UNIVERISDAD AUTONOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA Y ELÉCTRICA

INTRODUCCIÓN A LA CIENCIA AEROESPACIAL

PIA PROJECT PLANNING

TEAM 3

Team members:
Valda Karyme Cisneros Flores – 2132214
Patricio Turner Garza – 2132228
Guillermo Jacobo López – 2043740
José Valentín Velázquez Vázquez – 2109531

Pedro de Alva SN, niños héroes, cd universitaria, san Nicolás de los garza, NL. 13/03/2023
Contents

Drones are aircraft and are also known by the abbreviation UAS, which is short for
‘unmanned aircraft system’. A UAS consists of an unmanned aircraft and its
equipment. It can be controlled either by a human being or by an integrated or
external computer. Thus, a drone can also be a partly or fully autonomous aircraft.
Unmanned aircraft systems also include the control unit and the signal
transmission path.

A solar panel, or solar module, is one component of a photovoltaic system. They

are constructed out of a series of photovoltaic cells arranged into a panel. These
panels can be used to supplement a building's electricity or provide power at
remote locations.

A photovoltaic (PV) cell is an energy harvesting technology, that converts solar

energy into useful electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. There
are several different types of PV cells which all use semiconductors to interact with
incoming photons from the Sun in order to generate an electric current.
Introduction

The Rotors on the quadcopter drone act like wings. They create lift by rotating at
fast speeds, which pulls the air downwards and pushes the quadcopter drone in
the air.

If the lift cancels out with the acting force of gravity, then the net force becomes
zero and the quad hovers in midair. A directional thrust makes the quadcopter to
move in that direction. A decrease in lift makes the Drone to lower its height.
Drones flight must function like this:

- Two adjacent motors rotates in the opposite direction.

- Two opposite motors rotates in the same direction.

The reason behind this is that physics claims to be that the stability of the net force
acting on a body should be zero. Thus, if all the rotors were to rotate in the same
direction, the result would be a net Torque causing the complete Quadcopter drone
to rotate.

For each of the next movements, drones mus do this:

Roll: Moving to left or right with respect to the front of the drone. (The drone moves
side to side.)

Pitch: Moving the drone forward or backwards.

Yaw: Pivoting or turning from the left or right. (The drone rotates around the
center.)

Take off: In order to take off the ground, you need a net upward Force. The motors
generate lift that is greater than the force of gravity, making the drone take off.

Hovering: Understanding how drones hover is easy. First, motors create lift.
Second, the lift should equal the force of gravity on the system. Therefore, the lift
and force of gravity cancel out. Which makes the quadcopter drone hover in mid-
air.
Roll: Understanding how drones hover is easy. First, motors create lift. Second, the
lift should equal the force of gravity on the system. Therefore, the lift and force of
gravity cancel out. Which makes the quadcopter drone hover in mid-air.
Review of Literature

The term ‘drone’ was initially used for UAS used for military purposes and, strictly
speaking, only refers to the flying part of the ‘system’.

It is called a "solar" panel because the most powerful source of light in any
instance is the sun, which was named "Sol" by Astronomers, which means solar
panels are used in conjunction with the sun in order to gather adequate energy.
Objective

Optimize a drone with renewable energy in order to flight autonomously

Justification

This project is being carried out with the intention of introducing renewable
energies into the aviation industry and testing their viability in it, starting with a
modified drone using solar cells.
Experimental

What were going to do is modify the drone and a charge station so we can use it a
longer time. And also, it doesn´t need to dispose of the batteries or needs any
other type of energy that contaminates the earth.
Materials

The materials that we will use for the modification of the drone are the following:

-Drone

-Solar panels

-Rechargeable batteries

-Battery charger

-Soldering tin (roll)

-Electric soldering kit

-Copper cables

-Cutting pliers

-Wire strippers

-Insulating tape
Project´s budget

Approximately the amount of money that we will use to carry out this project is
$2395 pesos, which are broken down into:

-Drone: $750

-Solar panel: $105

-Rechargeable batteries, with charger: $650

-Soldering tin (roll): $170

-Electric soldering kit: $310

-Copper cables: $160

-Cutting pliers: $85

-Wire strippers: $150

-Insulating tape: $15

Design
Expected Results

The drone has the same capabilities than before the experimental: preserves the
same energy waste, its time in flight and keeps the regular performance in air. Due
to the energy supply provided by the solar cells, the drone is self-sufficient being
able to charge its batteries by itself and performs the flight without a single external
mAh. However, the solar cells can’t provide the amount of mAh required by the
drone in the same time of a conventional external charge. The drone has a full
charge by itself after approx. 8 hours of sunlight.
 References

Photovoltaic cell. (s/f). Energyeducation.Ca. Recuperado el 14 de

marzo de 2023, de
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Photovoltaic_cell

Solar panel. (s/f). Energyeducation.Ca. Recuperado el 14 de marzo

de 2023, de https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Solar_panel

Solar Panel. (2015, agosto 17). Safeopedia.com; What is a Solar

Panel? - Definition from Safeopedia.
https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/2358/solar-panel

test1. (s/f). Uaf.edu. Recuperado el 14 de marzo de 2023, de

http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/webproj/211_fall_2018/J-
Rod_Maltos/physics_4th.html

Burgmann, U. (2022, marzo 29). What is a drone? Dipul.

https://www.dipul.de/homepage/en/information/general/drone-
definition/