LECTURER NOTES

COURSE : LINEAR ALGEBRA

SUBJECT : LINEAR ALGEBRA BASIC CONCEPT
SESSION : 1 (ONE)
LECTURER : IVANA LUCIA KHARISMA, M.Kom

Definition of Algebra

Algebra (Algebra) is a branch of mathematics that has a broad scope, while algebra itself is
defined as a branch of science in mathematics that studies mathematical symbols and the rules
used to manipulate these symbols. Algebra can make it easier to solve problems than
conventional methods, namely expressing problems in words.

History of Algebra

Algebra is a part of mathematics including number theory, geometry, and analysis of its
solutions. Literally, algebra comes from the Arabic language, namely ‫ الجبر‬or which is read "al-
jabr" which means meeting, relationship, completion. This science was created by Muḥammad
ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in his book on algebraic concepts and forms written around 820, who
was a mathematician, astronomer, and geographer. He was nicknamed "The Father of Algebra".
In English, algebra is known as "algebra".

Algebraic Forms

Algebraic form is a technique used to present a mathematical problem with symbols or letters
as variables of an object in the problem.

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Equation Formula

Equation is a mathematical technique used to equate a problem to a mathematical form with

an equation sign or equal to (=). This form can be from the simplest to the most complex.
Equations can be used to form a mathematical formula for a problem.

Example :

The number of marbles Andi and Budi is 10 pieces. If Andi's marbles are 3, how many marbles
does Budi have?

Solution:

Change Andi’ s marble into variable a. Change Budi’ marble into variabel b

a = 3, then a is 3

a + b = 10

note: a + b= 10 is a mathematical equation from numbers of Andi and Budi’s Marble.

Question : b?

a + b = 10  b = 10 - a

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Basically, to move a value to another field, it is the same as removing the value on the original
field. The following is an explanation for the above case.

a + b = 10

a -a + b = 10 – a  a = 3

b = 10 -3 = 7

To speed up the calculation, you can directly write the opposite of the transferred value.

a + b = 10

b = 10 - a

From a = 3, we can conclude that

b = 10 - 3

=7

As we know b = 7, it means that Budi’s marble is equal to 7 .

Variabel
A variable is a symbol or letter that is used to replace a value that is not fixed (changes
depending on the equation that contains it). Variables in English are called "variables"
(spelled ve(ə)rēəbəl) , and are also called "variables" in Indonesian. Variables can be
symbolized by Latin letters (a, A, b, B, c, D, etc.). Variables are often called variables, are
symbols or symbols that represent a number, while the value of the number is not yet
known clearly. Generally, variables are denoted by lowercase letters.

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Example :

Koefisien (Coefficient)

Coefficient is the value used to multiply a variable. Coefficients in English are called
"coefficients". The value of the coefficient = 1 can not be written.

Konstanta
(Constant)

A constant is a
value that is
constant in an
algebraic form.
Constants in English are called "constant". The most common feature of a constant is that it is
not associated with a variable. For special formulas, constants can be symbolized by letters (eg:
a, b, others) or in the form of special symbols.

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Exponent / Power (Pangkat)

A power is the product of multiplying a number by itself. Usually, a power is represented
with a base number and an exponent. The base number tells what number is being
multiplied. The exponent, a small number written above and to the right of the base
number, tells how many times the base number is being multiplied .

Degree
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The degree in an algebraic the largest exponent of that variable.

Names of Degrees

Terms
Each expression is made up of terms. A term can be a signed number, a variable, or a constant
multiplied by a variable or variables. Terms is the parts of an algebraic expression separated by
addition or substraction.

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Like Terms: Like terms are those terms whose variables and their exponent power are the
same.

Unlike terms are those terms whose variables and their exponents are different from each
other

 Monomial, Binomial, Trinomial

There are special names for polynomials with 1, 2 or 3 terms:

Algebra Operations

Algebraic operations are generally almost the same as integer arithmetic operations

Algebraic Addition and Subtraction Operations

Algebraic addition and subtraction operations can only be performed on like terms.
Simplify the algebraic form 2x + 3y + 7x - 2y?

Algebraic Multiplication Operation

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 Multiplication by constant
Multiplication by constant is done by multiplying the coefficient value of each variable that
is operated.
2y × 3 = 6y
(3y + x) × 4 = (3y × 4) + (x × 4) = 12y + 4x
 Multiplication with variable
Multiplication by variables is carried out thoroughly, both coefficients and variables.
y × y = y2
x2 × x = x 2 + 1 = x 3

Algebraic Division Operation

To simplify the algebraic division operation, it is done by converting it to fraction form.
Example : Variable division by constant

Variable Division by variable

Variable Division by more complex variable

Algebraic Power Operation

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Linear ALgebra

Linear algebra is a type of algebra that discusses systems of linear equations and their solutions,
vectors, and linear transformations. Techniques from linear algebra are also used in analytical
geometry, engineering, physics, natural sciences, computer science, computer animation, and
social sciences (particularly in economics). Linear algebra, especially vectors, has very large
applications and benefits in the field of computers and in everyday life.

The application of vectors in the computer field is very clear in graphic design application
programs. A graphic design application program is a program whose function is to create works
of graphic art, both vector and bitmap. This program is used to create visual designs, especially
two-dimensional visuals. Under this category there are 2 subcategories of programs that are
commonly found:

1. Vector and bitmap design program

Vector visual design application programs such as Corel DRAW, Adobe Illustrator, and Inkscape.
Examples of bitmap visual design programs are the Adobe Photoshop series, Corel Photo Paint,
and GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program). The difference between vector and bitmap
images is in how an image or image is formed. In vector images, images are formed by a
combination of mathematical formulas, while in bitmap images, images are formed by making
up color dots called pixels.

2. Desktop publishing programs

The desktop publishing category is inhabited by application programs used for publishing
purposes, making information advertising media, and making print media. Examples of desktop
publishing programs are Adobe Page Maker and Aldus Page Maker. Both are programs that are
devoted to creating layouts for print media. In addition, Corel DRAW can also be classified in

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the desktop publishing category because it can be used as a vector graphics editor as well as a
layout editor for a document.

In addition to the computer field, vector applications are also widely used in everyday life. The
application of vectors in everyday life is as follows:

1. When the parachutist drops off the ship, the place where he falls is not right under the ship,
but far off the mark due to the presence of two vectors of force, namely the force of gravity and
the force of the wind.

2. When a boat crosses a river, the actual speed of the boat is the speed of the boat and the
speed of the water.

3. In an incident an archer draws an arrow from his bow, the direction of the arrow's motion is
the vector sum of the pulling force vectors from the two ends of the bow.

4. An airplane that wants to fly and land uses the vector method, so that when it descends it
doesn't fall straight down, but through an adjusted vector direction. Thus the people who are in
it do not fall or sway.

5. The vector method is also applied to people playing kites. So that the direction of the kite
that is flying is not straight with the person holding the kite string. Thus the person can see the
kite more clearly because there is a vector effect.

6. When a child plays seesaw, on an inclined plane using a vector force, so that the child does
not fall from the inclined plane.

7. A pilot on an airplane uses a navigation computer that is linked in a vector manner, so that a
pilot who is driving does not misdirect or move in an unwanted place.

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Ref : https://www.advernesia.com/blog/matematika/aljabar/

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