2051 1

n" order
DE
 Chapter 4

⑯ - t
4

-+-

+-
T

Example: Evaluate:

=clot
W
I
S
-

2
-I c
3

10 S g

is
-3K8+10
617 +1010-2
3(40
2(6-24)
-

= 2 (-40) - 3/46) + 10(18] = . -

 Wronskian
Dinition: The of
#fr,--. Ion is

th
6 ...
th
fifl
...

WX= *

gene call
fac
The functions thetas-efn
Definition:
are linearly independent if
implies
Kif, +Rufh+...+knfn
E0

and kn = 0.
b= 0, K, =
0, -..,
Theorem (x):
lin. ind
=> 9 f,9,h)
is
WCf,s,h3 = 0

SinxY lin.
>le: Is Ex, 2

dependent6 or independent?
S X ex sinx

1 ex cosx

W(x)=
ex-sinx

b
o

ex sinx

I I
Y
e to
=x
CoSX

Sinx
->
↓ex-six
eX -

=x (-e*sinx -excosx) -

Lesinx-exsinx
sinx-xecosx +2e"sint
-xe"
=

WCK) =-*e*) FO
FW FO
⑭
=> line. Ind
 ⑮
Equation (*)
th

We will study the second order

linear homogeneous differential equation

() (*)
-9NT 0
=

y +Pxsyn-"+RaxcyMt]..-+1-1/4"+PnKy=O
(n

on an interval (a, b) where

are continuous on (a,b).
P1, R -->Pn

will have
CAn JUP involving (1)

a
unique solution! I
 ⑰
Switch: 0,yy,--- . J,92

Therem: Let I, and in be two

(X), then:
solutions of
is I, and 12 are dependent
linearly
it and only if WC, 97 =0.
[So <3., 33 is not a fundamental system
ii) I, and ye are linearly independent
it and
only if WCS., 3.7 never vanishes
↓ S
(zero)
for all
i.e.,
W23,77(x) 70 xt (a, b)

OR WC2, 92K) <0 for all x ( (a,b).

[So 93.1323 is a fundamental system

 **
*

⑭
hrem:
t

Consider the DE
(
"

y(n'+Py<"+RuacyMt]---+B/Y"+PuNly-o

If 7,9n,.... In form a fundamental system

(A),
↓
then the
general
S
solution

C
to (k) is

y
=
GY, +
Gr9+.o +CnYn
S

esare
constants.
where CG arbitrary
superposition (or linear combination)

=any
solution
Abel's Identity or Abel's formula: O 29

Let Y.,Yy,..., Jn be two solutions

y

of
the
equation (),
then their Wronskian is

Sp(x)dx
C a
WC31,3,,--. 33(1:
=constant
Note: -o WCxI= (

= =o
W(x)>0 W = O W(x) <0
for all x
0.3m...gn (indep

-> S
3,3.,--. Jn
1in. ind. (Sand
:Find Wx) for solutions

the norder DE:

to given
y( +by' +cosxy"-Y
= O
i)
S

Jetorderto P(x)=*
sout -

Spixidx -
Inixi
&
WK =
<& = 2

=
- I

*
ii) +y
sixxy,400-y"+cosxy =0.

Sot 99th
order
S
derivative

Sh #
Isinx)
y(100? <sxy" tooy* +CXT=0
P, CT
&

(P1dx-Scotxdx
(@
WIN e =
=

(absinx) In (sinx)"
Bin
-

& c2 = c
C
=
=

= Ccsx

#
Sinis'dx=
s**
=
Sin v

Ininatit
problem:
is find W(x):

a) x"y(-xy" +xy-y"+y = 0

6) Stanxy -y18) + luxy' +8 =0

ii) Consider
+ x]'
↳ y1S)_1y( +ex9" =0.

If W12) =
24, find WK1.
20512
n" order
DE
 solve the following:
Sample:
(D-1)(33 0

3
=

)
sock:
The characteristic

S D
equation:
=

Ir-5) (r+33 (0-1) = 0 -

5= 1
VIS or 02.3 or

=>
(r = S, r = -
3, r)=1)
5X
-

3x
*

3, = 2 32 = 2
, 3 =

3 *
5
-

+ (ne + Gy @

3:4e
~
ii) (-2)" (D+35[3] = 0

S
1r-n)" (r+33 = 0 =
2f

v.zw -> T = 2

m = 2
-> 7z = x**
-

3X
v= = 3 -> J = 2

-
37/
x&
v = -
3- T. =

=>

cx +2Xe+Ge*+Cxe*
3
(x1+2x) e4
=
+ (3 +
(ux)e**
~
iii) (+1)" (D-5) "(3 = 0

S
1r+1) (D-5 " = 0 +
-
X

Vi =

=
-> 3=
~ X
Ve =
-
1 ->
T2 = x C
- X

Us =-I-
b = x e
5x
2
ry =
3 -> Yy= S

v =
-> 3=x 2
S x
xe
-> Ts
~

=
vo
eSt
=

5 x
v = - 3.=
5X

ex+2xe"+hYe*+hyC
3 =
c
+Cx "e**
+<sx** +Csxe*
D1
=
+C2x + 3yxY ex+ 5 X

(Cy + (sx +3,x+ (x) e

iv) (3-1) "D"(3
= 0
=>
"

(D-0)
Si r =
0

rycrew" =0
[12-13 (r+h5
r 0 =

S
=

O
=
= = 6
v = 0 ->
b=
m = 0 - 12 =
X

v
= 0 ->
Ts =
x
3
ry = 0 -
T =
x
X
e
vs=' ->
3g =
=

24
vs = -> 1 =
x
*

v ->3 =
x2
=
- X
2
v8 =
=

-> J8 =

X
x=
v = -1 -
79 =
x
I e
v,0= +
3 x
-

=
v)p "+2D+5) (D-4)
(D +2) [D] = c

Stur+5)(r-43 (r+2 =
0 =>
= 0

(2-4)
5+ 2
=0 or
0
+2r+S = or
↳
b

:itisa
V= 2

repeated
aS
I S

↓
Y =*

4x
E
3.=
**

Ys = x *

eM
T = x

-
 (D"+4) [5]=0
vi)

(v+45
* r=4 =
0 = =0 +

M =
12 i
=> v =
=4
= 012 (

y2 (*Sihix
Of

3= 2 C032X, =

ecos2x yg exsinux
3 = x 1 = x

T1 =
c0S2X

12 =
Sin 2x

33 = x C0S2X

Sin2x
by = x
vii) (D" +2D+9) "[I] = 0

s
/r+2r+5> =0 = thr+S = 0

afro-for
e
=>

->T -
X

3. =e*CO32x32
2 Sinix
=

b
Esinix
3= x ecossx = x

"e*Sinix
3= e*coS2X 36 = x
x
 Solve:
#em:
i) (D-0) (D +5)(D-1) [D]
= 0

ii) (D+4)" (D-2)"233=0

iii) (D"+4D +1) (DF2S)"CIT = 0

iv) y"+ 3y"-10y = O

20513
n" order
DE
Example: Find the
general
solution:

is&"-4y"+Yy'
o

42"+4v = 0 =
0-
0 =
vCr"-45+4)
=

or
0-4r+Y=6
v =0

cr. =0
+ v = 2

0
(r-4" =

=> r"-4r"+= 0

-
- 0,
v
rs=2
c jx
*
3, = 2* 1 =
3 = 2*1 3 3 = x2

24

CexCs
& isa
ii) "-y"+Yy'-4y = 0

⑪v3_v"+40-4
>
S
=
0 f

0 f
TSD
=

r-1) +
S
v
2+ = 0
or 4 = 0
0 =>
1r-1 (r+4) =

or
v - 4
=>r=1
x2:
v=bW =

=> = 1, 0 2I
↳
↓ eginx
*
J ePcosex, y, =

3 .e, =

C Sinix
cos2x +

#
iii) (Isy"-284 = 0 KD "3DE28TCT
O
S
=>

0-11
r"+32228 =

Let <=vso r =>

+3-28 0
(r4"
=

(1) becomes
0 =
=
s"+33-18 =

0 F
<S-4) (S+T) =

=4 or
< =- =
v ===
vex
= fki
or
=
v =
or
v = m9=42
5 i
v =
2, m = .2, Bu =

cos[x), Ye=Sin1x)
24

#e,
-

3=
20514
n" order
DE
 the
theorem: If r, solves

polynomial equation
0
P(r =

then p(r = (r-2.)9(r).

P (r) wtriS
[gcrs =
wr,

srem:
-

Ifa, 92, ..., an are

an integer that
integers and a is

solves

r "fair" 1924].--+autan =0,

then a divides an (or an is

divisible by a).
Example: Solve r"-3r+2 0
=

I
1I 1I
sout
#

divisors:
v= d r3-3r+2= (r-1) 9(r)
=>

S
= divide vi_3r+2 by v-1

outcome coefficients

I Mo -- 2

&I
Multiply
s

outcome I

- S
A 2

&
I add
1-2
↓
O
↑

s I -2

nins.I
 I g -

3 2
S
I 1-2

A I -2 O
S ↑
mus.I
be zero!"
9(2): 2+ v
=2

acr rt
-r
=

irtz
# tosee g

on
"th-zz
O
v. 1 =
0
/r-1) (r)
=

v= 1 2 =>
or v= =

re1

(r-17 (r+2)
r"-3r+2=Cr-17
(r-1" (r+2) =

~
20515
n" order
DE
 Solve
-mple: y (4)-by"+10y"-by'+9y =0.

so
"-sr"+or"
90
- 60
char,
equation: r

divisors:
sol 13
v =3 is a
I, 19,
#

I - 6 10-6 9
3
copy
3-93-9
I

1-b ↓ -> O
⑧

r"-3" +1r-3 E

0
r?sr" +r-3 =
 0
r?sr" + r =

I
divisors: 11, 13
=>
v=3 is a salt.

3 I -
3
1 -
3

↓ 3 O 3

IO 1 g
S
=> ↓
0 ->
v"+ or +1 =

=
=
= ==
=
v
* i
3, Rx
=
=> v= 3, 0 =

x
3x

2 72 x2, =
9=10sx, 74: Sinx
 Example: solve the following Euler
equation:
y"+2xy"-4xy'+4y
*
= 0.

so v.2

xU y = x" , "=rcr *
3 =

r-Y
=>
y "=vcr-13(2-2)
X

rcr-3r-2) x
+
2rr1X"_4VX+Y*=O
20(5-17-45
+43 =
0
->
xv [rcr-i(rou) +

0 =
+wrsr-1-45+4
=

vir-13(r-2)
=> "
-v"4r+4 =
0

N
... .

3
c
nthetic
⑳1) 1) =
0
OR cet

unt
-

div.

Ir-1) [v2M = 0 => /r-1)(r-2) (rt2= 0

v -2
v =2 0r =
rel or

six
=>

3.x yex
I
 Problems:Solve:
(D +31
"53 =0
1) (D-2)

(DxYD +2) "C]

= 0
2)

3) (D"+36,[T] = 0

Y" +29"+'
= 0
4)
-

-
-
w
r