Electrical Energy Systems Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for

Advance Studies in Energy, UET Peshawar

CAS-EESE-5120 Power System Transformers (3-0)

Spring 2023

Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Aslam

Lecture No. 02

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 Electric Transformers

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 Difference Between Magnetic Field & Magnetic Flux

The most significant difference between the magnetic field and the magnetic flux is
that the magnetic field is the region around the magnet where the moving
charge experiences a force, whereas the magnetic flux shows the quantity
or strength of magnetic lines produced by the magnet.

Basis For
Magnetic Field Magnetic Flux
Comparison

Definition The region around the It shows the quantity of

magnet where its poles the magnetic line of
shows the force of attraction forces produced by the
or repulsion. magnet.

Formula

SI Unit Tesla Weber

Dependence Only on Magnet that On magnet field strength

produces it. and also the area
between them.
BASIS MAGNETIC CIRCUIT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Definition The closed path for magnetic flux is called magnetic The closed path for electric current is called electric
circuit. circuit.
Relation Between Flux and Flux = mmf/reluctance Current = emf/ resistance
Current
Units Flux φ is measured in weber (wb) Current I is measured in amperes
MMF and EMF Magnetomotive force is the driving force and is Electromotive force is the driving force and
measured in Ampere turns (AT) measured in volts (V)
Mmf =ʃ H.dl Emf = ʃ E.dl
Reluctance and Resistance Reluctance opposes the flow of magnetic flux S = Resistance opposes the flow of current
l/aµ and measured in (AT/wb) R = ρ. l/a and measured in (Ώ)
Relation between Permeance = 1/reluctance Conduction = 1/ resistance
Permeance and Conduction

Analogy Permeability Conductivity

Analogy Reluctivity Resistivity
Density Flux density B = φ/a (wb/m2) Current density J = I/a (A/m2)
Intensity Magnetic intensity H = NI/l Electric density E = V/d
Drops Mmf drop = φS Voltage drop = IR
Flux and Electrons In magnetic circuit molecular poles are aligned. The In electric circuit electric current flows in the form of
flux does not flow, but sets up in the magnetic electrons.
circuit.
Examples For magnetic flux, there is no perfect insulator.It can For electric circuit there are a large number of
set up even in the non magnetic materials like air, perfect insulators like glass, air, rubber, PVC and
rubber, glass etc. synthetic resin which do not allow it to flow through
them.
Definition of the Electric Transformer
Is a static electrical device that converts the variable voltage to another one with stable power
and frequency. It is composed of two separate wires wrapped around iron rods with a small
distance. The side connected to an electrical generator is called the Primary Winding and the
other side connected to a load is called the Secondary Winding

Power= 12 KVA

Power = 630 KVA

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Applications :
1. it transfers the electric power for long distances from the places of
generation to places of consumption in the electrical power system.

2. it converts the voltages from high voltage HV to medium

voltage MV and to low voltage LV in the electrical power
system.

3. used with measuring and protection devices which works to reduce

high currents and voltages to be measured by meters in addition to be
used for indicators.

4. used at electrical insulation to prevent electromagnetic diffusion in

electronic circuits.
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Transformer Theory:

The principle of the work of the electrical transformer is based on Faradi's electromagnetic
induction law, which states that the voltage value is directly proportional to the rate of
magnetic change according to the base of the right hand.

Power input = Power out + Power losses

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When a 50 Hz electric voltage is placed on the primary coil,
it passes through an alternative current that leads to a
magnetic field in which all its lines accumulate inside the
iron core and penetrates the secondary coil. This generates
an electromotive force EMF . When the secondary coil is
connected to the loads, an alternative current will pass and
then, Power input = Power out + Power losses

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 TRANSFORMER AT NO-LOAD
“No-load” operation: Secondary open
• In a practical (i.e. real) transformer:
 “No-load losses” (core losses) i.e. hysteresis and eddy
currents, draw a finite input current from primary side
 This current from primary side produces flux in the core
and hence EMFs in the primary and secondary windings
• The above two “loss” currents flow even at “no-load” on
secondary winding, cumulatively called “no-load current”.
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 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF TRANSFORMER AT NO-LOAD
• Mutual flux ϕ in core is common to primary and secondary
=> taken as reference phasor.
• EMF E1 induced in primary leads flux by 900 since E1 ∝ dϕ/dt
(Secondary EMF E2 is drawn pointing in opposite direction to
primary for convenience and clarity, even though it may have same
phase depending on the winding orientations i.e. dot convention).
• Transformation ratio assumed one for convenience i.e. magnitude
of induced EMF same in both windings.
• I0l = loss (hysteresis+eddy current) component of no-load current I0
I0m = magnetizing (flux producing) component of no-load current I0
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 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF TRANSFORMER AT NO-LOAD
• Total “no-load current”
Iol  Io coso ;
I0l in-phase with Iom  Io sino
E1 i.e. resistive
(lossy) component I o  I ol2  I om
2

• No-load power
factor
= cos ϕo

• Core power loss

I0m in-phase with
Φ i.e. reactive = E1I0 cos ϕo
(magnetizing)
component
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 LEAKAGE FLUX IN TRANSFORMER
Useful/ Mutual flux

Z2

Ideal transformer Practical transformer

(no leakage flux) (finite leakage flux)
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 LEAKAGE FLUX IN TRANSFORMER
• Leakage flux: The flux linking with only 1 winding;
flows through air path between windings.
• Reluctance of air is ~1000× that of core material
=> leakage flux typically much less than mutual flux.
• Categorized as:
1. Primary leakage flux: caused by mmf N1I1 and
induces voltage in primary winding
2. Secondary leakage flux: caused by mmf N2I2 and
induces voltage in secondary winding
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 LEAKAGE FLUX IN TRANSFORMER

Effect of primary and

secondary leakage flux
in practical transformer
can be modeled as an
ideal transformer with
additional inductive
reactances (X1 and X2)
in series with the two
windings.

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 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER

A practical (real) transformer can be treated as an

ideal transformer plus additional circuit elements
modeling the various imperfections e.g.
1. Copper losses in primary and secondary
2. Core losses
3. Leakage reactances in primary and secondary
4. No-load magnetizing current

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER

Typical values for

a 50-Hz 25-kVA
11000/240-V
Transformer

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 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER
Equivalent circuit parameters at different voltage / power (kVA) levels

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 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
• To meet the demand for three-phase power transmission.

• Can be realized in two ways:

Connecting three single-phase transformers appropriately
Using a specially constructed three-phase transformer

• For the same kVA rating, a three-phase transformer turns

out to be smaller and cheaper than using three separate
single-phase transformers.
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 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

The primary and

secondary windings
of three-phase
transformers can be
connected in either
star or delta.

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 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
Types of winding arrangements in 3-phase transformers

Star-Star connected Delta-Delta connected

three phase transformer three phase transformer
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 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
Types of winding arrangements in 3-phase transformers

Delta-Star connected
Star-Delta connected three phase transformer
three phase transformer 22
 TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
To reduce transformer core losses:

Transformer core lamination High permeability core

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(reduces eddy current loss) (reduces hysteresis loss)
 TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
To reduce leakage flux, designs shown below are used:

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 TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION

‘‘E’’-assembly, prior to Concentric arrangement, outer coil

addition of coils and being lowered onto core leg over
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insertion of top yoke top of inner coil
 TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION

Cooling of winding and core

through oil in transformer tank:
Oil around core and windings
gets heated due to transformer
losses => oil expands and
moves upwards => then flows
downwards by side walls and
cools => cycle repeats.
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 SPECIAL APPLICATION BASED TRANSFORMERS
Impedance-matching transformers:
 Low-voltage (secondary) winding has less turns (NS) and
drives a low impedance (load). High-voltage winding
(primary) has more turns (NP > NS) and sees a “reflected”
load impedance larger by a factor of (NP /NS)2.
 Aim is to maximize power transferred from source
(connected to primary side) to load (recall maximum power
transfer theorem).
 Applications – audio equipment, microphones, amplifiers,
data networks and systems, telephone grids, etc. 29
IMPEDANCE-MATCHING TRANSFORMER

Zr

Need Zr = Zp = 400 Ω for max

power transfer to speaker
Zr = ZL.(NP /NS)2 => need NP /NS = (Zr/ZL)1/2 = (400/4)1/2 = 10
 classification of Transformers

Classification in terms of frequency:

1- Very low frequency Transformers
2 -Audio frequency Transformers
3 -High frequency Transformers
4 -IF frequency Transformers
Classification in terms of electrical function:

1- Power Transformers
These transformers are used in electric transmission networks and power plants.

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The first type is used in electrical power systems.
The last three types have several uses for communication devices and DC / DC converter
circuits used with protection devices at substations.

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2- Distribution Transformers
These transformers are used in electrical distribution networks for reducing voltage and they
are small in size and are close to urban consumption areas.

Delta / Star

Distribution Transformer 630 KVA

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They are used to reduce Medium Voltage to Low Voltage 22 / 0.4 KV and its capacity is up to 5
MVA. It differs from the power transformers in size, The distribution transformers are
connected in a Delta / Star connection to obtain a 220 V single phase voltage.

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3. Measuring transformers are divided to two types:
A. Voltage Transforms
B. Current Transforms

The Purpose of Voltage Transforms :

1. Reducing the value of voltage and current to appropriate values that can be measured by
measurement or protection devices.
2 - Isolation of the circuits located on the secondary side (measuring / prevention devices) on
the primary side of efforts and high currents.

Purpose of Current Transforms :

-The function of the current transformer feeds the measuring and protection devices with a
small current that is proportional to the real current passing through the circuit.
-The value of the second side current should always be less than 5 amperes in normal
conditions.

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Voltage transformers reduce the voltage to 220 volts or 110 volts to feed the measuring
devices (counters) such as:
KW, KV, KVAR, KWH
They also feed the protective devices such as Over / Under voltage, Directional O / C: as well
as feeding control systems.
The voltage transformers differ from the power transformers in the rated power of each, the
measurement transformers do not exceed the capacity of several dozen of the VA while the
power value passing through the power transformers to more than 300 MVA. In addition,
voltage transformers do not need to be cooled like power transformers because of the high
capacity of power transformers. The voltage transformer is connected to the circuit in Parallel.
This is done by choosing a specific conversion ratio known as the Turns Ratio and has a
standard values, for example: 100/5, 200/5, 300/5 until we reach the maximum value
Operation 3000/5.
The current transformer is connected to the circuit in series.

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Classification of transformers in terms of conversion ratio:

1- Step-up Transformers:
The number of secondary coils connected to the loads is larger than the primary coils
connected to the source and therefore the current passing through the primary coil is larger
than the current passing through the secondary coil Np / Ns = Vp / Vs = Is / Ip

1- Step-down Transformers:
The number of secondary coil connected to loads is less than the primary coils connected to
the source and therefore the current passing through the primary coil is lower than the
current passing through the secondary coile Np / Ns = Vp / Vs = Is / Ip

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 Practical Example

Secondary coil power = Primary coil power

1000 W = 1000 W
Number of Primary coils / Number of Secondary coils = Primary side voltage /
Secondary side voltage
Np / Ns = Vp / Vs = Is / Ip
5/20 = 100/400 = 2.5 / 10

1000W 1000W
100 V 400 V
10 A 2.5 A
5 turns 20 turns

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Classification of transformers in terms of insulation:
1 - Transformer insulated with oil
To isolate between the voltage coils and internal components of the transformer and to cool
on the iron core and copper coils by absorbing the high temperatures.

2 - Transformer insulated with Air (Dry)

They are used in safer places such as hospitals and shopping malls where dry transformers
are self-extinguishing.

3 - Transformer insulated with SF6 Gas

SF6 is non-flammable, nontoxic and a good insulation. The insulation efficiency of this gas is
ten times greater than that of the air insulation of electricity under normal atmospheric
pressure.

Classification of transformers in terms of installation location:

1 Indoor Transformers
2 Outdoor Transformers
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2 - Transformer insulated with Air (Dry)
About 60% of insulation materials used to isolate dry transformers are inorganic materials
that do not ignite but are at 3000C and when they burn due to external factors they start to
ignite. The dry transformers are also characterized by the fact that the current density is
approximately half the current density of the oil transformers and therefore the area of the
conductor section is larger, leading to a lower temperature with a high cost.

3 - Transformer insulated with SF6 Gas

It is also a chemically unstable gas that does not combine with any other material at room
temperature and does not cause damage When he goes out into the air.
The most important characteristic of this gas is that the spark in it leads to the ionization of
the SF6 atoms and the resulting ions combine with the original atoms and produce the new
SF6 gas so that the gas will never lose its isolation because it is renewed.

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 Indoor Distribution Transformer

Outdoor Distribution Transformer

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 Q: Why does not the electric transformer work in the Direct current system
(DC) ?

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Because the constant current generates a static magnetic field, the amount of change is
equal to zero. No electrical voltage can be created on the secondary coil at the time.

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