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Lecture 6
Lecture 6
1
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
2
Hydrocarbons
• Number the parent chain to give the double or triple bond the lowest
number. For example:
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Alkene and Alkyne Nomenclature
• Determine the name and carbon number of each group bonded to the parent
alkene or alkyne, and place the name and number in front of the name of the
parent compound.
• Remember that with alkenes and alkynes the double or triple bond takes
precedence over a halogen or alkyl group, as shown in the following
examples:
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Alkene and Alkyne Nomenclature
• Alkenes having more than one double bond are called alkadienes (two double
bonds) or alkatrienes (three double bonds). Determine which double bond is
nearest one end of the chain. Number the carbon chain by using the number of
the first carbon of each double bond, using the lowest numbers. Use the
appropriate suffix (-diene or -triene), as seen in these examples:
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Alkene and Alkyne Nomenclature
• If after numbering to give the functional group (alkene) the lowest number,
there is still more than one possibility for numbering substituents, number to
give the lowest substituent numbers.
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Practice
8
Practice
3 1 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol
2
4 (or 3-methyl-but-3-en-1-ol)
Hydroxyl groups take precedence over the double bond when the chain is numbered.
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Isomers
trans fat
The key reaction of the double bond is the addition reaction. This involves the
addition of two atoms or groups of atoms to a double bond.
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1. Hydrogenation: Addition of H2
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2. Halogenation: Addition of X2
With
Absence of alkene/alkyne
alkene/alkyne
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3. Hydrohalogenation: Addition of HX
Markovnikov’s rule
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3. Hydrohalogenation: Addition of HX
Practice: Draw the expected major product for each of the following reactions
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3. Hydrohalogenation: Addition of HX
Markovnikov
Addition
Mechanism:
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• Stereochemistry of hydrohalogenation
HCl
(Racemic mixture)
3. Hydrohalogenation: Addition of HX
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4. Hydration: Addition of H2O
Requires trace of strong acid (H+) as catalyst.
Markovnikov’s rule
Stereochemistry?
19
4. Hydration: Addition of H2O
When a new chiral center is generated, a racemic mixture of enantiomers is
expected
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4. Hydration: Addition of H2O
• Hydration of alkyne:
Markovnikov’s rule
Enol
“the rich still get richer”
Rapidly undergo
tautomerization
Ketone
21
Alkyne and Its Molecular Rigidity
MAO B MAO A
(Increase dopamine) (Significant chest pain, nausea…)
3 pathways:
• radical polymerization,
• anionic polymerization
• cationic polymerization
Conductive polymer
A mixed blessing
24
Waste in Vietnam (esp. PLASTIC)
Nam Dinh
25
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Binh Thuan
Waste in Vietnam (esp. PLASTIC)
Quang Binh
27
Waste in Vietnam (esp. PLASTIC)
28
Aromatic Molecules
• Monosubstituted aromatics
29
Aromatic Molecules
• Disubstituted aromatics
5-bromo-2-chlorophenol
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
31
Stability of Benzene
• Unusual Stability
Stabilization energy
associated with
aromaticity
32
Stability of Benzene
• Unusual Stability
33
Stability of Benzene
• Source of Stability
• Hucker’s rule:
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Chemical Properties
Mechanism
37
Chemical Properties
1. Halogenation
FeBr3
or
2. Sulfonation
(mixture of
H2SO4 and SO3)
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Mechanisms
1. Halogenation
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Mechanisms
2. Sulfonation
40
Chemical Properties
3. Nitration
4. Friedel–Crafts Alkylation
41
Mechanisms
3. Nitration
42
Mechanisms
4. Friedel–Crafts Alkylation
43
Chemical Properties
5. Friedel–Crafts Acylation
How?
44
Chemical Properties
Activating group
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Chemical Properties
Activating group
Extra resonance
-> stable
48
Chemical Properties
Deactivating group
Nitrobenzene less
reactive than benzene
100,000X times
49
Chemical Properties
Exception of Halogen
Induction
(e withdrawing) Net: e withdrawing
Resonance
(e donating)
51
Chemical Properties
Alkyl groups are weak activators, because they donate electron density by the relatively weak
effect of hyperconjugation 5
3
Determining the Directing Effects of a Substituent
Many of the halogens (Cl, Br, or I) are weak deactivators (due to delicate balance between
induction and resonance)
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