Random

Sampling
and
Probability
STAT111 – CHAPTER 7
A sample selected from the
population by a process that
ensures that :
The rules of probability apply to the sample

The sample is representative of the

population
 Ways of Random Sampling

Simple randomly generated Stratified dividing a population

Random numbers to choose a Random into groups with
sample similar attributes
Sampling Sampling

Cluster Systematic
Random dividing a population Random sample every k’th
Sampling into groups, or clusters element
Sampling
With Replacement vs Without Replacement

SAMPLING WITH method of sampling in which each member of

the population selected for the sample is
REPLACAMENT returned to the population before the next
member is selected.

SAMPLING WITHOUT method of sampling in which the

members of the sample are not returned
REPLACEMENT to the population before subsequent
members are selected.
PROBABILITY
For an understanding of statistics you
will need to understand the concept of
probability.

Probability refers to the likelihood of a

particular event of interest occurring
 Probability
A PRIORI
is also called as theoretical/classical viewpoint

A POSTERIORI
is also called as empirical viewpoint
Probability is usually represented
as a fraction or as a decimal and
ranges from 0.00 to 1.00
(proportion)
 RULES OF PROBABILITY
THE THE
ADDITION MULTIPLICATION
RULE RULE
Events that are mutually exclusive: Events that are independent:
p (A or B) = p (A) + p (B) p (A and B) = p (A) p (B)

Events that are not mutually exclusive: Events that are dependent:
p (A or B) = p (A) + p (B) - p (A and B) p (A and B) = p (A) p (B|A)
 THE MUTUALLY
ADDITION EXCLUSIVE
RULE EVENTS
Assume two events; A and B – probability of A or B
p (A or B) = p (A) + p (B)

Both cannot occur together or if the occurrence of one

precludes the occurrence of the other
EXAMPLE - Mutually Exclusive Events
What is the probability of randomly picking a 10 or a 4 in one draw
from a deck of ordinary playing cards?
Let’s Practice! Mutually Exclusive Events
What is the probability of rolling a 1 OR an even number in a fair dice?
 Two events are MUTUALLY
EXCLUSIVE if both cannot occur
together
 THE NOT MUTUALLY
ADDITION EXCLUSIVE
RULE EVENTS
Assume two events; A or B – probability of A and B
p (A or B) = p (A) + p (B) - p (A and B)

The probability of occurrence of A plus the probability of occurrence

of B minus the probability of occurrence of both A and B
EXAMPLE - NOT Mutually Exclusive Events
The probability if getting an ace or a club in one draw on a deck of cards
 THE
MULTIPLICATION WITH REPLACEMENT
RULE
Assume two events; A and B – probability of A and B
p (A and B) = p (A) p (B)
If the occurrence of one has no effect on the probability of
occurrence of the other
EXAMPLE - With Replacement
The probability of getting an ace on two consecutive draw if you were to place the card
back into the deck
Let’s Practice! Independent Events
What is the probability of rolling “snake eyes” (one on die 1 and one on
die 2) in a pair of fair dice?
Let’s Practice! Independent Events
What is the probability of rolling both odd numbers in a pair of fair dice?
Let’s Practice! Independent Events
What is the probability of rolling both odd numbers in a pair of fair dice?

3/6*3/6 = 9/36 or 0.25

Let’s Practice! Independent Events
What is the probability of selecting a color blind male participant if you were to
select 15 from a total population of 300 males (sampling with replacement)?

Color Blindness happens every 1 in 12 males

 THE
MULTIPLICATION WITHOUT REPLACMENT
RULE
Assume two events; A and B – probability of A and B
p (A and B) = p (A) p (B|A)
The probability of occurrence of A times the probability of
occurrence of B given A has occurred.
EXAMPLE - Without Replacement
The probability of getting an ace on two consecutive draw (sample without
replacement)
Let’s Practice! Independent Events
What is the probability of hitting the jackpot in the 6-58 lottery?
Random
Sampling
and
Probability
STAT111 – CHAPTER 7
LABORATORY
TIME!