ward 2 17.43
Area 15 Nurse room 1 11.13 Interior
Area 16 Hallway 90.88
Total 643.07
Zone 2 of the establishment consists of 16 areas including the male surgical ward and male
isolation wards. It has a total area of 643.07 square meters. Most of the orientation is located on
the south and east side of the establishment.
6
1.3.3. Zone 3
In Figure 1.7, the illustration depicts the areas within Zone 3 of the establishment. Some
of these areas are situated on the building's northern side, while others are positioned on the eastern
side.
Figure 1. 7 Layout of Zone 3
The table below provides details about the different parts within Zone 3. It shows how
many rooms there are, their sizes, and where they are located.
Zone 3
Area 1 Isolation ward 1 17.21
North
Area 3 Duty Doctor 12.81
Area 4 Sub-waiting room 11.82
Area 5 General ward 212.44
Area 6 Bath 37.12
Area 7 Oxygen Storage 26.95
Area 8 Sterile room 30.37 Interior
Area 9 Single bed ward 1 14.58
Area 11 Single bed ward 3 14.58 Interior
7
Area 13 Nurse room 2 11.13
Area 14 Female surgical room 99.22 East
Total 534.4
Zone 3 of the establishment has a total area of 534.4 square meters. It consists of 14 areas,
including the general ward, female surgical room, and other isolation rooms.
1.3.4. Zone 4
Figure 1.8 displays the spaces within Zone 4 of the building. The area is in the interior of the
building. This includes the waiting area, corridor and hallways inside the establishment.
Figure 1. 8 Layout of Zone 4

Zone 4 in the facility covers a space of 459.51 square meters in total. It only consists of 3
different places, such as the corridor, waiting area, and other parts of the hallway inside the
hospital.
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Zone 4
Area 1 Waiting Area & Corridor 459.51 Interior
Total 459.51
Zone 4 of the establishment has a total area of 459.51 square meters. It is located in the
interior of the hospital.
Zoning Summary
Table 1.5 shows the total area of each zone and its designated rooms to be covered by
centralized air-conditioned supply. The establishment is divided into four (4) zones that cover their
own designated rooms and area. The establishment has a total of 2684.67 square meters.
Table 1. 5 Zoning Summary
Zone 1
Description Area Orientation
Area 1 Dietary 46.68 West
Area 2 Pantry & Kitchen 60.52 North
Area 3 Radiotherapy 43
Area 4 Auto Clave room 28
West
Area 5 Pathologist lab 29.77
Area 6 Physiotherapy room 46.57
Area 7 Store room 45.35
Area 8 Record room 26.16 South
Area 10 Cafeteria 419.44 Interior
Total 869.82
Zone 2
Area 1 Medical Superintendent 36.32
Area 2 Admin office 26.87
Interior
Area 3 Conference room 34.21
Area 4 Locker room 19.33
9
Area 5 Anesthetic room 19.48
Area 6 Accounting Dept 73.88
South
Area 7 Male Surgical ward 155.72
Area 8 Recovery room 51.15
Interior
Area 11 Single bed ward 24.39
Area 13 Male Isolation ward 1 21.45 East
Area 14 Male Isolation ward 2 17.43
Interior
Area 16 Hallway 90.88
Total 643.07
Zone 3
North
Area 4 Sub-waiting room 11.82
Area 5 General ward 212.44
Area 6 Bath 37.12
Area 7 Oxygen Storage 26.95
Area 8 Sterile room 30.37
Interior
Area 12 Single bed ward 4 14.58 Interior
Area 14 Female surgical room 99.22 East
Total 534.4
Zone 4
Area 1 Corridor & Hallway 459.51 Interior
Total 459.51
OVERALL AREA 2506.8
The establishment has a total floor area of 2684.67 square meters. However, it's important
to note that not every part of the establishment benefits from air conditioning. Therefore, the
combined air-conditioned space across the four zones only measures 2506.8 square meters.
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CHAPTER 2
COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

The chapter discusses the design parameters, calculations for solar heat influx,
determination of internal cooling requisites, and assessment of cooling loads resulting from
incoming outside air. These factors collectively play a crucial role in establishing an efficient air
conditioning system, maintaining optimal indoor air quality, and promoting a health-supporting
building environment.
A number of load-calculation procedures have been developed over the years. Those
developed by ASHRAE will be used here. Although other procedures differ in some respects, they
are all based on a systematic evaluation of the components of heat loss and heat gain (Stoecker et
al., 1983).
Loads are generally divided in to the following four categories, which are as follows;
Solar - Heat gain due to transmission of solar energy through a transparent building
component or absorption by an opaque building component;
Infiltration - Heat loss or heat gain due to the infiltration of outside air into a conditioned
space;
Internal - Heat gain due to the release of energy within a space (lights, people, equipment)
and;
Transmission - Heat loss or heat gain due to a temperature difference across a building
element.
2.1. Design Conditions

Design and analysis of air conditioning systems involves selection of suitable inside and
outside design conditions, estimation of the required capacity of cooling or heating equipment,
selection of suitable cooling/heating system, selecting supply conditions, design of air
transmission and distribution systems etc. Generally, the inputs are the building specifications and
its usage pattern and any other special requirements (Souza, 2019).
The design conditions usually specified for calculating heating loads are the inside and
outside dry bulb-temperatures (Stoecker et al., 1983).
11
For the Outside Design Temperature, the designers decided to take into account the highest
recorded temperature in the area where the establishment is located. Considering the maximum
outside temperature ensures that the design will be sufficient enough to cool the establishment
even in the peak load or demand. The location of the establishment to be designed by a centralized
air conditioning system is in Palihan, Hermosa, Bataan which has a highest recorded temperature
of 34 degree Celsius within a span 14 years. The highest daily temperature in the area is recorded
in May 2015, 2018, 2020, and 2021 as well as in April 2010, 2016, and 2019 where the average
humidity in these months is 70% (WorldWeatherOnline, 2023). The Figure 2.1 below shows the
temperatures recorded in Hermosa, Bataan from January 2009 to July 2023.
Source: WorldWeatherOnline
Figure 2. 1 Min, Max, and Avg temperature in Hermosa, Bataan
For the inside design temperature, the values suggested by ASHRAE (2019) for health care
facilities will be used by the designers. The table below shows the recommended inside
temperatures for different rooms in health care facilities.
12
Table 2. 1 Recommended Temperatures for Health Care Facilities
Source: ASHRAE HVAC Applications, 2019
Based on the table above, the recommended temperatures for the inside ranges from 21 to
24-degree Celsius. The designers considered the average temperature of 22.5 rounded to 23-degree
Celsius to be used for the inside design temperature of the proposed air conditioning system. It
includes all rooms, patient rooms as well as the public waiting area in the establishment.
Table 2.2 shows the summary of the design conditions which will be used in the
computation for the cooling load of the building. The data used for both outdoor and indoor are
shown in the previous tables.
Table 2. 2 Summary of design conditions

Temperature, °C Relative Humidity, %
Inside
All rooms [1] 23 60
Waiting Area & Corridor [2] 26 65
Outside [2] 34 70
Source: [1] ASHRAE, 2019; [2] CIBSE Guide, 2006; [3] WorldWeatherOnline.com, 2023
Based on the table above, the inside temperature of the rooms in the establishment is set to
be at 23 degrees Celsius, while the waiting area and corridor has 26 degrees Celsius, and the
highest recorded temperature is 34 degrees Celsius (CIBSE Guide, 2006). The relative humidity
for all rooms is 60%, while the waiting area and corridor is set to 65%. The outside relative
humidity is 70%.
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2.2 Material Specifications
Material specifications play an important role in the cooling load of an air conditioning
system. The materials used for the walls, roof, and windows of a building affect how much heat is
transferred to or from the interior space. Proper insulation, shading, and ventilation can help reduce
the cooling load and improve energy efficiency. Therefore, it is important to carefully consider the
material specifications during the design of an air conditioning system.
The materials to be used in this establishment and its specification as well as surface air
conducted are tabulated for proper presentation of design. The heat transmission is considered for
both interior and exterior walls, as well as windows and doors.
Since it measures the efficiency with which heat is transferred over a variety of resistant
materials, the total heat transfer coefficient (U) is a crucial factor in calculating the heat load. The
U - value will be calculated using the formula (Mills, 2015);
1
𝑈=
∑𝑅
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑈 − 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
∑𝑅 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2.2.1. Exterior Wall Specifications

The materials that were taken into consideration by the designers for the exterior walls of
the building to prevent heat transfer are listed in Table 2.3. The values of the obtained resistance
and thermal conductivity are displayed below.
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Table 2. 3 Exterior Wall Specifications
Surface Type Thickness, x Thermal Thermal

(mm) Conductivity, k Resistance, R
(W/ mK) (m2 K/ W)
Outside Air 0.029
Film
Exterior Cement Plaster 10 0.72 -
Material
Exterior Gypsum Board 12.7 0.17 -
Material
Concrete Concrete 127 0.2 -
Masonry Unit
Interior Cement Plaster 15 0.72 -
Material Finish
Inside Air 0.120
Film
Source: Stoecker et al., (1983)
Figure 2.2 illustrates the exterior wall section showing the materials used in the exterior
wall of the establishment. Most of the heat that would be transferred from air-conditioned rooms
is absorbed by the wall material.
Concrete Masonry Unit, CMU
Figure 2. 2 Cross sectional area of exterior walls
15
To compute the thermal resistance of the wall materials, the following formula must be
used;
𝑥
𝑅=
𝑘
For the initial computation, the cement plaster will be considered. The thermal resistance
is calculated;
1𝑚 𝑊 𝑚2 𝐾
𝑅 = 10 𝑚𝑚 ( ) (0.72 ) = 0.014
1000𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝐾 𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
Therefore, the thermal resistance of cement plaster is 0.014 . By following the same
𝑊
formula for other materials of the wall, the total thermal resistance will be;
𝑚2 𝐾
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (0.029 + 0.014 + 0.075 + 0.635 + 0.02 + 0.120)
𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.893
𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
The total thermal resistance of the exterior wall is 0.893 . Thus, the overall heat transfer
𝑊
coefficient for the exterior wall will be;
1
𝑈=
∑𝑅
1
𝑈=
𝑚2 𝐾
0.893 𝑊
𝑊
𝑈 = 1.12
𝑚2 𝐾
Based on the computation above, the overall heat transfer coefficient of the exterior wall
is 1.12 W/ m2K.
2.2.2. Interior Wall Specifications

Table 2.4 shows the specifications of the materials used in the interior of the building. The
values of the obtained resistance and thermal conductivity are shown below.
16
Table 2. 4 Interior Wall Specifications
Surface Type Thickness, x Thermal Thermal

(mm) Conductivity, k Resistance, R
(W/ mK) (m2 K/ W)
Air Film 0.029
Exterior Cement Plaster 15 0.72 -

Material Finish
Concrete Concrete Block 100 - 0.18
Interior Cement Plaster 15 0.72 -

Material Finish
Air Film 0.120
The table above shows that there are three layers of materials used for the interior wall.
Because it is not exposed to the temperature of the surrounding environment, its thickness is lower
than that of exterior wall material. The figure below illustrates the interior wall materials.
Figure 2. 3 Cross Sectional Area of Interior walls

By using the same solving procedure discussed earlier on the exterior walls, using the
formula;
17
𝑥
𝑅=
𝑘
The total thermal resistance calculated for the interior wall is;
𝑚2 𝐾
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (0.029 + 0.02 + 0.18 + 0.02 + 0.120)
𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.369
𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
The total thermal resistance of the interior wall is 0.369 . Thus, the overall heat transfer
𝑊
coefficient is computed for the interior wall;
1
𝑈=
∑𝑅
1
𝑈=
𝑚2 𝐾
0.369 𝑊
𝑊
𝑈 = 2.71
𝑚2 𝐾
Therefore, the U – value of the interior wall is 2.71 W/ m2K. The U – value will be used in
the computation of the thermal transmission load between the rooms in the establishment.
2.2.3. Window Glass Specifications

The specifications of the glass that is used in the windows of each room on the entire floor
that is being designed are shown in Table 2.5. The designers made use of 6mm laminated glass
with 0.06” PVB (Guardian Industries Corp., 2008).
Table 2. 5 Window Specifications
Source: Guardian Industries Corp., 2008

18
The selected glass is a laminated with clear outboard and inboard glass with thickness of
𝐵𝑇𝑈
6mm – 0.60” PVB – 6 mm. The unit used for the U-Value is ℎ𝑟.𝑓𝑡 2 °𝐹, thus the selected glass has a
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑊
U-value of 0.87 ℎ𝑟.𝑓𝑡 2 °𝐹 or 4.94 𝑚2 .𝐾. Table 2.6. below shows the specifications of the glass
selected by the designer.
Table 2. 6 Glass Specifications
Thickness, x Heat Transfer Coefficient, U
(mm) (W/ m2K)
Clear Coated Glass 6
PVB Interlayer 1.52 (0.06”) 4.94
Clear Coated Glass 6
Includes inside and outside air film resistance

Source: Guardian Industries Corp., 2008
The section of the glass that will be used in the building is depicted in Figure 2.4. The
material is made of laminated glass with a PVB interlayer. As shown in the table above, the U-
value includes the air films on the outside and inside. The figure below shows the illustration of
the glass materials used in the establishment.
Air Film
Clear Coated
GFigure 2. 4 Door
PVB Interlayer
Figure 2. 4 Window Specifications
19
The figure below shows the illustration of the glass window. The type of window used is
the window type window. The dimensions are also indicated in the figure below.
Type Window
Height = 1200 mm
Width = 1000 mm
Figure 2. 5 Window Illustration
2.2.4. Door Specifications

There are two types of doors used in the establishment, the single door, and the double
doors which are both swing types. The table below show the U – value of the selected door
materials.
Table 2. 7 U – values for Swing Doors, W/ m2K
Source: ASHRAE (2009)
The specification for the doors is shown in the table below. The selected type of materials
for the door is the wood slab in wood frame with a single glazed glass.
20
Table 2. 8 Door Specifications
Type Thermal Resistance, Heat Transfer Coefficient, U

R
(W/ m2K)
(m2K / W)
Wood Slab in Wood - 2.73

Frame: 6% Single
Glazed
Outside and Inside 0.24 -

Air Film
Source: ASHRAE (2009)
Figure 2.6 provides the door section showing the material specification used in the hospital
building.
Air Film
Wood
Figure 2. 876 Door material selection
The Figure below shows the illustration of the single and double type swing doors. The
dimensions are also indicated in the figure below.
Single Swing Door Double Swing
Door
Height = 2100 mm
Height = 2100 mm
Width = 900 mm
Width = 1800 mm
21
Figure 2. 7 Door Dimensions

The total heat transfer coefficient, U of the doors is solved below. The formula used is the
same as the discussed formula for the walls and the glass specifications.
1
𝑈= + 𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟
∑𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚
1 𝑊
𝑈= 2 + 2.73 2
𝑚 𝐾 𝑚 𝐾
0.24 𝑊
𝑊
𝑈 = 6.9
𝑚2 𝐾
Table 2.9 shows the summary of U-values of the materials used in the computation of
cooling load.
Table 2. 9 Summary of U-Values
Overall Thermal
Coefficient, U
(W/ m2K)
Exterior Walls 1.12
Interior Walls 2.71
Glass 4.94
Doors 6.9
Based on the table above, the exterior walls have the lowest overall thermal coefficient.
This is because the exterior wall has the most exposure to the outside environment. Thus, it is
important to construct an exterior wall that has the lowest thermal coefficient in order to minimize
the cooling load or the heat coming inside the establishment.
22
2.3 Transmission Load
The heat that flows from interior unconditioned spaces to the conditioned space through
partition, floors and ceilings can be solve through the equation below (Pita, 2002):
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(∆𝑇)
𝑄 − ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟, 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑊
𝐴 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟, 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑚2
𝑊
𝑈 − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡,
𝑚2 𝐾
∆𝑇 − 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
After gathering all the necessary information for the material specifications, an example
computation is made for the figure below.
For identification of the area of the walls, windows and doors, the following conditions are
considered;
1. Floor-to-ceiling height will be 3.6 meters and floor-to-floor height of 4.5 meters;
2. The design conditions summarized in table 2.2 is considered for the temperature
difference and;
3. The specifications of materials are discussed in section 2.2.
The Figure below shows the floor plan of Zone 1 Area 1 in the establishment to be used
for the initial computation of the transmission load. The said area will also be used in the
computation of solar load in the later sections of the paper.
23
Figure 2. 8 Floor Plan of Zone 1 Area 1: Dietary
Area of North Wall:
𝐴 = 5.19𝑚 (4.5𝑚) − 1.2𝑚2 = 22.16𝑚2
Area of Glass in North:
𝐴 = 1𝑚 (1.2𝑚) = 1.2𝑚2
Area of South Wall:
𝐴 = 5.19𝑚 (3.6𝑚) = 18.68 𝑚2
Area of East Wall:
𝐴 = 9𝑚 (3.6𝑚) − 1.89𝑚2 = 30.51 𝑚2
Area of Door in East:
𝐴 = 2.1𝑚 (0.9𝑚) = 1.89 𝑚2
Area of West Wall:
𝐴 = 9𝑚 (4𝑚) − 2.4𝑚2 = 38.10 𝑚2
Area of Glass in West:
𝐴 = 1𝑚 (1.2𝑚)(2) = 2.4 𝑚2
24
After identifying the area of the walls, using the following dimensions, values of overall
thermal coefficient, and temperature difference are then substituted to the transmission load
formula.
North Side:
Transmission Load of North Exterior Wall:
𝑊
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 = 1.12 (22.16 𝑚2 )(34°𝐶 − 23°𝐶) = 273𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
Transmission Load of Glass in North Side:
𝑊
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 = 4.94 (1.2𝑚2 )(34°𝐶 − 23°𝐶) = 65.21 𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
The north side of Zone 1 Area 1 consists of transmission load in walls and windows with
cooling loads of 273 and 65.21 Watts, respectively.
South Side:
Transmission Load of South Interior Wall:
𝑊
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 = 2.71 (18.68 𝑚2 )(23°𝐶 − 23°𝐶) = 0 𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
The south side only consists of interior wall which has a temperature of 0°C thus, it has no
transmission load.
East Side:
Transmission Load of East Interior Wall:
𝑊
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 = 1.12 (30.51 𝑚2 )(23°𝐶 − 23°𝐶) = 0 𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
Transmission Load of Door in East Side:
𝑊
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 = 6.9 (1.89𝑚2 )(26°𝐶 − 23°𝐶) = 39.12 𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
The east side consists of interior wall and a door. The interior wall has a temperature
difference of 0°C thus, it has no transmission load, while transmission load of the door is 39.12W.
25
West Side:
Transmission Load of West Exterior Wall:
𝑊
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 = 1.12 (38.1 𝑚2 )(34°𝐶 − 23°𝐶) = 469.39 𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
Transmission Load of Glass in West Side:
𝑊
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 = 4.94 (2.4𝑚2 )(34°𝐶 − 23°𝐶) = 130.42 𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾
The west side of Zone 1 Area 1 has an exterior wall with 469.39 Watts and a glass with
130.42 Watts. The same process is used for the computation of transmission load for other rooms.
The table shown below summarizes all the cooling from transmission load.
Table 2. 10 Summary of Transmission Load
ZONE 1
Are Transmission Transmission Transmission Total
a Orien Through Glass, Through Door, Through Walls, Transmission
No. tation W W W Load, W
North 65.21 - 272.95 338.16
Area South - - - -
1 East - 39.12 - 39.12
West 130.42 - 469.39 599.81
North 195.62 - 516.15 711.77
Area South - 39.12 280.53 319.66
2 East - - 178.24 178.24
West - - - -
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
3 East - 39.12 226.97 266.10
West 130.42 - 429.48 559.89
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
4 East - 39.12 142.68 181.80
West 65.21 - 284.59 349.80
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
5 East - 39.12 152.63 191.76
West 65.21 - 303.44 368.65
North - 39.12 - 39.12
26
South 65.21 - 409.33 474.54
Area
East - - - -
6
West 65.21 - 322.85 388.05
North - 39.12 202.39 241.51
Area South 65.21 - 397.69 462.90
7 East - - - -
West - - - -
North - 39.12 110.19 149.32
Area South 65.21 - 223.05 288.26
8 East - - - -
West - - - -
North - 39.12 123.36 162.49
Area South 65.21 - 248.00 313.21
9 East - - - -
West - - - -
North 65.21 - 214.74 279.95
Area South - - - -
10 East - - - -
West 65.21 - 85.01 150.22
ZONE 2
North 53.35 - 247.31 300.67
Area South - - - -
1 East - - 112.39 112.39
West 17.78 39.12 87.27 144.17
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
2 East - - - -
West 17.78 39.12 87.27 144.17
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
3 East - 39.12 - 39.12
West 17.78 39.12 85.51 142.42
North - 78.25 106.83 185.07
Area South 195.62 - 953.57 1149.19
4 East - - - -
West - - - -
Area North - - - -
5 South - - - -
27
East - 39.12 125.12 164.24
West - - - -
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
6 East - 39.12 90.00 129.12
West - - - -
North - - 172.68 172.68
Area South - - - -
7 East - - - -
West - 39.12 196.53 235.66
North - 156.49 228.29 384.78
Area South 260.83 - 1539.75 1800.59
8 East 65.21 - 224.72 289.92
West - - - -
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
9 East - - - -
West - - - -
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
10 East 17.78 39.12 - 56.91
West - - - -
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
11 East 17.78 39.12 - 56.91
West - - - -
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
12 East - - 185.88 185.88
West - - - -
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
13 East 65.21 - 155.97 221.18
West 17.78 39.12 65.02 121.93
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
14 East - - 138.05 138.05
West 17.78 39.12 47.76 104.66
North - - 86.05 86.05
Area
South - - 86.05 86.05
15
East - - 110.63 110.63
28
West - 39.12 95.27 134.39
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
16 East - - - -
West - - - -
ZONE 3
North 65.21 - 187.57 252.78
Area South - 39.12 91.46 130.59
1 East - - - -
West - - 138.73 138.73
North 65.21 - 180.36 245.57
Area South - 39.12 - 39.12
2 East - - - -
West 17.78 - 128.97 146.76
North 65.21 - 134.90 200.11
Area South - 39.12 63.66 102.78
3 East - - - -
West - - - -
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
4 East - - - -
West - - - -
North 391.25 - 1844.49 2235.74
Area South - 78.25 613.16 691.41
5 East 65.21 - 322.85 388.05
West - - - -
North - - 245.55 245.55
Area South - - - -
6 East - - - -
West - - - -
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
7 East - - 151.90 151.90
West 35.57 39.12 117.02 191.71
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
8 East - - 171.22 171.22
West 35.57 39.12 136.34 211.03
29
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
9 East 17.78 39.12 53.90 110.81
West 35.57 - 59.51 95.08
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
10 East 17.78 39.12 53.90 110.81
West 35.57 - 59.51 95.08
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
11 East 17.78 39.12 53.90 110.81
West 35.57 - 59.51 95.08
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
12 East 17.78 39.12 53.90 110.81
West 35.57 - 59.51 95.08
North - - 86.05 86.05
Area South - - 86.05 86.05
13 East - - 110.63 110.63
West - 39.12 95.27 134.39
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
14 East 260.83 - 751.40 1012.23
West 88.92 39.12 363.75 491.80
ZONE 4
North - - - -
Area South - - - -
1 East - - - -
West - - - -
Description Transmission load (Watts
Zone 1 7054.32
Zone 2 6696.84
Zone 3 8287.75
Zone 4 -
OVERALL TRANSMISSION LOAD 22038.91
Legend: [-] No temperature difference between walls
30
The table above presents data on the transmission load in four different zones: Zone 1 has
a transmission load of 7054.32 watts, Zone 2 with 6696.84 watts, Zone 3 with 8287.75 watts, and
Zone 4 has no transmission load due to no temperature difference between surfaces. The total
transmission load for the entire system is 22038.91 watts.
2.4 Solar Load

2.4.1 Solar Load on Opaque Surfaces
The cooling loads caused by conduction heat gains through the walls are each found from
the following equation (Pita, 2002):
𝑄𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴(𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝐶 )
𝑄𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 – 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓, 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑊
𝑈 – 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓, 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑊

/(𝑚2 𝐾)
𝐴 – 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓, 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑚2
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝐶 – 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐾
The cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) is not the actual temperature difference
between the outdoor and indoor air. It is a modified value that accounts for the heat storage/time
lag effects. The CLTD values given by Pita (2002) is based on following conditions;
1. Indoor temperature is 26 °C DB;

2. Outdoor average temperature on the design day is 29 °C DB;
3. Date is July 21st and;
4. Location is 40°N latitude.
31
Whereas the actual conditions set by the designers of the proposed air conditioning system for
the hospital are;
1. Indoor temperature is 23°C DB;

2. Outdoor temperature is 34°C DB;
3. The month is in May and;
4. Location is 14.83°N latitudes.
Since the actual conditions of the proposed air conditioning system is different from the
conditions given by Pita (2002), the CLTD must have a corrected value, CLTDC. The formula for
the corrected CLTD is shown below (Pita, 2002).
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝐶 = 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 + 𝐿𝑀 + (78 − 𝑡𝑅 ) + (𝑡𝑎 − 85)
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝐶 − 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷, °𝐹
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 − 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐿𝑀 − 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑡𝑅 − 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, °𝐶
𝑡𝑎 − 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑦, °𝐶
While average outside temperature ta can be found as follows (Pita, 2002);
𝐷𝑅
𝑡𝑎 = 𝑡𝑜 − ( )
2
𝑡𝑜 − 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, °𝐹
𝐷𝑅 − 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, °𝐹 = 16°𝐹 (𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑎, 2002)
The correction for each corresponding month and latitude is shown in Table 2.11 below.
Since there were no precise values for 14.83°, the designers considered the East and West
directions, as well as 16° for latitude.
32
Table 2. 11 CLTD Correction for Latitude and Month Applied to Walls and Roofs, North
Latitudes, F.
Source: Pita (2002)
The temperature difference values for cooling loads are listed in Table 2.12 below. These
values are determined by the sunlight exposure on the East and West sides of the building at 9 a.m.
and 3 p.m., respectively, because it is the time where the peak load or peak exposure from the sun
is present.
Table 2. 12 Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) Values
Source: Pita (2002)
33
Table 2.13 provides all the design parameters to be used for calculating the solar heat gain
on opaque surfaces.
Table 2. 13 Design Parameters for Solar Load on Opaque Surfaces
Wall Heat Design Outside Daily

Orientation Transfer Temperature Temperature Temperature
CLTD LM
Coefficient Range
East and 𝑊 14 73 ͦ F (approx. 93 ͦ F (approx. -1 16℉

1.12
West 𝑚2 𝐾 23°C) 34°C)
The table above provides the important parameters to be used in the computation of solar
load through opaque surfaces. The daily temperature range is taken from Pita (2002) Table A.9.
Outdoor cooling and heating design conditions: Philippines. It is now possible to calculate solar
heat gain on opaque walls by utilizing the values in table above.
2.4.2 Solar Load on Transparent Surfaces

Radiant energy from the sun passes through transparent materials such as glass and
becomes a heat gain to the room. Its value varies with time, orientation, shading, and storage effect.
The solar cooling load can be found from the following equation (Pita, 2002):
𝑄𝑇𝑆 = 𝐴 × 𝑆𝐻𝐹𝐺 × 𝑆𝐶 × 𝐶𝐿𝐹
𝑄𝑇𝑆 − 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝑊
𝐴 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑚2
𝑆𝐶 − 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑊
𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹 − 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟,
𝑚2
𝐶𝐿𝐹 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
34
The maximum solar heat gain factor (SHGF) is the maximum solar heat gain through single
clear glass at a given month, orientation, and latitude (Pita, 2002). Table 2.14 shows the SHGF for
sunlit glass, with respect to the conditions identified by the designers, design will be based on 20°
N Latitude.
Table 2. 14 Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor for Sunlit Glass (SHGF), BTU/HR FT2
Source: Pita (2002)

𝐵𝑇𝑈 1𝑊 3.28𝑓𝑡 2 𝑊
𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹 = 217 ( ) ( ) = 684.16
ℎ𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 2 3.4123 𝐵𝑇𝑈 1𝑚 𝑚2
ℎ𝑟
According to Stoecker (n.d.), the shading coefficient (SC) is used to modify these SHGF
values for various glass types or to take interior shading devices into consideration. To account for
heat gains with different fenestration arrangements, the shading coefficient, SC is introduced (Pita,
2002). Table 2.15 lists the values of SC.
Table 2. 15 Shading Coefficient for Glass
Source: Guardian Industries Corp., 2008 35

Based on the table above, the shading coefficient of the glass present in the establishment
based on its specifications is 0.46. The table below shows the cooling load factor, CLF for the
glass.
Table 2. 16 Cooling Load Factor for Glass
For the CLF, the designers considered the value for 9AM East and 3PM West. This is to
consider the time and orientation of the sunrise and sunset.
Since the required parameters for the calculation of solar load through opaque and
transparent surfaces have been identified, the solar load can now be calculated. The computation
below shows the solar load through opaque and transparent surfaces in ZONE 1 Area 1 for the
sample computation.
Initial Computation for ZONE 1 AREA 1 West Side:
Cooling Load on Opaque Surfaces:
𝐷𝑅 16℉
𝑡𝑎 = 𝑡𝑜 − ( ) = 93℉ − ( ) = 85℉
2 2
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝐶 = 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 + 𝐿𝑀 + (78 − 𝑡𝑅 ) + (𝑡𝑎 − 85)
36
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝐶 = (14) + (−1) + (78 − 73℉) + (85℉ − 85)
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝐶 = 18℉ ≈ 265𝐾
𝑄𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑈 × 𝐴 × 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝐶
𝑊
𝑄𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 = (1.12 ) × (38.1 𝑚2 )(265𝐾)
𝑚2 𝐾
𝑄𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 11308.08 𝑊
Cooling Load on Transparent Surfaces:
𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹)(𝑆𝐶)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)(𝐴)
𝑊
𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 684.16 2
(0.46)(0.72)(2.4𝑚2 )
𝑚
𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 543.83 𝑊
The computed cooling load for the opaque wall is 11308.08 W, while the cooling load for
the glass present at the west side of zone 1 area 1 is 543.83 W.
The same computation is done for the other sunlit rooms oriented at East and West on zones
1 to 4. Table 2.17 shows the summary of the cooling load from sunlit walls.
Table 2. 17 Summary of Solar Load
ZONE 1
Wall Solar Load Solar Load
Area Orien Area, Window Through Walls, Through Glass, Total Solar
No. tation m^2 Area, m^2 W W Load, W
North 22.16 1.2 - - -
Area South 18.68 - - - -
1 East 30.51 - - - -
West 38.10 2.4 11308.08 543.83 11851.91
North 41.90 3.6 - - -
Area South 34.51 - - - -
2 East 21.92 - - - -
West 21.92 - - - -
North 18.68 - - - -
37
South 18.68 - - - -
Area
East 27.92 - - - -
3
West 34.86 2.4 10346.45 543.83 10890.27
North 18.68 - - - -
Area South 18.68 - - - -
4 East 17.55 - - - -
West 23.10 1.2 6856.08 271.91 7127.99
North 18.68 - - - -
Area South 18.68 - - - -
5 East 18.77 - - - -
West 24.63 1.2 7310.18 271.91 7582.10
North 25.65 - - - -
Area South 33.23 1.2 - - -
6 East 21.92 - - - -
West 26.21 1.2 - - -
North 24.89 - - - -
Area South 32.28 1.2 - - -
7 East 21.92 - - - -
West 21.92 - - - -
North 13.55 - - - -
Area South 18.11 1.2 - - -
8 East 21.92 - - - -
West 21.92 - - - -
North 15.17 - - - -
Area South 20.13 1.2 - - -
9 East 12.87 - - - -
West 14.76 - - - -
North 17.43 1.2 - - -
Area South 0.00 - - - -
10 East 7.70 - - - -
West 6.90 1.2 2047.92 271.91 2319.83
TOTAL SOLAR LOAD IN ZONE 1 39772.10
ZONE 2
North 30.42 3.6 - - -
Area South 34.02 - - - -
1 East 13.82 - - - -
West 10.73 1.2 - - -
North 25.20 - - - -
38
South 25.20 - - - -
Area
East 13.82 - - - -
2
West 10.73 1.2 - - -
North 25.20 - - - -
Area South 25.20 - - - -
3 East 11.72 - - - -
West 10.52 1.2 - - -
North 13.14 - - - -
Area South 77.40 3.6 - - -
4 East 14.76 - - - -
West 12.87 - - - -
North 21.24 - - - -
Area South 21.24 - - - -
5 East 15.39 - - - -
West 17.28 - - - -
North 21.24 - - - -
Area South 21.24 - - - -
6 East 11.07 - - - -
West 12.96 - - - -
North 21.24 - - - -
Area South 21.24 - - - -
7 East 38.16 - - - -
West 24.17 - - - -
North 28.08 - - - -
Area South 124.98 4.8 - - -
8 East 18.24 1.2 5413.632 287.02 5700.65
West 19.44 - - - -
North 12.89 - - - -
Area South 17.55 - - - -
9 East 21.13 - - - -
West 21.13 - - - -
North 5.80 - - - -
Area South 5.80 - - - -
10 East 8.07 1.2 - - -
West 11.16 - - - -
North 19.44 - - - -
Area South 19.44 - - - -
11 East 13.18 1.2 - - -
West 16.27 - - - -
Area North 18.72 - - - -
12 South 23.31 - - - -
39
East 20.75 - 3757.488 - 3757.49
West 16.60 - - - -
North 25.20 - - - -
Area South 25.20 - - - -
13 East 12.66 1.2 3300.416 287.02 3587.44
West 8.00 1.2 - - -
North 25.20 - - - -
Area South 25.20 - - - -
14 East 11.21 - 3325.644 - 3325.64
West 5.87 1.2 - - -
North 10.58 - - - -
Area South 10.58 - - - -
15 East 13.61 - - - -
West 11.72 - - - -
North 31.90 - - - -
Area South 0.00 - - - -
16 East 0.00 - - - -
West 0.00 - - - -
ZONE 3
North 15.23 1.2 - - -
Area South 11.25 - - - -
1 East 17.06 - - - -
West 17.06 - - - -
North 14.64 1.2 - - -
Area South 10.78 - - - -
2 East 17.06 - - - -
West 15.86 1.2 - - -
North 10.95 1.2 - - -
Area South 7.83 - - - -
3 East 17.06 - - - -
West 17.06 - - - -
North 37.26 - - - -
Area South 35.37 - - - -
4 East 4.10 - - - -
West 2.90 1.2 - - -
Area North 149.72 7.2 - - -
5 South 75.42 - - - -
40
East 26.21 1.2 7777.644 287.02 8064.66
West 21.92 - - - -
North 27.41 - - - -
Area South 21.92 - - - -
6 East 20.03 - - - -
West 21.92 - - - -
North 18.68 - - - -
Area South 18.68 - - - -
7 East 18.68 - - - -
West 14.39 2.4 - - -
North 18.68 - - - -
Area South 18.68 - - - -
8 East 21.06 - - - -
West 16.77 2.4 - - -
North 19.44 - - - -
Area South 19.44 - - - -
9 East 6.63 1.2 - - -
West 7.32 2.4 - - -
North 19.44 - - - -
Area South 19.44 - - - -
10 East 6.63 1.2 - - -
West 7.32 2.4 - - -
North 19.44 - - - -
Area South 19.44 - - - -
11 East 6.63 1.2 - - -
West 7.32 2.4 - - -
North 19.44 - - - -
Area South 19.44 - - - -
12 East 6.63 1.2 - - -
West 7.32 2.4 - - -
North 10.58 - - - -
Area South 10.58 - - - -
13 East 13.61 - - - -
West 11.72 - - - -
North 24.41 - - - -
Area South 24.41 - - - -
14 East 60.99 4.8 18101.832 1148.075213 19249.91
West 44.74 6 - - -
41
ZONE 4
North - - - - -
Area South - - - - -
1 East - - - - -
West - - - - -
TOTAL SOLAR LOAD IN ZONE 4 -
Legend: [-] No exposure to sunlight / Without windows area
Based on the solar load summary for the different zones, Zone 1 has the highest solar load
of 39772.10 W, while Zone 2 has 16371.22 W. Zone 3 also contributes significantly with a total
solar load of 27314.57 W. Notably, Zone 4 does not experience any solar load as it is situated
within the interior of the establishment. Table 2.18 shows the summary and comparison for both
transmission load and solar load.
Table 2. 18 Comparison of Transmission Load and Solar Load
ZONE 1
Area Orientati Total Transmission Total Solar Load, Total External Load,
No. on Load, W W W
North 338.16 - 338.16
South - - -
Area 1 East 39.12 - 39.12
West 599.81* 11851.91 11851.91
Total External Load 12229.19
North 711.77 - 711.77
South 319.66 - 319.66
Area 2 East 178.24 - 178.24
West - - -
North 0.00 - 0.00
South 0.00 - 0.00
Area 3 East 266.10 - 266.10
West 559.89* 10890.27 10890.27
North - - -
South - - -
Area 4
East 181.80 - 181.80
West 349.80* 7127.99 7127.99
42
North - - -
South - - -
Area 5 East 191.76 - 191.76
West 368.65* 7582.10 7582.10
North 39.12 - 39.12
South 474.54 - 474.54
Area 6 East - - -
West 388.05 - 388.05
North 241.51 - 241.51
South 462.90 - 462.90
Area 7 East - - -
West - - -
North 149.32 - 149.32
South 288.26 - 288.26
Area 8 East - - -
West - - -
North 162.49 - 162.49
South 313.21 - 313.21
Area 9 East - - -
West - - -
North 279.95 - 279.95
South - - -
Area 10 East - - -
West 150.22* 2319.83 150.22
ZONE 1 TOTAL EXTERNAL LOAD 42628.44
ZONE 2
No. on Load, W W W
North 300.67 - 300.67
South - - -
Area 1 East 112.39 - 112.39
West 144.17 - 144.17
North - - -
South - - -
Area 2
East - - -
West 144.17 - 144.17
43
North - - -
South - - -
Area 3 East 39.12 - 39.12
West 142.42 - 142.42
North 185.07 - 185.07
South 1149.19 - 1149.19
Area 4 East - - -
West - - -
North - - -
South - - -
Area 5 East 164.24 - 164.24
West - - -
North - - -
South - - -
Area 6 East 129.12 - 129.12
West - - -
North 172.68 - 172.68
South - - -
Area 7 East - - -
West 235.66 - 235.66
North 384.78 - 384.78
South 1800.59 - 1800.59
Area 8 East 289.92* 5700.65 5700.65
West - - -
North - - -
South - - -
Area 9 East - - -
West - - -
North - - -
South - - -
Area 10 East 56.91 - 56.91
West - - -
North - - -
South - - -
Area 11
East 56.91 - 56.91
West - - -
44
North - - -
South - - -
Area 12 East 185.88* 3757.49 185.88
West - - -
North - - -
South - - -
Area 13 East 221.18 3587.44 3587.44
West 121.93 - 121.93
North - - -
South - - -
Area 14 East 138.05* 3325.64 3325.64
West 104.66 - 104.66
North 86.05 - 86.05
South 86.05 - 86.05
Area 15 East 110.63 - 110.63
West 134.39 - 134.39
North - -
South - -
Area 16 East - -
West - -
ZONE 3
No. on Load, W W W
North 252.78 - 252.78
South 130.59 - 130.59
Area 1 East - - -
West 138.73 - 138.73
North 245.57 - 245.57
South 39.12 - 39.12
Area 2 East - - -
West 146.76 - 146.76
North 200.11 - 200.11
Area 3
South 102.78 - 102.78
45
East - - -
West - - -
North - -
South - -
Area 4 East - -
West - -
North 2235.74 - 2235.74
South 691.41 - 691.41
Area 5 East 388.05* 7160.908 7160.908
West - - -
North 245.55 - 245.55
South - - -
Area 6 East - - -
West - - -
North - - -
South - - -
Area 7 East 151.90 - 151.90
West 191.71 - 191.71
North - - -
South - - -
Area 8 East 171.22 - 171.22
West 211.03 - 211.03
North - - -
South - - -
Area 9 East 110.81 - 110.81
West 95.08 - 95.08
North - - -
South - - -
Area 10 East 110.81 - 110.81
West 95.08 - 95.08
North - - -
Area 11
South - - -
46
East 110.81 - 110.81
West 95.08 - 95.08
North - - -
South - - -
Area 12 East 110.81 - 110.81
West 95.08 - 95.08
North 86.05 - 86.05
South 86.05 - 86.05
Area 13 East 110.63 - 110.63
West 134.39 - 134.39
North - - -
South - - -
Area 14 East 1012.23* 17080.30 17080.30
West 491.80 - 491.80
ZONE 4
No. on Load, W W W
North - -
South - -
Area 1 East - -
West - -
Total External load

Zone 1 42628.44
Zone 2 15295.16
Zone 3 31128.68
Zone 4 0
OVERALL TOTAL 89052.28
Legend: [*] not considered to the overall external load due to the presence of both transmission load and solar load
on only one side of the room or area.
[-] No calculated external load.
47
In cases where transmission load and solar load are present on both sides of the walls or
windows of a room, designers must evaluate when the peak cooling load occurs, as only the peak
demand is considered in calculations. It involves adding the solar load on one side of the room to
the transmission load on the other side and then comparing these values to ascertain the timeframe
with the highest peak load. However, if both transmission load and solar load only occur on one
side of the room, the designers must consider which load is higher between the two to be accounted
for in the total external cooling load. By determining when the cooling system operates most
intensively, designers can appropriately size and schedule it for maximum efficiency and comfort
during these demanding conditions.
2.5 Internal loads

The main causes of internal heat buildup in a place are its people, its lights, and its
functional equipment. The space's walls, floor, and furniture first absorb the radiant energy from
the lights, which causes their temperatures to rise at a rate based on their mass. The number of
inhabitants poses the biggest estimation challenge since some of the heat generated by occupants
is transferred through radiation. Additionally, the amount of heat released by the equipment will
change depending on how frequently it is used and how long each "use cycle" lasts (Pita, 2002).
Estimating the cooling load is more complex than estimating the heating load. Additional
consideration must be given to internal loads, latent loads, and solar loads. The primary sources of
internal heat gain are lights, occupants, and equipment operating within the space. Internal loads
are a major factor in most non-residential buildings (Stoecker et al., 1983).
2.5.1 Load Due to Occupants

The heat gain from people is composed of two parts, sensible heat and the latent heat
resulting from perspiration. Some of the sensible heat may be absorbed by the heat storage effect,
but not the latent heat. Health care facilities-specific sensible and latent heat gains from persons
in various stages of activity must be considered. Uncertainties in design may be caused by a high
population density that lasts for an unforeseen or challenging-to-predict length of time. This holds
true for the emergency room, operating rooms, and waiting areas (Pita, 2002).
The equations for cooling loads from sensible and latent heat gains from people are:
48
Sensible Heat from Occupants:
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑆𝐻𝐺 × 𝑁 × 𝐶𝐿𝐹
Latent Heat from Occupants:
𝑄𝐿 = 𝐿𝐻𝐺 × 𝑁
𝑄𝑠 , 𝑄𝐿 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝑆𝐻𝐺, 𝐿𝐻𝐺 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛
𝑁 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝐶𝐿𝐹 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝐶𝐿𝐹 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 1.0 (𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑒𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐽𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠, 1983)
Table 2.19 presents the summary of values for occupants sensible and latent heat gains as
well as the cooling load factor. The degree of activity in hospital hallways is considered to be
equivalent to walking at a pace of 4.8 km/h, as these areas experience higher levels of staff
movement between different departments. Occupants in the other parts of the building are assumed
to be engaged in moderately active office work.
Table 2. 19 Occupants Design Parameters
HALLWAY/ CORRIDOR
Occupants
SHG Walking 4.8 km/h 110 W
LHG Walking 4.8 km/h 185 W
CLF 2 hours in space, with 1 hour after each entry 0.49
MEDICAL ROOMS/OFFICES
Patients
49
SHG Seated, very light work 70 W
LHG Seated, very light work 45 W
Medical Personnel
SHG Moderately active work 75 W
LHG Moderately active work 55 W
CLF 8 hours in space, with 8 hours after each entry 0.84
WAITING AREA
Occupants
SHG Seated, very light work 70 W
LHG Seated, very light work 45 W
KITCHEN
Staff
CLF For systems shutdown at night 1
CAFETERIA
SHG Sedentary work 70 W
LHG Sedentary work 70 W
WARDS
50
Patients
SHG Resting, very light work 70 W
LHG Resting, very light work 45 W
Medical Personnel
Source: ASHRAE, 2009
The number of occupants is provided in Table 2.20 below. The number of occupants
depends in the type and function of every room or area in the hospital such as waiting area, nurse
stations, radiology room, and patient rooms.
51
Table 2. 20 Required Area per Occupant
Source: DOH, 2004
52
The table above shows the required area per occupant in each area of the establishment.
Isolation rooms has the largest area requirement with 9.29 m2, while the smallest area requirement
is the waiting area with a 0.65 m2.
For the initial computation, the Zone 1 Area 1 which is the dietary department will be
considered. The number of people or occupant in the area must be identified first. The dietary
department comprises various distinct zones, each serving a specific purpose. Notably, only the
dietitian area is typically occupied by personnel. The remaining areas, such as the supply receiving
area, storage area, and food preparation area, are integral to the dietary department's operations
but are not staffed continuously. Therefore, to calculate the cooling load for the dietary room, the
total room area (46.68 m²) should be adjusted by subtracting the areas designated for specific
purposes, as outlined in Table 2.18, resulting in a computationally relevant area of 18.78 m². This
ensures a more accurate assessment of the cooling load, focusing on the spaces actively used and
providing efficient climate control.
The computation for the occupants’ load is shown below.
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑁=
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛, 𝐴𝑃
18.79 𝑚2
𝑁=
5.02 𝑚2
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑓𝑓
𝑁 = 3.74 ≈ 4 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑠
The number of staffs or people in Zone 1 Area 1 which is the Dietary Department of the
hospital consists of a total of 4 people. For rooms where the required area is not stated in Table
2.20., the designers will assume that an only a percentage of the total area of a room will be
occupied by people. The table below shows the total number of people in every area of the
establishment.
Table 2. 21 Summary of Number of Occupants
Zone 1 Description Medical Professional/ Staff Patient/ Visitor Total

Area 1 Dietary 4 4
Area 2 Pantry & Kitchen 3 3
Area 3 Radiotherapy 2 1 3
53
Area 4 Auto Clave room 1 1
Area 5 Pathologist lab 1 2
Area 6 Physiotherapy room 2 1 3
Area 7 Store room 1 1
Area 8 Record room 1 1
Area 9 Duty Doctor 1 1 2
Area 10 Cafeteria 15
ZONE 1 TOTAL 36

Area 1 Medical Superintendent 3 3
Area 2 Admin office 2 3
Area 3 Conference room 6 6
Area 4 Accounting Dept 5 3 8
Area 5 Locker room 1 1
Area 6 Anesthetic room 1 1 2
Area 7 Recover room 2 2
Area 8 Male Surgical ward 13 13
Area 9 Toilet 1 0
Area 11 Single bed ward 2 2
Area 12 Toilet 2 0
Area 13 Male Isolation ward 1 2 2
Area 14 Male Isolation ward 2 2 2
Area 15 Nurse room 1 3 3
Area 16 Hallway 5
ZONE 2 TOTAL 52

Area 1 Isolation ward 1 1 1
Area 2 Isolation ward 2 1 1
Area 3 Duty Doctor 1 1 2
Area 4 Subwaiting room 2 2
Area 5 General ward 15 15
Area 6 Toilet 0
Area 7 Oxygen Storage 1 1
Area 8 Sterile room 1 1
Area 9 Single bed ward 1 2 2
54
Area 13 Female surgical room 8 8
Area 14 Nurse room 2 2 3
ZONE 3 TOTAL 42

Area 1 Waiting Area 30 30
ZONE 4 TOTAL 30
OVERALL NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS 160
Based on the computation, the estimated maximum capacity of the establishment is 160
people. This includes the staffs, patients, and visitors or other occupants.
Since the number of occupants in the areas have been identified, the sensible heat and the
latent heat load from the occupants can now be computed. The initial computation below shows
the cooling load from the occupants in Zone 1 Area 1.
Sensible Heat from Occupants:
𝑄𝑠 = (75𝑊)(4 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑠)(1)
𝑄𝑆 = 300 𝑊
Latent Heat from Occupants:
𝑄𝐿 = (70𝑊)(4 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑠)(1.0)
𝑄𝐿 = 280 𝑊
Total Heat from Occupants:
𝑄𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿
𝑄𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 300 𝑊 + 280 𝑊
𝑄𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 580 𝑊
55
The computation above shows that for the 4 staffs in Zone 1 Area 1, the sensible heat is
300 W, while the latent heat is 280 W. By following the same procedure for the computations of
other rooms, the occupant load will be calculated. The table below shows the occupant load
summary.
Table 2. 22 Occupant Load Summary
ZONE 1
Area Q Sensible Heat Q Latent Heat Q Total Occupants'
No. Description Load, W Load, W Load, W
Area 1 Dietary 300.00 280.00 580.00
Area 2 Pantry & Kitchen 225.00 165.00 390.00
Area 3 Radiotherapy 193.20 155.00 348.20
Area 4 Auto Clave room 63.00 55.00 118.00
Area 5 Pathologist lab 63.00 55.00 118.00
Physiotherapy
193.20 155.00
Area 6 room 348.20
Area 7 Store room 63.00 55.00 118.00
Area 8 Record room 63.00 55.00 118.00
Area 9 Duty Doctor 63.00 55.00 118.00
Area
609.00 0.00
10 Cafeteria 609.00
ZONE 1 Total Occupants' Load, W 2865.40
ZONE 2
no. Description Load, W Load, W Load, W
Medical
189.00 165.00
Area 1 Superintendent 354.00
Area 2 Admin office 189.00 165.00 354.00
Area 3 Conference room 378.00 330.00 708.00
Area 4 Accounting Dept 294.00 350.00 644.00
Area 5 Locker room 63.00 55.00 118.00
Area 6 Anesthetic room 130.20 100.00 230.20
Area 7 Recover room 134.40 90.00 224.40
Male Surgical
873.60 585.00
Area 8 ward 1458.60
Area 9 Toilet 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Area
0.00 0.00
10 Ward store 1 0.00
56
Area
134.40 90.00
11 Single bed ward 224.40
Area
0.00 0.00
12 Toilet 2 0.00
Area Male Isolation
134.40 90.00
13 ward 1 224.40
Area Male Isolation
134.40 90.00
14 ward 2 224.40
Area
189.00 165.00
15 Nurse room 1 354.00
Area
269.50 925.00
16 Hallway 1194.50
ZONE 3
no. Description Load, W Load, W Load, W
Area 1 Isolation ward 1 67.20 45.00 112.20
Area 2 Isolation ward 2 67.20 45.00 112.20
Area 3 Duty Doctor 63.00 100.00 163.00
Area 4 Subwaiting room 68.60 90.00 158.60
Area 5 General ward 1008.00 675.00 1683.00
Area 6 Toilet 0.00 0.00 0.00
Area 7 Oxygen Storage 46.20 55.00 101.20
Area 8 Sterile room 66.75 55.00 121.75
Area 9 Single bed ward 1 134.40 90.00 224.40
Area
134.40 90.00
10 Single bed ward 2 224.40
Area
134.40 90.00
Area
134.40 90.00
Area Female surgical
537.60 360.00
13 room 897.60
Area
200.25 165.00
14 Nurse room 2 365.25
57
Zone 4
No. Description Load, W Load, W Load, W
Area 1 Waiting Area 1029.00 1350.00 2379.00
OVERALL OCCUPANT LOAD 16169.70
Based on the computation for the occupants’ load, the overall total occupant load is
16169.70 W. Zone 1 has a total occupant load of 2865.40 W, Zone 2 has 6312.90 W, Zone 3 with
an occupant load of 4612.40 W, and Zone 4 with a total occupant load of 2379.00 W.
2.5.2 Lighting Load

The radiant energy from the lights is first absorbed by the walls, floor, and furnishings of
the space, and their temperatures then increase at a rate dependent on their mass. As the surface
temperature of these objects rises above the air temperature, heat is convected from the surfaces
and finally becomes a load on the cooling system (Stoecker et al., 1983).
The following formula have been developed for estimating the internal heat gain from
lights (Stoecker et al., 1983).
𝑄 = 𝑊 × 𝐹𝑈 × 𝐶𝐿𝐹 × 𝑁
𝑁 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠
𝑊 − 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐹𝑈 − 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐶𝐿𝐹 − 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
To estimate the number of lights in the area, the following formula will be used.
(𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)(𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)

𝑁=
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
58
𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,
𝑚2
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑚2
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠, 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
In choosing the specifications of the lights to be used in the establishment, the most
important factor are the color temperature and the color rendering index of the light source. The
general Rule of thumb for most active areas within a hospital building is to maintain a color
temperature of 4000K or more (Thorn Lighting, 2017). For Areas such as treatment areas and,
operating rooms where color representation is important, lamps with a CRI of 90 percent or greater
is required. In ward areas where patient comfort is required, lamps with CRI of 85 to 100 is desired.
LED lamps are amongst the most efficient lighting source suitable for Residential, Commercial,
Industrial and Institutional Applications (Pan American Health Organization, PAHO, n.d.). The
table below shows the specification of the light source to be used in the establishment with respect
to the required and recommended values. The utilization, ballast and cooling load factors for the
lighting are also shown in the table below.
Table 2. 23 Lighting Specifications
Description Rated Value
ALL ROOMS
Wattage Linear Q Batten Gen 2 [1] 10 W
Color Temperature 4000K
CRI >80
Lumens 1470 lumens
CAFETERIA
Wattage 24W LED Batten G2 [2] 24 W
59
Color Temperature 4000K
CRI >80
Lumens 1800 lumens
Fu [3] All lights are used 1.0
CLF [3] Vented Lightings with 16 hrs. of operation 0.99
Source: [1] verbatimlighting.com, 2023; [2] Philips, 2023; [3] Stoecker et al., 1983
The table above shows that the selected light source for the hospital. The color temperature
is 4000K and the CRI is 90 which are the recommended values for health care facilities. The
utilization factor is 1.0 since all the lights are used in the hospital. The CLF is 0.99 considering a
fixture of venter lights with 16 hours of operation.
The table below shows the recommended illumination or lumens per square meter in
different areas in the hospital.
Table 2. 24 Recommended Illumination Values
Classification of Area Illumination [1], lumens/ m2
Waiting Area 100
Patient Ward Rooms 300
Operating Room 500
Laboratories 300
Stairs and Corridors 100
Nurse Station/ Office 150
Storage Rooms, Lockers 150
Kitchen 300[2]
Cafeteria 200[2]
Source: [1] PAHO, n.d.; [2] Archtoolbox.com
60
Based on the table above the illumination required for the different area in the hospital
ranges from 100 to 500 lumens per square meter. For the initial computation of lighting load,
ZONE 1 AREA 1 is considered. The initial computation for the lighting load is shown below.
𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
200 (46.68 𝑚2 )
𝑁= 𝑚2
1470 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑁 = 6.35 ≈ 7 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠
𝑄 = 7 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 (10𝑊)(1.0)(0.99)
𝑄 = 69.3 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Based on the computation above, the lighting load for ZONE 1 AREA 1 is 89.1 Watts. By
following the same procedure for other areas in the establishment, the total lighting load will be
calculated. The table below shows all the lighting load for every area in the hospital.
Table 2. 25 Summary of Lighting Load
ZONE 1
Number of
Area No. Description Area lights, N Q Lights
Area 1 Dietary 46.68 7 69.30
Area 2 Pantry & Kitchen 60.52 13 128.70
Area 3 Radiotherapy 43 9 89.10
Area 4 Auto Clave room 28 6 59.40
Area 5 Pathologist lab 29.77 7 69.30
Area 6 Physiotherapy room 46.57 10 99.00
Area 7 Store room 45.35 5 49.50
Area 8 Record room 26.16 3 29.70
Area 9 Duty Doctor 19.47 2 19.80
Area 10 Cafeteria 419.44 47 1116.72
TOTAL LIGHTING LOAD IN ZONE 1 1730.52
ZONE 2
Number of
Area 1 Medical Superintendent 36.32 4 39.60
Area 2 Admin office 26.87 3 29.70
Area 3 Conference room 34.21 4 39.60
61
Area 4 Accounting Dept 73.88 8 79.20
Area 5 Locker room 19.33 2 19.80
Area 6 Anesthetic room 19.48 4 39.60
Area 7 Recover room 51.15 11 108.90
Area 8 Male Surgical ward 155.72 32 316.80
Area 9 Toilet 1 28.58 2 19.80
Area 10 Ward store 1 5 1 9.90
Area 11 Single bed ward 24.39 5 49.50
Area 12 Toilet 2 27.25 2 19.80
Area 13 Male Isolation ward 1 21.45 5 49.50
Area 14 Male Isolation ward 2 17.43 4 39.60
Area 15 Nurse room 1 11.13 2 19.80
Area 16 Hallway 90.88 7 69.30
ZONE 3
Number of
Area 1 Isolation ward 1 17.21 4 39.60
Area 2 Isolation ward 2 17.01 4 39.60
Area 3 Duty Doctor 12.81 2 19.80
Area 4 Subwaiting room 11.82 1 9.90
Area 5 General ward 212.44 44 435.60
Area 6 Toilet 37.12 3 29.70
Area 7 Oxygen Storage 26.95 3 29.70
Area 8 Sterile room 30.37 7 69.30
Area 9 Single bed ward 1 14.58 3 29.70
Area 13 Female surgical room 99.22 21 207.90
Area 14 Nurse room 2 11.13 2 19.80
ZONE 4
Number of
Area 1 Waiting Area 48.16 4 39.60
Area 2 Corridor 411.35 28 277.20
OVERALL LIGHTING LOAD 5482.62
62
The computation shows that the overall lighting load in the establishment is 5482.62 Watts.
It consists of Zone 1 having 1730.52 Watts, Zone 2 having 950.40 Watts, Zone 3 having 1019.70
Watts and Zone 4 with 1782.00 Watts of lighting load.
2.5.3 Equipment Load

A major portion of the internal cooling load in a health care facility is due to the heat
produced by medical equipment installed in the various spaces. Like other equipment, the heat
released to the surroundings by an item of medical equipment is often much less than its full load
electrical rating (ASHRAE, 2009).
The heat gain from equipment may sometimes be found directly from the manufacturer or
the nameplate data, with allowance for intermittent use (Pita, 2008). The values of other equipment
are gathered from their respective manufacturers. Table 2.26 shows the summary of heat coming
from equipment in each zone.
Table 2. 26 Summary of Equipment Load
ZONE 1
Area Equipment Being Quanti Rating, Total Heat
No. Description Used ty W Gain, W
Refrigerator 1 447 447
Microwave 1 600 600
Area 1 Dietary Dishwasher 1 380 380
Computer 1 220 220
Food Processor 3 520 1560
Dishwasher 1 380 380
Area 2 Pantry & Kitchen
Food Processor 3 520 1560
Microwave 1 600 600
X-ray unit
1 968 968
(Parorex)
Area 3 Radiotherapy Computer 1 220 220
X-ray unit (C-arm) 1 1725 1725
Ultrasound Unit 1 1800 1800
Auto clave
Area 4 Auto Clave room 2 2000 4000
equipment
Auto clave
Area 5 Pathologist lab 2 2000 4000
equipment
63
Incubator 1 600 600
Tissue Processors 1 475 475
Centrifuge 3 288 864
Stress Treadmill 1 198 198
Area 6 Physiotherapy room Computer 1 220 220
Ultrasound Unit 1 1800 1800
Area 7 Store room - - - -
Area 8 Record room Computer 1 220 220
Coffee Brewer 1 1660 1660
Area 9 Duty Doctor
Water Dispenser 1 420 420
Television 2 120 240
Area 10 Cafeteria
ZONE 1 TOTAL 26891
ZONE 2
Computer 2 220 440
Medical Coffee Brewer 1 1660 1660
Area 1
Superintendent Water Dispenser 1 420 420
Printer 1 320 320
Computer 2 220 440
Coffee Brewer 1 1660 1660
Area 2 Admin office
Printer 1 320 320
Computer 1 220 220
Area 3 Conference room
Projector 1 150 150
Computer 5 220 1100
Money Counter 5 380 1900
Area 4 Accounting Dept
Printer 1 320 320
Area 5 Locker room - - - -
Anesthesia System 2 250 500
Surgical Light 2 150 300
Patient Monitor 1 80 80
Area 6 Anesthetic room
Blanket Warmer 1 500 500
Electrosurgery 1 1000 1000
Defibrillator 1 100 100
Anesthesia System 1 250 250
Area 7 Recovery room
64
Monitor and Stand 2 200 400
Defibrillator 1 100 100
ECG 1 1440 1440
Area 8 Male Surgical ward Defibrillator 2 100 200
ECG 13 1440 18720
Area 9 Toilet 1 - - - -
Area 10 Ward store 1 Computer 1 220 220
Blanket Warmer 1 500 500
Area 11 Single bed ward Defibrillator 1 100 100
ECG 1 1440 1440
Area 12 Toilet 2 - - - -
Male Isolation ward
Area 13 Defibrillator 1 100 100
1
ECG 1 1440 1440
Male Isolation ward
Area 14 Defibrillator 1 100 100
2
ECG 1 1440 1440
Computer 1 100 100
Area 15 Nurse room 1
Area 16 Hallway Water Dispenser 1 420 420
ZONE 2 TOTAL 41167
ZONE 3
Area 1 Isolation ward 1
ECG 1 1440 1440
Area 2 Isolation ward 2
ECG 1 1440 1440
Computer 1 220 220
Area 3 Duty Doctor Coffee Brewer 1 1660 1660
Area 4 Subwaiting room - - - -
Blood Pressure
Area 5 General ward 15 180 2700
Meter
ECG 15 1440 21600
Area 6 Toilet - - - -
65
Oxygen
5 480 2400
Area 7 Oxygen Storage Concentrator
Oxygen Flowmeter 10 25 250
Computer 2 100 200
Area 8 Sterile room
Monitor and Stand 1 200 200
Area 9 Single bed ward 1
ECG 1 1440 1440
ECG 1 1440 1440
ECG 1 1440 1440
ECG 1 1440 1440
Female surgical
Area 13 Monitor and Stand 8 200 1600
room
ECG 8 1440 11520
Defribillator 3 320 960
Area 14 Nurse room 2 Television 1 120 120
Computer 1 100 100
ZONE 3 TOTAL 54910
ZONE 4
Telephone 2 4.5 9
Area 1 Waiting Area Water Dispenser 1 420 420
Area 2 Corridor - - - -
ZONE 4 TOTAL 669
EQUIPMENT OVERALL TOTAL LOAD, W 123637

Source: ASHRAE, 2009; Pita, 2002; Hosni et. Al., 1999
The overall equipment load of the establishment is estimated to be 123637 W. In which

Zone 1 has an equipment load of 26891 W, Zone 2 has 41167 W, Zone 3 with 54910 W, and Zone
4 with 669 W.
66
2.6 Cooling Load Due to Air Infiltration
The entry of outside air into the space influences both the air temperature and the humidity
level in the space. Infiltration, defined as the uncontrolled entry of unconditioned outside air
directly into the building, results from natural forces, e.g., wind and buoyancy due to the
temperature difference between inside and outside (Stoecker et al., 1983). To calculate the cooling
load from infiltrating air, the following formula will be used (Pita, 2008).
For Sensible Heat, 𝑄𝑠 :
𝑄𝑠 = 1.1 (𝐶𝐹𝑀)(𝑇𝐶)
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟,
ℎ𝑟
𝑓𝑡 3
𝐶𝐹𝑀 − 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒,
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝐶 − 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟, °𝐹
For Latent Heat, 𝑄𝐿 :
𝑄𝐿 = 0.68(𝐶𝐹𝑀)(𝑊𝑖′ − 𝑊𝑜′ )
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝐿 − 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟,
ℎ𝑟
𝑓𝑡 3
𝐶𝐹𝑀 − 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒,
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟 𝑤
𝑊𝑖′ , 𝑊𝑜′ − 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑖𝑛 ,( )
𝑙𝑏 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑏 𝑑. 𝑎
Figure below shows the psychometric chart used to obtain the values of humidity ratio for
air outside the building, inside and the corridor using their dry bulb temperatures and relative
humidity.
67
Source: The Engineering Toolbox
Figure 2. 9 Air Properties on Psychrometric Chart
Table 2.27 below shows the values obtained in the chart as well as the temperatures. The
Figure 2. 10 Air Properties on Psychrometric Chart
data will be used for the computation of latent heat gain from infiltration.
Table 2. 27 Circulating Air Parameters
Figure
Dry2. 11 Air Properties
Bulb on Psychrometric
Relative Chart
Humidity Humidity Ratio
Temperature
Waiting Area and 𝑔𝑟. 𝑤.

Figure 2.26℃ (78.8℉)
12 Air 65 %
Properties on Psychrometric Chart 96
𝑙𝑏. 𝑑. 𝑎.
Corridor
Inside 23℃ (73℉) 60 % 𝑔𝑟. 𝑤.

73
Outside 34℃ (93℉) 70 % 𝑔𝑟. 𝑤.

166
In calculating the CFM of the infiltration air, the crack method will be used by the
designers. Crack Method The crack method assumes that a reasonably accurate estimate of the
rate of air infiltration per foot of crack opening can be measured or established. Energy codes list
68
maximum permissible infiltration rates for new construction or renovation upgrading (Pita, 2002).
The table below shows the infiltration rate of windows and doors.
Table 2. 28 Typical Allowable Design Air Infiltration Rates Through Windows and Doors
Source: Pita, 2002
The Table above shows the infiltration rate of windows as well as doors. The designers will
use the infiltration ratePita,
Source: 0.37 per ft of sash crack and of 1.00 FM per square feet of door area for
2002
the doors and windows, respectively. The initial computation of infiltration load for the windows
and doors is shown below.
Source: Pita, 2002
Total crack length, L for the window:
= [2(𝑊) + 2(𝐻)] 𝑓𝑡,

Source: Pita, 𝐿2002 (𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑎, 2002)
Total crack length, L for window 1 in Zone 1 Area 1:
3.28𝑓𝑡 3.28𝑓𝑡
𝐿 = 2 [1𝑚 ( )] + 2 [1.2𝑚 ( )]
1𝑚 1𝑚
𝐿 = 14.43 𝑓𝑡
Total infiltration rate for window:
𝐶𝐹𝑀
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = 0.37 (14.43 𝑓𝑡) = 5.34 𝐶𝐹𝑀
𝑓𝑡
For sensible heat, 𝑄𝑠 :
𝑄𝑠 = 1.1(5.43 𝐶𝐹𝑀)(93 − 73)℉
𝐵𝑇𝑈 746𝑊
𝑄𝑠 = 117.48 ( ) = 34.44 𝑊
𝐻𝑅 2545 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝐻𝑅
69
For latent heat, 𝑄𝐿 :
𝑔𝑟. 𝑤
𝑄𝐿 = 0.68(5.34 𝐶𝐹𝑀)(166 − 73)
𝑙𝑏 𝑑. 𝑎.
𝑄𝐿 = 337.7 ( ) = 98.99 𝑊
Total load from infiltrating air in windows:
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿
𝑄𝑇 = (34.44 + 98.99)𝑊
𝑄𝑇 = 133.42 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
The computed sensible and latent heat load for the window in Zone 1 Area 1 are 35.02 and
98.99 Watts, respectively. The total load from infiltration of air is 134.01 Watts The computation
for the infiltration rate and the infiltration load for the door in Zone 1 Area 1 is shown below.
Total infiltration rate for D1 type door:
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝑊𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 × 𝐻𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟
𝐶𝐹𝑀 3.28 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = (1.00 × 0.9 𝑚 × 2.1 𝑚) ( ) = 20.33 𝐶𝐹𝑀
𝑓𝑡 2 1𝑚
For sensible heat, 𝑄𝑠 :

𝑄𝑠 = 1.1(20.33)(78.8 − 73)°𝐹
𝑄𝑠 = 129.71 ( ) = 38.02 𝑊
𝐻𝑅 2545 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐻𝑅
70
For latent heat, 𝑄𝐿 :
𝑔𝑟. 𝑤.
𝑄𝐿 = 0.68(20.33 𝐶𝐹𝑀)(96 − 73)
𝑄𝐿 = 317.96 ( ) = 93.20 𝑊
Total load from infiltrating air in doors:

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿
𝑄𝑇 = (38.02 + 93.20)𝑊
𝑄𝑇 = 131.22 𝑊
The computed total load from infiltrating air in doors in Zone 1 Area 1 is 131.22 Watts.
The same procedure will also be done on other areas of the establishment to compute the overall
cooling load from infiltration in the hospital. The table below shows the summary of cooling load
from infiltrating air.
Table 2. 29 Summary of Infiltration Load
ZONE 1 INFILTRATION
Are Glass Type / Door Type / QWindow QDoor QTotal
a Quantity Quantity (Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
N W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
S - - -
1
E D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
W W1 x 2 266.85 - 266.85
N W1 x 3 400.27 - 400.27
S D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
2
E - - -
W - - -
N - - -
S - - -
3
E D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
W W1 x 2 266.85 - 266.85
N - - -
S - - -
4
E D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
W W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
5 N - - -
71
S - - -
E D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
W W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
N D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
S W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
6
E - - -
W W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
N D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
S W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
7
E - - -
W - - -
N D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
S W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
8
E - - -
W - - -
N D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
S W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
9
E D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
W - - -
N W1 x 1 108.94 - 108.94
S - - -
10
E D2 x 1 - 262.49 262.49
W W1 x 1 108.94 - 108.94
ZONE 1 TOTAL INFILTRATION 3794.18
ZONE 2 INFILTRATION
N W1 x 3 103.40 - 103.40
S - - -
1
E - - -
W W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
N - - -
S - - -
2
E - - -
W W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
N - - -
S - - -
3
E D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
W W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
4 N D1 x 1 - 262.49 262.49
72
S W1 x 3 400.27 - 400.27
E - - -
W D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
N - - -
S - - -
5
E D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
W - - -
N - - -
S - - -
6
E D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
W - - -
N - - -
S - - -
7
E - - -
W D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
N D2 x 2 - 524.97 524.97
S W1 x 4 533.70 - 533.70
8
E W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
W - - -
N - - -
S D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
9
E - - -
W - - -
N - - -
S - - -
10
E W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
W - - -
N - - -
S - - -
11
E W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
W - - -
N - - -
S D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
12
E - - -
W - - -
N - - -
S - - -
13
E W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
W W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
N - - -
14
S - - -
73
E - - -
W W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
N - - -
S - - -
15
E - - -
W D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
N D1 x 1 - 262.49 262.49
S - - -
16
E - - -
W - - -
ZONE 3 INFILTRATION
N W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
S D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
1
E - - -
W - - -
N W1 x 1 133.42 0.00 133.42
S D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
2
E - - -
W W1 x 1 34.47 - 34.47
N W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
S D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
3
E - - -
W - - -
N - - -
S D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
4
E - - -
W W1 x 1 58.92 - 58.92
N W1 x 6 800.55 - 800.55
S D2 x 1 - 262.49 262.49
5
E W1 x 1 133.42 - 133.42
W - - -
N - - -
S - - -
6
E D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
W - - -
N - - -
7
S - - -
74
E - - -
W W1 x 2 D1 x 1 68.93 131.24 200.18
N - - -
S - - -
8
E - - -
W W1 x 2 D1 x 1 68.93 131.24 200.18
N - - -
S - - -
9
E W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
W W1 x 2 68.93 - 68.93
N - - -
S - - -
10
E W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
W W1 x 2 68.93 - 68.93
N - - -
S - - -
11
E W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
W W1 x 2 68.93 - 68.93
N - - -
S - - -
12
E W1 x 1 D1 x 1 34.47 131.24 165.71
W W1 x 2 68.93 - 68.93
N - - -
S - - -
13
E - - -
W D1 x 1 - 131.24 131.24
N - - -
S - - -
14
E W1 x 4 533.70 - 533.70
W W1 x 5 D1 x 1 172.34 131.24 303.58
ZONE 4 INFILTRATION
N - - -
S - - -
1
E - - -
W - - -
ZONE 4 TOTAL INFILTRATION -
OVERALL TOTAL INFILTRATION 13012.07
Legend [-] No glass/doors
75
Based from the computation above, the overall infiltration load is 13012.07Watts. The zone
with the highest infiltration load is Zone 3 with a 4653.80 Watts, while the zone with the lowest
infiltration load is Zone 4 with no infiltration load.
2.7 Ventilation Load

Some outside air is generally brought into a building for health and comfort reasons. The
sensible and latent heat of this air is usually greater than that of the room air, so it becomes part of
the cooling load. The excess heat is usually removed in the cooling equipment, however, so it is
part of the cooling coil load but not the building load (Pita, 2002). The equations for determining
the sensible and latent cooling loads from ventilation air are shown below (Stoecker et al., 1982).
Sensible Ventilation Load:
𝑄𝑠 = 1.23𝑄(𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 )
Latent Ventilation Load:
𝑄𝐿 = 3000𝑄(𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑖 )
𝑄𝑠 , 𝑄𝐿 − 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑊
𝐿
𝑄 − 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑠
𝑡𝑜 , 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, °𝐶
𝑊𝑜 , 𝑊𝑖 −
𝑘𝑔.𝑤
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 (𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟) ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 , 𝑘𝑔.𝑑.𝑎
To solve for Q, the following formula will be used:
𝐴𝐶𝐻(𝐴)(𝐻)
𝑄=
3600
76
1
𝐴𝐶𝐻 − 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟, ℎ
𝐴 − 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑚2
𝐻 − ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚, 𝑚
Using the air parameters used in the calculation of the infiltration load, the same values
will be converted into SI units to be used for the computation of ventilation load. The table below
shows the converted circulating air parameters
Table 2. 30 Circulating Air Parameters
Dry Bulb Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio

Temperature
Outside 26℃ (78.8℉) 65 % 𝑘𝑔. 𝑤.

0.0137
𝑘𝑔. 𝑑. 𝑎.
Inside 23℃ (73℉) 60 % 𝑘𝑔. 𝑤.

0.01064
𝑘𝑔. 𝑑. 𝑎.
Calculating air change rate is particularly important for recommending air purification
equipment that can help reduce the spread of airborne contaminants such as the virus that causes
Covid 19 (McMorrow, 2022). Spaces specific to hospitals such as patient rooms, imaging spaces
and surgical suites must be ventilated (HPAC Engineering, 2023). There are odours from cooking,
and there are gases such as Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrogen Dioxide,
which are harmful people. It is worthwhile to consider properly ventilating the kitchen to have a
comfortable time when cooking and using the kitchen and to make sure that health conditions are
not made worse simply by using the kitchen (sparksdirect.co.uk). The table below shows the
standards design parameters for healthcare facilities. The table will be used in identifying the ACH
in healthcare facilities.
Table 2. 31 Standard Design Parameters
Source: ASHRAE HVAC Fundamentals, 2019

77
For areas not discussed above such as kitchens, dining area and toilets, the following table
will be used. The table below shows the ACH or air change per hour in other areas of the
establishment.
Table 2. 32 Recommended Air Change per Hour, ACH
Source: McMorrow, 2022

The table above shows the minimum ACH for different areas. Since the given values are
given in ranges, the designers will consider the average or mean of the range. For the dining area,
the minimum ACH is 9, for the kitchen, the ACH is 16 and for the restrooms the ACH to be used
is 11 air changes per hour.
The designers assumed that the furniture and fixtures occupy 20% of the area of rooms in
the establishment. Therefore, the area considered is reduced to 80% of the original value. The
height of floor to ceiling is 3.6 meters. Table 2.33 shows the parameters that are used for the
computation of ventilation load.
Table 2. 33 Ventilation Load Parameters
ZONE 1
Original Reduced
Area Room ti to Wi Wo
Area Area
Area 2 Pantry & Kitchen 60.52 48.42 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
ZONE 2
Original Reduced
Area Area
Area 7 Male Surgical ward 155.72 124.58 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Area 8 Recovery room 51.15 40.92 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
78
Area 9 Toilet 1 28.58 22.86 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Area 11 Single bed ward 24.39 19.51 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Area 12 Toilet 2 27.25 21.80 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Area 13 Male Isolation ward 1 21.45 17.16 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Area 14 Male Isolation ward 2 17.43 13.94 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
ZONE 3
Original Reduced
Area Area
Area 1 Isolation ward 1 17.21 13.77 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Area 2 Isolation ward 2 17.01 13.61 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Area 5 General ward 212.44 169.95 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Area 6 Toilet 37.12 29.70 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Area 9 Single bed ward 1 14.58 11.66 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Area 14 Female surgical room 99.22 79.38 23 26 0.01064 0.0137
Table 2.33 shows the parameters to be used in calculating the ventilation load of the areas
in the establishment. The areas considered in the computation are the rooms that require or have
ventilation system installed such as kitchens, operating rooms, and patient rooms.
For the initial computation, the kitchen and pantry will be used. The following calculation
shows the sensible and latent load due to ventilation in the said area.
For volumetric flow rate:
𝐴𝐶𝐻(𝐴)(𝐻)
𝑄=
3600
16 1000 𝐿
(48.42 𝑚2 )(3.6𝑚) ( )
𝑄=
ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
3600
𝐿
𝑄 = 774.66
𝑠
79
For sensible load:
𝑄𝑠 = 1.23(𝑄)(𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝐿
𝑄𝑠 = 1.23 (774.66 ) (26 − 23)°𝐶
𝑠
𝑄𝑠 = 2858.48 𝑊
For latent load:
𝑄𝐿 = 3000(𝑄)(𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑖 )
𝐿
𝑄𝐿 = 3000 (774.66 ) (0.0137 − 0.01064 )
𝑠
𝑄𝐿 = 7111.34 𝑊
Total ventilation load:
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝐿
𝑄𝑇 = 2858.48 𝑊 + 7111.34𝑊
𝑄𝑇 = 9969.82 𝑊
The calculated ventilation load for the kitchen and pantry is 9969.82 Watts. The same
procedure will be done to other areas to calculate the overall ventilation load in the establishment.
The areas considered in the computation are the rooms that require or have ventilation system
installed such as kitchens, operating rooms, and patient rooms.
Table 2. 34 Summary of Ventilation Load
Total Load,
ZONE Room Sensible Load, W Latent Load, W
W
1 Pantry & Kitchen 2858.48 7111.34 9969.82
Total Ventilation Load in Zone 1 9969.82
Total Load,
W
Male Surgical ward 1838.74 4574.43 6413.17
2
Recovery room 603.98 1502.58 2106.56
80
Toilet 1 928.05 2308.81 3236.86
Single bed ward 288.00 716.48 1004.48
Toilet 2 884.86 2201.36 3086.23
Male Isolation ward 1 253.28 630.12 883.40
Male Isolation ward 2 205.81 512.02 717.84
Total Load,
W
Isolation ward 1 203.22 505.56 708.78
Isolation ward 2 200.85 499.69 700.54
General ward 2508.49 6240.64 8749.13
Toilet 1205.36 2998.70 4204.06
3 Single bed ward 1 172.16 428.30 600.46
Single bed ward 2 172.16 428.30 600.46
Single bed ward 3 172.16 428.30 600.46
Single bed ward 4 172.16 428.30 600.46
Female surgical room 1171.59 2914.69 4086.28
OVERALL VENTILATION LOAD 48268.99
Based from the computation, the overall ventilation load is 48268.99 Watts. Zone 1 has a
ventilation load of 9969.82 Zone 2 has 17448.53 Watts, Zone 3 with a ventilation load of 20850.64
Watts, while Zone 4 has no ventilation load.
81
Table 2. 35 Cooling Load Summary
ZONE 1
Internal Load Ventilati Cooling
External Infiltratio Total Cooling
Area Occupants Light Equipmen on Load (FS TOR
Load, W n Load, W Load, W
Load, W s, W t, W Load, W 10%) , W
Area 1 12229.19 580.00 69.30 3207 531.52 0.00 16617.00 18278.70 5.20
128.7
Area 2 1209.67 390.00 2987 531.52 9969.82 15216.71 16738.38 4.76
0
Area 3 11156.37 348.20 89.10 4713 398.09 0.00 16704.76 18375.24 5.22
Area 4 7309.80 118.00 59.40 4000 264.67 0.00 11751.87 12927.05 3.68
Area 5 7773.85 118.00 69.30 6386 264.67 0.00 14611.82 16073.00 4.57
Area 6 901.72 348.20 99.00 2218 398.09 0.00 3965.01 4361.51 1.24
Area 7 704.41 118.00 49.50 0 264.67 0.00 1136.58 1250.23 0.36
Area 8 437.58 118.00 29.70 220 264.67 0.00 1069.95 1176.94 0.33
Area 9 475.70 118.00 19.80 2080 395.91 0.00 3089.41 3398.35 0.97
1116.
Area 10 430.16 609.00 1080 480.37 0.00 3716.26 4087.88 1.16
72
Total 1730.
42628.44 2865.40 26891.00 3794.18 9969.82 87879.36 96667.29 27.49
Load 52
ZONE 2
Area 1 557.23 354.00 39.60 2840 269.11 0.00 4059.94 4465.94 1.27
Area 2 144.17 354.00 29.70 2840 165.71 0.00 3533.59 3886.94 1.11
Area 3 181.54 708.00 39.60 370 296.95 0.00 1596.09 1755.70 0.50
Area 4 1334.27 644.00 79.20 3740 794.00 0.00 6591.47 7250.62 2.06
Area 5 164.24 118.00 19.80 0 131.24 0.00 433.29 476.62 0.14
82
Area 6 129.12 230.20 39.60 2480 131.24 0.00 3010.17 3311.18 0.94
108.9
Area 7 408.34 224.40 2270 131.24 6413.17 9556.05 10511.66 2.99
0
316.8
Area 8 7886.02 1458.60 19960 1192.10 2106.56 32920.08 36212.09 10.30
0
Area 9 0.00 0.00 19.80 0 131.24 3236.86 3387.90 3726.69 1.06
Area 10 56.91 0.00 9.90 1167 165.71 0.00 1399.52 1539.47 0.44
Area 11 56.91 224.40 49.50 1620 165.71 1004.48 3121.00 3433.10 0.98
Area 12 185.88 0.00 19.80 0 131.24 3086.23 3423.14 3765.46 1.07
Area 13 343.11 224.40 49.50 1620 299.14 883.40 3419.54 3761.50 1.07
Area 14 3430.31 224.40 39.60 1620 165.71 717.84 6197.85 6817.64 1.94
Area 15 417.12 354.00 19.80 220 131.24 0.00 1142.16 1256.38 0.36
Area 16 0.00 1194.50 69.30 420 262.49 0.00 1946.29 2140.92 0.61
Total 950.4
15295.16 6312.90 41167.00 4564.09 17448.53 85738.08 94311.89 26.82
Load 0
ZONE 3
Area 1 522.10 112.20 39.60 1520 264.67 708.78 3167.34 3484.07 0.99
Area 2 431.45 112.20 39.60 1520 299.14 700.54 3102.93 3413.22 0.97
Area 3 302.89 163.00 19.80 2300 264.67 0.00 3050.36 3355.40 0.95
Area 4 0.00 158.60 9.90 0 190.16 0.00 358.66 394.53 0.11
435.6
Area 5 10088.06 1683.00 25500 1196.46 8749.13 47652.24 52417.47 14.90
0
Area 6 245.55 0.00 29.70 0 131.24 4204.06 4610.56 5071.61 1.44
Area 7 343.62 101.20 29.70 2650 200.18 0.00 3324.69 3657.16 1.04
Area 8 382.25 121.75 69.30 400 200.18 0.00 1173.48 1290.83 0.37
Area 9 205.89 224.40 29.70 1520 234.65 600.46 2815.10 3096.61 0.88
83
Area 10 205.89 224.40 29.70 1520 234.65 600.46 2815.10 3096.61 0.88
Area 11 205.89 224.40 29.70 1520 234.65 600.46 2815.10 3096.61 0.88
Area 12 205.89 224.40 29.70 1520 234.65 600.46 2815.10 3096.61 0.88
207.9
Area 13 17572.09 897.60 13760 837.28 4086.28 37361.15 41097.27 11.69
0
Area 14 417.12 365.25 19.80 1180 131.24 0 2113.41 2324.75 0.66
Total 1019.
30711.56 4612.40 54910.00 4653.80 20850.64 117175.21 128892.73 36.65
Load 70
ZONE 4
1782.
Area 1 0 2379.00 669 0.00 0.00 4830.00 5313.00 1.51
00
Total 1782.
0.00 2379.00 669.00 0.00 0.00 4830.00 5313.00 1.51
Load 00
OVERA
LL 5482.
88635.16 16169.70 123637.00 13012.07 48268.99 295622.65 325184.92 92.46
TOTAL 62
LOAD
After the computation, the total cooling load is 295622.65 W. The designers provided a factor of safety of ten percent (10%) to
take into account the errors and variations in the design. The cooling load with a ten percent factor of safety is 325184.92 W which has
an equivalent of 92.46 TOR.
84
Figure 2.10 illustrates the percentage distribution of the cooling load. The results indicate
that equipment loads contribute most significantly to the cooling load with 42%, followed by the
external load of 30% rating, followed by ventilation of 16%, occupants with 6%, infiltration load
of 4%, and lighting with 2%.
Cooling Load
16%
30%
4%
6%
2%
42%
External Load Occupant Load Lighting Load

Equipment Load Infiltration Load Ventilation Load
Figure 2.10 Cooling Load Distribution Chart
85
CHAPTER 3
3.0 Ducting Design

The chapter is essential because it explains how to install a ducting system according to
accepted standards. The following chapters demonstrate how to determine the appropriate sizes
and select the best diffusers and vents.
3.1 Design Parameters

The designers considered the following conditions and recommendations for determining
the duct size for commercial buildings. The design parameters will serve as the standard values in
solving the required data in the computation:
a. Recommended Supply main duct and branch duct velocity
The recommended minimum supply duct velocity for main and branch duct is 1500
fpm and 1200 fpm respectively (Whitman et. al, 2012). It ensures that the air is moving
fast enough to effectively cool or heat the space;
b. Properties of air
The thermodynamic properties of air will be considered at standard atmospheric

conditions. Th conditions are used as a reference point for comparing the thermodynamic
properties of air at different temperatures and pressures.;
c. Standard coil temperature
Chilled water must not be colder than 57 degrees Fahrenheit (13.89 degrees Celsius),
so the standard coil temperature for the entire design will be 13 degrees Celsius. This
temperature is high enough to prevent condensation from forming on the coils, while still
allowing the system to remove enough moisture from the air to maintain comfortable
humidity levels (ASHRAE standard 90.1);
d. Desired indoor temperature
As explained in the previous chapter, the desired indoor temperature is 23 deg C. It will
be applied on every room in every zone.
86
3.2 Supply Air
The supply air from an air handling unit (AHU) is the clean, filtered air that is distributed
throughout the HVAC system (Whitman, 2012). To calculate the diameter of the supply air ducts,
the designers need to know the amount and flow rate of air that needs to be delivered. The
following formulas are used to determine the required airflow rate for each unit (Singh, 2019).
CFMS = (mair )(vair )
where:
CFMS – required air flow rate, ft3/min
mair – mass flow rate of supply air, kg/s
vair – specific volume of supply air, m3/kg
The supply air pertains to the air leaving the coil. The specific volume of moist air at 13°C
is 0.8225 m3/kg (Stoecker & Jones, 1989). For the mass flow rate, the equation below will be used
(Singh, 2019).
Q = (mair )(hi − hc )
where:
Q – cooling load with safety factor, kW
mair – mass flow rate of air, kg/s
hi – enthalpy of indoor air, kJ/k
hc – enthalpy of supply air, kJ/kg
The properties of air at atmospheric pressure, which can be used to design HVAC systems, are
compared to the required design conditions listed below.
Table 3. 1 Properties of air
Properties 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒂𝒕 𝟏𝟑℃ 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝟑℃
Enthalpy kj/kg 36.719 49.91

Density (kg/m3) 1.23 1.18
87
Specific 0.8225 0.853
Volume(m3/kg)
Humidity Ratio 0.00945 0.0105
(kg/kg)
Source: calculated from kwangu.com/work/psychrometric.html
Once the qualities of the air have been calculated, the supply air needed for each zone
may be calculated. The amount of air needed to fill Zone 1 in cubic feet per minute is calculated
as the initial computation below. Using this technique, the right volume of air is also obtained for
each room.
Zone 1 Area 1:
Q = (mair )(hi − hc )
1 kW
18278.70 W ( ) = (mair )(49.91 - 36.719)
1000 W
𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐫 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐠/𝐬
CFMS = (mair )(vair )
kg m3 3.28 ft 3 60 s
CFMS = (1.386 ) (0.8225 )( ) ( )
s kg m min
CFMS = 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 ⁄𝐦𝐢𝐧
The total volumetric flow rate of supply air for Area 1 is 2413.11 cfm. Values for
other units can be obtained by repeating the same procedure. The volumetric flow rate of supply
air needed in each unit is displayed in table below.
Table 3. 2 Summary of Volumetric Flow Rate
ZONE 1
Area Volumetric Flow Rate, CFM
Area 1 2413.11
Area 2 2209.76
Area 3 2425.85
Area 4 1706.59
Area 5 2121.91
88
Area 6 575.79
Area 7 165.05
Area 8 155.38
Area 9 448.64
Area 10 539.67
ZONE 2
Area 1 589.58
Area 2 513.14
Area 3 231.78
Area 4 957.21
Area 5 62.92
Area 6 437.13
Area 7 1387.72
Area 8 4780.62
Area 9 491.99
Area 10 203.24
Area 11 453.23
Area 12 497.11
Area 13 496.58
Area 14 900.05
Area 15 165.86
Area 16 282.64
ZONE 3
Area 1 459.96
Area 2 450.60
Area 3 442.97
Area 4 52.08
Area 5 6920.01
Area 6 669.54
Area 7 482.81
Area 8 170.41
Area 9 408.81
Area 10 408.81
Area 11 408.81
Area 12 408.81
89
Area 13 5425.55
Area 14 306.91
ZONE 4
Area 1 701.41
3.3 Diffuser Selections
An air diffuser is a device that uses profiled blades to direct the airflow at different
angles when the air leaves the unit and enters the room (White, 2017). Without diffusers, the air
would travel in a straight line, resulting in one area of the room having a high concentration of
conditioned air, while the rest of the room is not conditioned.
• Supply Air Diffusers
It is important to choose the right type of diffuser for the specific application. For the
proposed establishment, a four-way ceiling diffuser will be used to spread the supplied air in all
directions, ensuring that the entire space is air-conditioned. The table below shows the
specifications of the selected diffuser(s). The size of the diffuser will depend on the required CFM
of the area as the throw needed to filly cover the area of the room.
Table 3. 3 Supply Diffuser Specifications
Source: Airmasteremirates.com
90
The Table above shows the dimensions and specifications of the diffuser selected by the
designers. It is a four-way ceiling diffuser with different dimensions ranging from 150 mm x 150
mm to 600 mm x 600 mm, and CFM ranging from 47 – 2669 cfm. The Figure below illustrates
the selected diffuser.
Source: Airmasteremirates.com
Figure 3. 1 Four-way Ceiling Diffuser
3.4 Number of Diffusers required

To determine the number of diffusers needed, it can be expressed as the following:
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑁=
𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟
448.64 cfm
𝑁𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 = = 0.94 ≈ 1
476 𝑐𝑓𝑚
From the computation above, a total of one (1) diffuser will be used for the supply air
system in Area 1, Zone 9. The table below shows the summary of how any diffusers is
recommended using the given formula.
91
Table 3. 4 Summary of Computer Diffuser Count per Room
ZONE 1
Are Area Volumetric Flow Diffuser Dimen Number of Adjusted # of
a Description Rate, CFM CFM sions Diffusers Diffusers
Are 600x6
Dietary 2413.11 1524 1.58 2
a1 00
Are Pantry & 600x6
2209.76 1143 1.93 2
a2 Kitchen 00
Are 600x6
Radiotherapy 2425.85 1524 1.59 2
a3 00
Are Auto Clave 600x6
1706.59 1906 0.90 1
a4 room 00
Are Pathologist 600x6
2121.91 2287 0.93 1
a5 lab 00
Are Physiotherapy 600x6
575.79 762 0.76 1
a6 room 00
Are 150x1
Store room 165.05 167 0.99 1
a7 50
Are 150x1
Record room 155.38 167 0.93 1
a8 50
Are Doctor's 300x3
448.64 476 0.94 1
a9 Clinic 00
Are 225x2
Cafeteria 539.67 300 1.80 2
a 10 25
ZONE 2
Medical
Are 375 x
Superintende 589.58 595 0.99 1
a1 375
nt
Are 375 x
Admin office 513.14 595 0.86 1
a2 375
Are Conference 225 x
231.78 269 0.86 1
a3 room 225
Are Accounting 300 x
957.21 572 1.67 2
a4 Dept 300
Are 150 x
Locker room 62.92 72 0.87 1
a5 150
Are Anesthetic 375 x
437.13 447 0.98 1
a6 room 375
Are 525 x
Recover room 1387.72 1461 0.95 1
a7 525
92
Are Male Surgical 600 x
4780.62 2668 1.79 2
a8 ward 600
Are 300 x
Toilet 1 491.99 572 0.86 1
a9 300
Are 225 x
Ward store 1 203.24 214 0.95 1
a 10 225
Are Single bed 300 x
453.23 476 0.95 1
a 11 ward 300
Are 300 x
Toilet 2 497.11 572 0.87 1
a 12 300
Male
Are 300 x
Isolation 496.58 572 0.87 1
a 13 300
ward 1
Male
Are 375 x
Isolation 900.05 1042 0.86 1
a 14 375
ward 2
Are 150 x
Nurse room 1 165.86 167 0.99 1
a 15 150
Are 150 x
Hallway 282.64 167 1.69 2
a 16 150
ZONE 3
Are Isolation 300 x
459.96 476 0.97 1
a1 ward 1 300
Are Isolation 300 x
450.60 476 0.95 1
a2 ward 2 300
Are Doctor's 375 x
442.97 447 0.99 1
a3 Clinic 375
Are Subwaiting 150 x
52.08 72 0.72 1
a4 room 150
Are 525 x
General ward 6920.01 1825 3.79 4
a5 525
Are 375 x
Toilet 669.54 745 0.90 1
a6 375
Are Oxygen 300 x
482.81 572 0.84 1
a7 Storage 300
Are 300 x
Sterile room 170.41 191 0.89 1
a8 300
408.81 430 0.95 1
a9 ward 1 450
408.81 430 0.95 1
a 10 ward 2 450
93
408.81 430 0.95 1
a 11 ward 3 450
408.81 430 0.95 1
a 12 ward 4 450
Are Female 600 x
5425.55 1906 2.85 3
a 13 surgical room 600
Are 225 x
Nurse room 2 306.91 322 0.95 1
a 14 225
ZONE 4
Are 150 x
Waiting Area 701.41 140 5.0 5
a1 150
The Table above show the required CFM in every area of the establishment. It will be used
in the selection of diffuser size to be used specifically the CFM capacity and throw of the diffuser.
3.5 Duct Sizing
Duct sizing is a complicated process that takes into account many different factors in order
to make the system work as well as possible. If the ducts are not the right size, it can make your
home uncomfortable, use a lot of energy, and wear out your HVAC system (Air Conditioning
Contractors of America, 2019).
Below are the formulas, figures, and tables required for the computation of duct sizing for
the hospital building.
3.5.1 Duct Diameter

Duct diameter is simply the cross-sectional area of the ducts to be used in the system. Sizes
could go up to 40 inches, depending on the considered air flow rate and air velocity for the
computation.
4Q
D = 12√
πv
94
Q – Volumetric flow rate, ft3/min
D – duct diameter, inches
v – air velocity, ft/min
The designers would base their values for the air velocity above will come in Table 3.5
below. The recommended air velocities for hospitals will be considered.
Table 3. 5 Recommended Minimum Velocities for Different Duct Designs
Source: Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Technology,

2012
The air velocities listed above are the minimum recommended values. Designers can adjust
them based on their preferences. Table 3.6 shows the air velocities that are considered when
calculating duct sizes.
Table 3. 6 Air Velocity for Duct Design Calculation
Recommended Minimum Duct Design Velocity

Duct Designation
Velocity (FPM) (FPM)
Main Supply 1200 1600
Branch Supply 800 1200
3.5.2 Air Velocity
The speed at which air moves through a duct system is called air velocity. Air flowing
through smaller ducts tends to have higher velocity and pressure, while air flowing through larger
95
ducts tends to have lower velocity and pressure. Air velocity is typically measured in feet per
minute (FPM) and can be calculated using the following equation (Bhatia, 2002).
4Q
v=
D 2
π (12)
Q – Volumetric flow rate, ft3/min
D – duct diameter, inches
v – air velocity, ft/min
3.5.3 Velocity Pressure
Velocity pressure is the pressure necessary to move air through the ductwork at a certain
velocity. Further, this is kinetic energy, and the pressure is in the direction of the airflow. Velocity
pressure is an important factor in duct design because it affects the total pressure, which is the sum
of the static and velocity pressures. The total pressure is used to determine the fan power required
to move the air through the duct system (Wang, 2004). The designers would use Table 3.7. to
obtain the velocity pressure, given the computed air velocity in a duct.
Table 3. 7 Table for Conversion of Velocity-to-Velocity Pressure
Source: Air Pollution Engineering 96

Manual, 1973
3.5.4 Total Equivalent Length
The equivalent length of a fitting is used to account for the additional pressure drop caused by the
fitting when sizing ductwork (HVAC Duct Design, 2004). Equivalent length refers to the number
of feet of straight duct that imposes the same resistance to the air flow as a particular fitting (Bhatia,
2002). It includes the straight duct length and equivalent length of fittings such as elbows and
branch entries. Table 3.8. shows the equivalent length of elbows and branch entry expressed in feet
(ft).
Table 3. 8 Elbows and Branch Entries Expressed as Equivalent Feet of Straight Duct
Source: Air Pollution Engineering Manual, 1973

For supply ducts, it is advisable to use 90° elbows with a 2.0D throat radius and
branch entries greater than 45° to increase the static pressure and force the airflow. Supply ducts
need to have higher static pressure to allow the fresh air to reach the farthest ducts from the AHU
and ensure the air is distributed in all areas (Whitman, 2012).
97
The equivalent length of fittings and branch entries is added to the straight duct's
actual lengths. This statement can be expressed using the equation below (EPA, 1973).
𝐿𝑇 = 𝐿𝑆𝐷 + 𝐿𝐸 + 𝐿𝐵𝐸
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐿𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑓𝑡
𝐿𝑆𝐷 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐷𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑓𝑡
𝐿𝐸 − 𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑓𝑡
𝐿𝐵𝐸 − 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑓𝑡
3.5.5 Resistance Pressure
Friction loss is the pressure drop caused by the rubbing of air against the duct walls.
It is measured in inches of water gauge (in. wg) or Pascal (Pa). The higher the velocity of the air,
the higher the friction loss. Therefore, it is important to use smooth duct materials, reduce duct
surface roughness, use larger duct sizes, and reduce air velocity to minimize friction loss
(ASHRAE, 2017). To reduce resistance pressure, the balanced duct method allows for a smaller
branch diameter with lower static pressure. Given with either airflow rate, air velocity, or duct
diameter, the resistance pressure can be obtained using Figure 3.2.
98
Source: Air Pollution Engineering Manual, 1973
Figure 3. 2 Resistance Pressure chart
To solve for the resistance pressure in a straight duct, the equation below is used
(Environmental Protection Agency, 1973).
ℎ𝑓
ℎ𝑅 = 𝑇𝐿 ( )
100𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑅 − 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑖𝑛. 𝑊. 𝐶.
𝐿𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑓 − 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 100 𝑓𝑡, 𝑖𝑛. 𝑊. 𝐶.
3.5.6 Total Static Pressure
The static pressure is the outward push of air against duct surfaces causing air in the duct to flow
(Bhatia, 2002). It is also the total of resistance pressure, velocity pressure, and diffuser loss. In
contrast to return ducts, supply ducts maintain a higher static pressure to propel airflow. This factor
is crucial when selecting air handling units, which will be discussed in more detail later. The
formula for the total static pressure is shown below.
𝑆𝑃 = ℎ𝑅 + ℎ𝑣 + ℎ𝐷
𝑆𝑃 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑖𝑛. 𝑊. 𝐶.
ℎ𝑅 − 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑖𝑛. 𝑊. 𝐶.
ℎ𝐷 − 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑖𝑛. 𝑊. 𝐶.
ℎ𝑉 − 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑖𝑛. 𝑊. 𝐶.
For the duct sizing computation, the designers would utilize the balance duct method.
In this procedure, duct sizes are chosen so that the static pressure balance at each junction will
achieve the desired air volume in each branch duct. The method is less flexible and more tedious
to calculate. One could verify if the ducts are balanced using the equation below (Environmental
Protection Agency, 1973).
99
(ℎ𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 − ℎ𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 )
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥 100
ℎ𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟
ℎ𝑆 − 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑖𝑛. 𝑊. 𝐶.
To ensure optimal airflow distribution within a duct system, balancing adjustments

should be made when necessary. If calculated airflow values deviate from target values by more
than 5%, adjustments are required. Prioritize adjustments for branches with lower pressure drops
to minimize the impact on overall system pressure. Refer to Table 3.9 for specific adjustment
guidelines.
Table 3. 9 Corrections for Balanced Duct Method
Percent Increase (%) Corrections Correction
5% Not required; already balanced
5% - 20% Increase the flow (CFM) in the branch with
the lower pressure loss by using the equation
below
𝐶𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
ℎ𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟
= √( ) 𝑥 𝐶𝐹𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
ℎ𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Greater than 20% Decrease the diameter of the branch with
lower pressure loss
The table above will be used as a guide for balancing the ducts in the duct system. Ideally, the
percentage difference in static pressure between different ducts should be 5% or less. In cases
where the percentage difference is above 5%, the duct diameter and the CFM of the duct with
lower pressure loss should be adjusted based on the formula given in the table above.
100
3.6 Duct Sizing Computation and AHU Selection
The section provides an in-depth presentation of the design and duct sizing computation of
each zone in the establishment. Also, procedures like the diffuser selection, balance duct method,
and AHU selection can be found in this section.
3.6.1 Duct Diameter

The initial computation for the duct diameter will be done in Zone 1 Area 9, particularly in
the Doctor’s Clinic, this will be branch A1. The computation for the duct diameter used in the area
is shown below.
4(448.64 ft 3 /min)
D = 12√
π(1200 ft/min)
𝐃 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟖 ≈ 𝟖 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬
3.6.2 Air Velocity in Duct

Using the computed duct diameter above, the velocity of the air in Branch A1 can be
calculated. The computation is shown below.
4(448.64 ft 3 /min)
v=
8 in 2
π ( 12 )
𝐟𝐭
𝐯 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟐𝟔
𝐦𝐢𝐧
Based on the computation, the supply air in Branch A1 travels at a rate of 1285.26 feet per
minute. The computed value is greater than the minimum branch supply duct velocity of 1200 feet
per minute, set by the designers. This indicates that the air is moving through Branch A1 at a rate
that is faster than the minimum required for effective airflow distribution. While this higher
velocity may seem advantageous, it is important to consider the potential consequences of
exceeding the design specifications.
101
3.7 Zone 1 Computation
Table 3.10 shows the tabulated value of the volume of the supply air, computed diameter,
and the corrected diameter of the main and branch ducts for zone 1.
Table 3. 10 Main and Branch Supply Duct Sizes for Zone 1
ZONE 1
AIR
Area Volumetric Flow Diamete Adjusted
Area VELOCITY,
Description Rate, CFM r, in Diameter, in
fpm
Area
Dietary 2413.11 19.20 19.00 1225.58
1
Area Pantry &
2209.76 18.37 18.00 1250.47
2 Kitchen
Area
Radiotherapy 2425.85 19.25 19.00 1232.05
3
Area Auto Clave
1706.59 16.15 16.00 1222.26
4 room
Area Pathologist
2121.91 18.01 18.00 1200.76
5 lab
Area Physiotherapy
575.79 9.38 9.00 1303.33
6 room
Area
Store room 165.05 5.02 5.00 1210.47
7
Area
Record room 155.38 4.87 4.50 1406.8
8
Area Doctor's
448.64 8.28 8.00 1285.26
9 Clinic
Area
Cafeteria 539.67 9.08 9.00 1221.57
10
The table provides an overview of Zone 1, showing various areas within the
establishment along with corresponding details on volumetric flow rate, duct diameter, adjusted
diameter, and air velocity. Notably, the diameters are adjusted so that the actual diameter which is
available on the market will be used. The air velocity, measured in feet per minute (fpm), indicates
the speed of airflow in each designated area. This detailed information is crucial for understanding
and optimizing the balancing and air distribution system within Zone 1.
102
Figure 3.3 shows the ducting layout of Zone 1 of the establishment. This consists of
the cafeteria, doctor’s clinic, and other rooms. It also shows the layout of the diffusers of the said
Zone.
Figure 3. 3 Duct Layout of Zone 1
The Figure above shows the whole ducting layout for Zone 1. Main branches are
represented by green lines, while sub-branches are represented by blue lines. Diffusers are
represented by a blue box. The duct balancing computation is shown in the Table below
103
Table 3. 11 Balanced-Duct Computation for Zone 1
104
3.7.1 AHU Selection
The amount of air flowing through a ventilation system is a crucial factor in choosing the right air
handling unit (AHU). In Zone 1, the total air supply is 12605.00 ft3/min. Table 3.12 summarizes
the air quantity and static pressure for Zone 1, as calculated using the balanced duct method.
Table 3. 12 Summary of the Air Quantity and Static Pressure of Zone 1
Source: Midea Catalogue, 2023

In selecting the suitable air handling unit for the design for zone 1, the air quantity
should be considered. The total static pressure of the supply duct system is the sum of supply duct
and AHU static pressure. The AHU static pressure is 280 Pa which is equivalent to 1.125 in. WC.
Therefore, the total static pressure of the duct system in Zone 1 is:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑇𝑆𝑃) = (1.08 +1.125) 𝑖𝑛. WC
𝑻𝑺𝑷 = 2.21 𝒊𝒏. 𝑾𝑪
The total static pressure of the duct system in Zone 1 is 2.21 in WC. Table 3.13 shows
the comparison between the calculated parameters needed for AHU selection and the AHU
selected by the designers.
105
Table 3. 13 Zone Requirements and Selected AHU Comparison for Zone 1
Zone Requirement Selected AHU

Air Flow Rate 12605 CFM 13000 CFM
Static Pressure 1.08 in.WC 280 Pa (1.125 in.WC)
Cooling Capacity 27.49 TOR 113.7 kW (32.33 TOR)
Water Flow Rate - 5.4 Lps (85.59 GPM)
According to the method of balancing duct, the zone requirement flowrate for Zone
1 is 12605 CFM while the static pressure is 1.08 in. WC. The designers selected an AHU with an
air flow rate of 13000 CFM and static pressure of 1.125 in. WC to provide the zone requirements.
The cooling capacity of the AHU is 32.33 TOR which will suffice the cooling capacity requirement
of the zone which is 27.49 TOR.

Table 3.14 shows the tabulated value of the volume of the supply air, computed diameter,
and the corrected diameter of the main and branch ducts for zone 2.
Volumetric Flow Diamter Adjusted Air Velocity,

Area Area Description
Rate, CFM , in Diameter, in fpm
Area Medical
589.58 9.49 9.00 1334.54
1 Superintendent
Area
Admin office 513.14 8.85 8.50 1302.19
2
Area
Conference room 231.78 5.95 5.50 1404.85
3
Area
Accounting Dept 957.21 12.09 12.00 1218.75
4
Area
Locker room 62.92 3.10 3.00 1281.83
5
Area
Anesthetic room 437.13 8.17 8.00 1252.3
6
Area
Recover room 1387.72 14.56 14.00 1298.13
7
Area Male Surgical
4780.62 27.03 27.00 1202.35
8 ward
Area
Toilet 1 491.99 8.67 8.50 1248.5
9
106
Area
Ward store 1 203.24 5.57 5.50 1231.83
10
Area
Single bed ward 453.23 8.32 8.00 1298.4
11
Area
Toilet 2 497.11 8.72 8.50 1261.49
12
Area Male Isolation
496.58 8.71 8.50 1260.16
13 ward 1
Area Male Isolation
900.05 11.73 11.00 1363.81
14 ward 2
Area
Nurse room 1 165.86 5.03 5.00 1216.42
15
Area
Hallway 282.64 6.57 6.50 1226.53
16
Figure 3.4 shows the ducting layout of Zone 2 which consist the male surgical ward,
conference room, accounting department, admin office, and other wards.
Main duct lines are represented by green lines while sub branches are represented
by blue lines. Table 3.15 presents the balance duct computation for the supply air system in Zone
2.
107
108
3.8.1 AHU Selection
The air quantity should be considered in selecting the appropriate air handling unit
(AHU) for the system. The total supplied air in Zone 2 is 12891.89 ft3/min while the total static
pressure is 0.92. Table 3.16 shows the summary of the air quantity and static pressure of Zone 2
based on the computation using the balanced duct method.

When choosing an appropriate air handling unit (AHU) for Zone 2, the air flow rate
must be taken into account. The total static pressure of the supply duct system is determined by
adding the static pressures of both the supply duct and the AHU. The AHU's static pressure is 280
Pa or equivalent to 1.125 inches of water column (in. WC). As a result, the overall static pressure
of the duct system in Zone 2 is:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑇𝑆𝑃) = (0.92 + 1.125) 𝑖𝑛 WC
𝑻𝑺𝑷 = 2.045 𝒊𝒏 𝑾𝑪
The total static pressure of the duct system in Zone 2 is 2.045 in WC. Table 3.17
shows the comparison between the calculated parameters needed for AHU selection and the AHU
109

Air Flow Rate 12891.89 CFM 13000 CFM
The duct balancing method determined that Zone 2 requires an airflow rate of
12891.89 CFM and a static pressure of 0.92 in. WC. To fulfill these requirements, the designers
selected an AHU with an airflow rate of 13000 CFM and a static pressure of 2 in. WC. The AHU's
cooling capacity of 32.33 TOR is adequate to meet the zone's cooling requirement of 26.82 TOR.

Table 3.18 shows the tabulated value of the volume of the supply air, computed diameter, and the
corrected diameter of the main and branch ducts for zone 3.
Area Volumetric Flow Diamter Adjusted Air velocity,

Area
Description Rate, CFM , in Diameter, in fpm
Area
Isolation ward 1 459.96 8.38 8.00 1317.68
1
Area
Isolation ward 2 450.60 8.30 8.00 1290.89
2
Area
Doctor's Clinic 442.97 8.23 8.00 1269.02
3
Area
General ward 6920.01 32.52 32.00 1239.02
4
Area
Toilet 669.54 10.11 10.00 1227.58
5
Area
Oxygen Storage 482.81 8.59 8.50 1225.21
6
Area
Sterile room 170.41 5.10 5.00 1249.77
7
Area Single bed ward
408.81 7.90 7.50 1332.5
8 1
408.81 7.90 7.50 1332.5
9 2
110
408.81 7.90 7.50 1332.5
10 3
408.81 7.90 7.50 1332.5
11 4
Area Female surgical
5425.55 28.79 28.00 1268.82
12 room
Area
Nurse room 2 306.91 6.85 6.50 1331.85
13
Figure 3.5 shows the ducting layout of Zone 3 which consist the general ward, female
surgical ward, oxygen room, single bed wards, sterile room, the nurse room, and doctor’s clinic.
Main duct lines are represented by green lines while sub branches are represented by blue
lines. Table 3.19 presents the balance duct computation for the supply air system in Zone 3.
111
112
3.9.1 AHU Selection
The appropriate air handling unit (AHU) for the system should be sized based on the
required air quantity. Zone 2 has a total supplied air of 15058.65 ft3/min and a total static pressure
of 0.91. Table 3.20 summarizes the air quantity and static pressure of Zone 3, which were
calculated using the balanced duct method.
Selecting the right air handling unit (AHU) for Zone 3 requires considering the
airflow rate. The total static pressure of the supply duct system is calculated by summing the static
pressures of the supply duct and the AHU. The AHU's static pressure is 320 Pa or equivalent to
1.3 inches of water column (in. WC). Consequently, the overall static pressure of the duct system
in Zone 3 is:
113

The duct balancing procedure indicated that Zone 3 demands an airflow rate of
15058.65 CFM and a static pressure of 0.91 inches of water column (in. WC). To satisfy these
requirements, the engineers chose an air handling unit (AHU) with an airflow capacity of 17650
CFM and a static pressure of 1.3 in. WC. The AHU's cooling capacity of 42.6 tons of refrigeration
(TOR) is sufficient to meet the zone's cooling demand of 36.65 TOR.

Table 3.22 shows the tabulated value of the volume of the supply air, computed
diameter, and the corrected diameter of the main and branch ducts for zone 1.
Area Volumetric Flow Rate, Diamter, Adjusted Air Velocity,

Area
Description CFM in Diameter, in fpm
Area
Waiting Area 701.41 10.35 10.00 1286.01
1
114
Figure 3.6 shows the ducting layout of Zone 4 which only consists the main corridor and
waiting area.
Main duct lines are represented by green lines while sub branches are represented by blue
lines. Table 3.23 presents the balance duct computation for the supply air system in Zone 4.
115
3.10.1 AHU Selection

The appropriate air handling unit (AHU) for the system should be sized based on the required air quantity. Zone 4 has a
total supplied air of 701.41 ft3/min and a total static pressure of 1.36. Table 3.24 summarizes the air quantity and static pressure of Zone
4, which were calculated using the balanced duct method.
116

Zone 4 air handling unit selection requires considering the airflow rate. The total
static pressure of the supply duct system is calculated by summing the static pressures of the supply
duct and the AHU. The AHU's static pressure is 360 Pa or 1.45 inches of water column (in. WC).
Consequently, the overall static pressure of the duct system in Zone 4 is:

Water Flow Rate - 1.09 lps (17.27 GPM)
Based from the table above, the zone requirement for Zone 4 is 701.41 CFM with a
static pressure of 1.36 in WC. To satisfy these requirements the AHU has a capacity of 2350 CFM
and a static pressure of 1.45 in WC.
117
Table 3.26 shows the summary of Selected AHU in all zones. The total water flow rate by
the selected AHU is 24 L/s.
Table 3. 26 Summary of AHU Selection for Supply Air
Design Requirement Selected AHU
Cooling Air Flow Cooling Air Flow Water

Zone Water
Capacity Rate Capacity Rate Flow Rate
Flow Rate
(CFM) (CFM) (L/s)
1 96.67 kW - 113.7 kW
/ 12605 / 13000 5.4
27.49 TOR 32.33 TOR
2 94.31 kW - 113.7 kW
/ 12891.89 / 13000 5.4
26.82 TOR 32.33 TOR
3 128.89 kW - 149.3 kW
/
15058.65 / 17650 8.60
36.65 TOR
42.6 TOR
4 5.3 kW - 22.8 kW
/ 701.41 / 2350 1.09
1.51 TOR 6.48 TOR
Total 325.18 kW - 399.5 kW
/ /
41 256.95 46000 20.49
92.46 113.74
TOR
118
The chiller for the hospital building should be selected based on the information in
Table 3.34. The Air Handling Units (AHUs) that have been chosen have specifications that are
significantly higher than the design requirements. It is recommended that the external static
pressure, cooling capacity, water flow rate, and airflow rate standards for AHUs should not exceed
the design requirements by more than 10%. This is to avoid making the design too complex and
to save money. However, due to unavailability of required AHU in the market, the designers may
move ahead with the chosen AHUs since it might no longer be possible to make the necessary
alterations to meet the standards.
119
CHAPTER 4
4.0 Equipment Selection

The designers responsible for designing the centralized air conditioning system for the
hospital has completed their calculations and is now in the process of selecting the equipment that
will be used in the system. The following discussions will present information and specifications
of these equipment.
4.1 Chiller Selection
A chiller is a device that uses the refrigeration cycle to cool water. It has a compressor,
which compresses the refrigerant, and a condenser, which removes heat from the refrigerant. The
cooled refrigerant then passes through an evaporator, where it absorbs heat from the water, cooling
it down. Chilled water systems are commonly used in commercial and industrial buildings to
provide cooling for air conditioning, manufacturing processes, and other applications.
The establishment’s air-conditioning system requires a Chiller to cool the water supplied
to the Air Handling Units. The chiller has two major cylinders: the condenser cylinder and the
evaporator cylinder. The chilled water that exits the evaporator is piped to and cycled in the AHU,
where it takes heat from the air, converting it from warm to cold air (Hanson, 2011). The cold air
is then transported into the duct work by fans and distributed to the 4 various zones of the facility.
The chilled return water will be returned to the chiller's evaporator. The chiller, which
circulates a refrigerant, removes the heat obtained by the chilled return water and deposits it into
the water circulating in the condenser. The chilled water, which is now at a lower temperature, will
be returned to the AHU to repeat the cooling process (Hanson, 2011).
The return air must have a clear path from every room that has a supply outlet. Return air
is not applied on bathrooms or kitchens to prevent spreading odors through the establishment.
Rooms without adequate return air path will become pressurized, which will impede supply
airflow and could result in comfort complaints. Hospitals are complex facilities that consist of a
variety of different rooms, including treatment rooms, test rooms, and X-ray rooms. The air in
these rooms can carry diseases and viruses, which means that it cannot be recirculated throughout
the building. As a result, return air is not available in hospitals (Burdick, 2011).
120
The refrigerant heats the condenser water. The refrigerant must be transported to the
cooling tower in order to extract heat from it. Warm condenser water enters the cooling tower and
is sprayed onto a fill material, breaking it down into tiny droplets as ambient air is blown over it.
This procedure cools the hot condenser water sufficiently to extract heat from the refrigerant when
it returns to the condenser. These activities proceed continuously and concurrently with the
processes on the chiller's evaporator side (Hanson, 2011).
4.1.1 Chiller Types
• Absorption Chiller
Absorption cooling uses two fluids, a refrigerant and an absorbent, which have a high
affinity for each other. This means that the refrigerant dissolves easily in the absorbent. The
refrigerant, usually water, circulates through the system and changes phase easily between liquid
and vapor. Heat from a hot water boiler, steam, or waste heat source drives the process. The high
affinity of the refrigerant for the absorbent causes the refrigerant to boil at a lower temperature and
pressure than it normally would, which transfers heat from one place to another (Heinen &
Hopman, 2023).
Typical absorption chiller capacities range from 100 to 1,500 tons of refrigeration (TR),
depending on the type of chiller and the operating conditions. Single-effect indirect-fired chillers
typically have capacities of 100 to 1,350 TR, while double-effect indirect-fired and double-effect
direct-fired chillers typically have capacities of 100 to 1,500 TR (ARI Standard, 2022). The Figure
below shows an absorption chiller.
Source: www.khi.co.jp, 2023

Figure 4. 2 Photo showing an Absorption Chiller
121
• Air-Cooled Chiller
Air-cooled chillers are cooling systems that use ambient air to remove heat from a fluid,
which is then circulated through a building or industrial process to cool it. Air-cooled chillers are
typically used in large buildings, such as malls, hospitals, and office buildings, as well as in
locations with multiple buildings that require cooling, such as theme parks and outdoor malls. Air-
cooled chillers have four main components: a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, and an
expansion valve. The compressor compresses the refrigerant gas, which increases its temperature
and pressure. The refrigerant then flows to the condenser, where it is cooled by the ambient air and
condenses into a liquid. The liquid refrigerant then flows to the expansion valve, which reduces its
pressure and temperature. The refrigerant then evaporates in the evaporator, absorbing heat from
the fluid being cooled (Evans, 2018). The typical capacity of air-cooled chillers ranges from 10 to
500 tons of refrigeration (TR). However, some manufacturers offer air-cooled chillers with
capacities up to 550 TR (Carrier, 2005). The Figure below shows a photo of an air cooled chiller.
Source: Daikin, 2023

Figure 4. 4 Photo showing an Air-Cooled Chiller
• Water Cooled Chiller

In a water-cooled chiller, the refrigerant condensing temperature depends on the entering
condenser water temperature and flow rate, which is a function of the ambient wet-bulb
temperature. Since the wet-bulb temperature is always lower than the dry-bulb temperature, the
refrigerant condensing temperature and pressure in a water-cooled chiller is often significantly
lower than in an air-cooled chiller (Carrier, 2005).
122
Water-cooled chillers can be as small as 20 tons in capacity, or as large as several thousand
tons, serving the world's largest facilities. They are used to produce chilled water for central air
conditioning systems in these facilities (Whitman, 2012). Water-cooled chillers are typically
available up to 3,000 tons, with limited custom designs available up to 10,000 tons (Carrier, 2005).
The Figure below shows a photo of a water cooled chiller.
Source: Carrier, 2023

Figure 4. 6 Photo showing a Water-Cooled Chiller
4.2. Selected Chiller Figure 4. 7 Photo showing a Water-Cooled Chiller

It is important that the selected chiller has a capacity that is enough based on the cooling
load of the establishment. Based on Table 2.30., the establishment’s total overall computed cooling
load is 295622.65 Watts. Therefore, the chiller must satisfy the cooling load with a factor of safety
of 20%. Thus, the chiller capacity required must be;
𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 ∗ 1.20
𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 295622.65 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 ∗ 1.20
1𝑘𝑊
𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 354747.18 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 ( )
1000𝑊
1𝑇𝑂𝑅
𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 354.75 𝑘𝑊 ( )
3.52 𝑘𝑊
𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 100.78 𝑇𝑂𝑅
123
Based on the computed capacity of the chiller, the selected chiller available in the market
is 390 kW Air Cooled Chiller. Air-cooled chillers are often a better choice for hospital
establishments than water-cooled chillers for several reasons. First, air-cooled chillers are easier
to install and maintain, which is important for hospitals where downtime is costly and disruptive.
Second, air-cooled chillers are less likely to leak or develop waterborne bacteria, which is a
concern in hospitals where infection prevention is critical (Dunn, 2023). Therefore, the designers
decided to use an air – cooled chiller for the proposed establishment. The Table below shows the
specifications of the chillers.
Table 4. 1 Air – Cooled Chiller Specifications
Source: LG HVAC Solutions, 2023
The Table below shows the specifications of the selected chiller. The selected chiller has a
capacity of 390 kW or 110 TOR.
124
Table 4. 2 Selected Chiller Specifications
Model Unit MCAW012AA11
kW 390
Cooling capacity
usRT 110.9
Standard Condition
Input Power kW 83.4
COP 3.0
Number of Independent refrigerant circuits 1

General Unit Data Refrigerant Charge, R-134a kg 110
Oil Charge l 16
Shipping weight kg 3250

Weight
Operating weight kg 3326
Compressor type Semi-hermetic twin screw

Compressors
Quantity EA 1
Total Chiller Coil Face Area M2 14.8
Condenser Number of Coils EA 8
Fins per inch FPI 15

Number EA 8
Fan Motor kW 10.8
Fan Speed RPM 1,100

Fans
Fan Diameter mm 680
Fan Tip Speed m/s 35.6
Total Chiller Airflow l/s 29,333
Evaporator type Shell & tube
Water Volume l 56
Maximum Water Side Pressure MPa 1
Evaporator Maximum Refrigerant Side Pressure Mpa 1
Minimum Chiller Water Flow Rate l/s 6.7
Maximum Chiller Water Flow Rate l/s 26.8
Water Connections DN 100
Length mm 3,454
Dimension Width mm 2,154

Height mm 2,270
125
Since there is no available chiller based on the required capacity, the designers decided to
choose the chiller with the next higher capacity. Thus, the new percentage difference between the
actual specifications and the cooling load without factor of safety of the establishment is shown
below:
(𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑)

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑥 100%
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
(110.9 − 84.06) 𝑇𝑂𝑅

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑥 100%
84.06
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 31.93%
Therefore, the new percentage difference between the chiller capacity and the
establishment cooling load is 31.93%. The selected chiller has a COP of 3.0. It is an Air – Cooled
Chiller with a semi-hermetic twin compressor. The Figure below show the illustration and
dimensions of the chiller unit.
Source: LG HVAC
Figure 4. 9 Dimensions of Air – Cooled Chiller
126
The Figure below shows the schematic diagram of the selected air-cooled chiller. The
compressor is a semi-hermetic twin screw, while the evaporator is a shell & tube type, and the
condenser consists of eight condenser coils.
Source: LG HVAC
127
Figure 4. 11 Schematic Diagram of Air – Cooled Chiller
4.3. Chiller Components
Air cooled water chillers are complete, self-contained automatic refrigerating units that
include the latest in engineering components arranged to provide a compact and efficient unit.
Each unit is completely assembled; factory wired, evacuated, charged, tested and comes complete
and ready for installation. Each unit consists of multiple air-cooled condensers with integral sub-
cooler sections, one accessible semi-hermetic twin screw compressors, star-delta starters, high
efficiency evaporator, and complete refrigerant piping. Liquid line components included are
manual liquid line shutoff valves, charging valves, filter-driers, liquid line solenoid valves, sight
glass/moisture indicators, and electronic expansion valves (LG HVAC Solutions, 2023).
4.3.1. Compressor
The semi-hermetic rotary twin screw compressor is directly driven by a suction gas cooled
accessible semi-hermetic motor at rated RPM. The motor has inherent overload protection buried
in the windings and external current overloads. Capacity control is achieved through a modulating
slide valve, which is factory set to provide 4 capacity steps (per compressor) or stepless operation.
The compressor housing is made of precision machined cast iron and incorporates an oil separator,
lubricating oil sump with auxiliary oil heater. Semi-hermetic screw compressors are a good choice
for many applications because they are efficient, reliable, quiet, and versatile. They are also
relatively easy to maintain and can be oil-free. This type of compressor is widely used in
refrigeration, air conditioning, and industrial cooling applications (LG HVAC Solutions, 2023).
The compressor is characterized by its direct-drive, low speed/RPM design, which results
in high reliability and quiet operation. It has only three moving parts, further enhancing its
reliability, and reducing maintenance requirements. The slide valve has a unique profile, optimized
for part-load conditions, ensuring efficient operation at all load levels. The compressor is field
serviceable and easy to maintain, with precise rotor tip clearance and a refrigerant dispersing
device set internally to the compressor for motor cooling (LG HVAC Solutions, 2023).
Table 4. 3 Compressor Specifications

Type Semi Hermetic twin screw
Quantity 1
128
Capacity Control 4 Steps Control (100, 75, 50, 25%)
Frequency 60 Hz
4.3.2. Refrigerant
The Air – Cooled Chiller is system designed with Eco-friendly refrigerant R134a which
does not harm the ozone layer & protects the environment. The refrigerant used by the system
conforms to the guide and regulations based on ANSI/ASHRAE 34 - number designation and
safety classification of refrigerants. The HCFC (R22, R123) series cannot produce any more from
2020 according to the Montreal Protocol for protection of ozone layer.
4.3.3. Evaporator
There are two options available for the type of evaporator to be used. The flooded type of
evaporator is used for high efficiency chiller and the falling film type evaporator is used for the
standard efficiency chillers. Flooded-type evaporators are often preferred in high-efficiency
chillers due to their superior heat transfer capabilities, improved efficiency, greater robustness,
simpler design, and wider range of applications. While falling-film evaporators have their own
advantages, they are generally less common in high-efficiency chillers (Carrier, 2023). The
designers decided to use the flooded type of evaporator due to its higher efficiency.
Evaporator shall be of the ‘flooded’ shell and tube type with removable heads and
mechanically cleanable tubes of seamless copper with internally and externally enhanced surfaces.
Tubes shall be mechanically expanded into multiple grooves in tube sheets. Cooler will incorporate
one, two independent refrigerant circuits with a common chilled liquid multi-pass circuit
arrangement. Coolers will be factory insulated with 19mm closed cell insulation with all joints
vapor sealed and water drain, and vent taps in cooler heads. As a standard, the evaporator shell is
insulated with 3/4” (19mm). As an option, it can be insulated with 1-1/2” (38mm) (LG HVAC
Solutions, 2023). The table below shows the specifications of evaporator used in the system.
Table 4. 4 Evaporator Specifications

Evaporator type Shell & tube
Maximum Water Side Pressure MPa 1
Maximum Refrigerant Side Pressure Mpa 1
129
Minimum Chiller Water Flow Rate l/s (GPM) 6.7 (100)
Maximum Chiller Water Flow Rate l/s (GPM) 26.8 (424.8)

Inlet and Outlet Temperature °C 12.2 – 6.7
The table provides information about the specifications of a shell and tube type evaporator.
The evaporator is designed to handle a maximum water side pressure of 1 MPa and a maximum
refrigerant side pressure of 1 MPa. The minimum chiller water flow rate is 10.7 liters per second
(169.6 gallons per minute), and the maximum chiller water flow rate is 42.9 liters per second (680
gallons per minute). The chilled water inlet temperature is 12.2°C, and the outlet temperature is
6.7°C.
The selected chiller’s evaporator should have a water flow that is higher than the total water
flow of all the selected AHU for the establishment. The table below shows the comparison of flow
rate between the AHU and the evaporator.
Table 4. 5 Chiller and AHU Flow Rate
Establishment Chilled-Water Flow Percentage Difference

Requirement Rate
AHU 1 5.4 L/s
AHU 2 5.4 L/s
26.8 L/s
AHU 3 8.60 L/s
30.79%
AHU 4 1.09 L/s
TOTAL 20.49 L/s 26.8 L/s

Based on the table above, the total flow rate of the 4 AHU is 20.49 L/s. The
Evaporator has a maximum capacity of 26.8 L/s which is sufficient enough to provide chilled water
to the AHUs. The percentage difference of the chiller and the total AHU flowrate is shown below:
(𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝐴𝐻𝑈 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑥 100%
𝐴𝐻𝑈 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
(26.8 − 20.49) 𝐿/𝑠

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑥 100%
20.49 𝐿/𝑠
130
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 30.79%
Therefore, the percentage difference between the chiller capacity and the flowrate of the
establishment is 30.79%.
4.3.4. Condenser
Condenser coils are constructed from copper tubes with spiral grooves on their inside
surface to maximize heat transfer efficiency. Aluminum condenser fins have a corrosion resistant
and hydrophilic coating to minimize dust and moisture accumulation and ensure a long working
life. The fins have rippled and louvered surfaces to improve heat dissipation efficiency. Each
condenser section comprises coils in a reversed V arrangement. Condenser fans are axial type
using designed s-shaped blade. Therefore, it makes high air flow and low vibration and sound with
the combination of this technology, chiller can be operated in ambient temperature up to 52˚C
(125˚F). Fan motors are waterproof rated to IP54 with class ‘F’ insulation suitable for operation in
temperatures from -20˚c to 65˚c (-4˚F to 150˚F) (LG HVAC Solutions, 2023). The table below
shows the specification of the condenser.
Table 4. 6 Condenser Specifications

Total Chiller Coil Face Area M2 14.8
Number of Coils EA 8
Fins per inch FPI 15
Ambient Temperature °C (°F) 35 (95)
The total chiller coil face area is specified as 22.2 square meters, with a configuration of 8
coils arranged in 3 rows. The fin density is denoted by 15 fins per inch. The ambient temperature
at which the chiller operates is noted as 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit).
4.3.5. Electronic Expansion Valve

Electrically operated expansion valves are used for precise liquid injection in evaporators.
This EXV are designed for HFC/HCFC conditions, providing 34 bar (493 psig) working pressure.
Balanced design providing bi-flow operation as well as solenoid tight shut-off function in both
flow directions at MOPD (Maximum Operating Pressure Differential) 33 bar (478.6psig). This
131
valve controls refrigerant flow for different operating conditions by change orifice size to increase
or decrease flow area through the valve. This valve is controlled by microprocessor signal (LG
HVAC Solutions, 2023). The table below shows the specifications for the electronic expansion
valve.
Table 4. 7 Expansion Valve Specifications
Specification
Valve Type Electrically Operated Expansion Valve (EXV)
Intended Use Precise Liquid Injection in Evaporators
Refrigerants HFC/HCFC Conditions
Working Pressure 34 bar (493 psig)
Maximum Operating Pressure Differential

33 bar (478.6 psig)
(MOPD)
Operation Bi-Flow
Solenoid Tight Shut-Off in Both Flow

Shut-Off Function
Directions
Orifice Size Adjustment for Different

Flow Control
Operating Conditions
Control Mechanism Microprocessor Signal
The electrically operated expansion valve (EXV) is designed for precise liquid injection in
evaporators, tailored for HFC/HCFC conditions with a 34-bar working pressure. Its balanced
design enables bi-flow operation and solenoid-tight shut-off in both directions at a Maximum
Operating Pressure Differential (MOPD) of 33 bar. The valve, controlled by a microprocessor
signal, adjusts refrigerant flow by changing the orifice size to meet various operating conditions.
132
4.3.6. Data Acquisition System
The selected chiller has a BMS support function. The screw chiller employs the Modbus
protocol as its fundamental communication standard, facilitating data exchange and control. The
basic communication method is established through RS-485, providing a reliable and commonly
used interface. Additionally, the chiller system exhibits adaptability by supporting higher-level
communication methods. As an optional feature, Ethernet connectivity is available, enhancing
communication capabilities. In terms of protocols, the fundamental configuration utilizes Modbus,
a widely accepted communication protocol in industrial applications. Furthermore, for expanded
compatibility, the chiller offers optional support for BACnet and TCP/IP protocols, allowing
seamless integration with diverse communication networks and systems. This flexibility in
communication protocols ensures the chiller's compatibility with a variety of communication
infrastructures, making it versatile and adaptable to different operational environments (LG HVAC
Solutions, 2023). The figure below shows the diagram of the BMS.
Figure 4. 13 Diagram of BMS
133
The control panel of the Air – Cooled Chiller is the HMI. HMI (Human Man Interface)
with 7-inch Color LCD is composed as a graphic type. There are start/stop, control valve and unit
control, compressor, auto lead lag lamp and chilled water/cooling water lamp keys. There are
‘function keys’ at the bottom of the screen that change according to the current screen to be able
to access lower categories (LG HVAC Solutions, 2023). The figure below shows the controller of
the system.

Figure 4. 15 Controller Front View
134
Bibliography
ASHRAE. (2007). Ashrae Handbook: Fundamentals (Inch-Pound). American
Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE. (2009). Ashrae Handbook: Fundamentals (Inch-Pound). American Society of

Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE. (2017). Ashrae Handbook: Fundamentals (Inch-Pound). American Society of

Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Aurora C. P. (1982). Refrigeration and air conditioning (Second Edition). McGraw-

Hill.
Bhatia A. (2006). Hvac cooling load: Calculations & Principles: Quick Book. Create Space.
Danielson, J. A. (May 1973). Air Pollution Engineering Manual (Second Edition).
Air Pollution Control District Country of Los Angeles.
Dossat, R. J. (1996). The principles of refrigeration (Wiley International). Prentice Hall

International Paperback Editions.
Pita, E. G. (2008). Air Conditioning principles and systems: An energy approach (Fourth
Edition). PHI Learning Private Limited.
Price Industries (n.d.). Diffuser Selection Catalogue. Retrieved

from
https://www.priceindustries.com/content/uploads/assets/literature/catalogs/catalogpages/section
%20c/smdamd-modular-louvered-face-diffuser-catalog.pdf
SKM (n.d.). Air Handling Unit Quick Selection Catalogue. Retrieved from
https://www.skmaircon.com/catalogues_new/QuickSelection-AppliedProducts.pdf
Stoecker, W. F., & Jones, J. W. (1982). Refrigeration and air conditioning (Second
Edition). McGraw-Hill.
Twin City Fan (March 2017). Fan Unit Quick Selection Guide (Catalogue 600).
Retrieved from https://www.tcf.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/BCV-BAV-FCV-Utility-
Sets-Catalog-600.pdf
135
W. David Bevirit, P.E. (n.d.). Duct Design Tables and Charts (SMACNA).
Whitman B. et Al. (2012). Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology (Seventh

Edition). DELMAR CENGAGE Learning.
136

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UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM OF A HOSPITAL

December 12, 2023

1.1. Building Location ............................................................................................... 1

1.2. Floor Plan ........................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Zoning ................................................................................................................ 3

1.3.1. Zone 1 .............................................................................................................. 4

1.3.2. Zone 2 .............................................................................................................. 5

1.3.3. Zone 3 .............................................................................................................. 7

1.3.4. Zone 4 .............................................................................................................. 8

COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS ............................................................................ 11

2.1. Design Conditions................................................................................................. 11

2.2 Material Specifications .......................................................................................... 14

2.2.1. Exterior Wall Specifications ........................................................................... 14

2.2.2. Interior Wall Specifications ............................................................................ 16

2.2.3. Window Glass Specifications .......................................................................... 18

2.2.4. Door Specifications......................................................................................... 20

2.3 Transmission Load ................................................................................................ 23

2.4 Solar Load ............................................................................................................ 31

2.4.1 Solar Load on Opaque Surfaces....................................................................... 31

2.4.2 Solar Load on Transparent Surfaces ................................................................ 34

2.5 Internal loads ........................................................................................................ 48

2.5.1 Load Due to Occupants ................................................................................... 48

2.5.2 Lighting Load ................................................................................................. 58

2.6 Cooling Load Due to Air Infiltration ...................................................................... 67

2.7 Ventilation Load .................................................................................................... 76

3.0 Ducting Design.......................................................................................................... 86

3.1 Design Parameters .................................................................................................... 86

3.2 Supply Air ............................................................................................................. 87

3.3 Diffuser Selections ................................................................................................. 90

3.4 Number of Diffusers required ................................................................................ 91

3.5 Duct Sizing ....................................................................................................... 94

3.5.1 Duct Diameter ............................................................................................ 94

3.5.2 Air Velocity ................................................................................................ 95

3.5.3 Velocity Pressure ........................................................................................ 96

3.5.4 Total Equivalent Length ............................................................................. 97

3.5.5 Resistance Pressure .................................................................................... 98

3.5.6 Total Static Pressure ................................................................................... 99

3.6 Duct Sizing Computation and AHU Selection .................................................. 101

3.6.1 Duct Diameter............................................................................................... 101

3.6.2 Air Velocity in Duct ....................................................................................... 101

3.7 Zone 1 Computation ............................................................................................ 102

3.7.1 AHU Selection ............................................................................................... 105

3.8 Zone 2 Computation ............................................................................................ 106

3.8.1 AHU Selection ............................................................................................... 109

3.9 Zone 3 Computation ............................................................................................ 110

3.9.1 AHU Selection ............................................................................................... 113

3.10.1 AHU Selection ............................................................................................. 116

CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................ 120

4.0 Equipment Selection ............................................................................................... 120

4.1 Chiller Selection ................................................................................................. 120

4.1.1 Chiller Types ............................................................................................... 121

4.2. Selected Chiller ...................................................................................................... 123

4.3. Chiller Components ............................................................................................... 128

4.3.1. Compressor ..................................................................................................... 128

4.3.2. Refrigerant ...................................................................................................... 129

4.3.3. Evaporator ...................................................................................................... 129

4.3.4. Condenser ....................................................................................................... 131

4.3.5. Electronic Expansion Valve .............................................................................. 131

4.3.6. Data Acquisition System .................................................................................. 133

Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 135

Figure 2. 1 Min, Max, and Avg temperature in Hermosa, Bataan ..................................... 12

Figure 3. 1 Four-way Ceiling Diffuser .............................................................................. 91