BS EN 1729-2:2012+A1:2015

BS EN 1729-2:2012

BSI Standards Publication

Furniture — Chairs and tables

for educational institutions
Part 2: Safety requirements and test
methods
BS EN 1729-2:2012+A1:2015 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of
EN 1729-2:2012+A1:2015. It supersedes BS EN 1729-2:2012 which
is withdrawn.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is
indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry
the number of the CEN amendment. For example, text altered by CEN
amendment A1 is indicated by .
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical
Committee FW/0, Furniture, to Subcommittee FW/0/4, Educational
Furniture.
A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2016.
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016
ISBN 978 0 580 86970 9
ICS 97.140
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards
Policy and Strategy Committee on 29 February 2012.
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
Date Text affected
31 January 2016 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2015
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1729-2:2012+A1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2015

ICS 97.140 Supersedes EN 1729-2:2012

English Version

Furniture - Chairs and tables for educational institutions -

Part 2: Safety requirements and test methods
Meubles - Chaises et tables pour les établissements Möbel - Stühle und Tische für Bildungseinrichtungen -
d'enseignement - Partie 2: Exigences de sécurité et Teil 2: Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und
méthodes d'essai Prüfverfahren

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 December 2011 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 17
November 2015.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1729-2:2012+A1:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN 1729-2:2012+A1:2015
EN 1729-2:2012+A1:2015
EN 1729-2:2012+A1:2015 (E)
(E)

Contents Page

European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 4
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 5
3 General test conditions ................................................................................................................................. 5
3.1 Testing ranges of chairs and tables .......................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Testing of height adjustable and multi-size chairs and tables........................................................ 5
3.3 Sequence of testing ......................................................................................................................................... 6
4 Safety requirements ....................................................................................................................................... 6
5 Testing of chairs .............................................................................................................................................. 7
5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
5.2 Stability ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
5.2.2 Forward stability ............................................................................................................................................. 8
5.2.3 Sideways stability ........................................................................................................................................... 9
5.2.4 Rearwards stability ..................................................................................................................................... 11
5.2.5 Chairs with backrest inclination............................................................................................................. 11
5.3 Strength and durability .............................................................................................................................. 12
5.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
5.3.2 Seat and back static load (!EN 1728:2012, 6.4") ..................................................................... 12
5.3.3 Seat and back durability (!EN 1728:2012, 6.17") ................................................................... 13
5.3.4 Seat front edge durability (!EN 1728:2012, 6.18") ................................................................. 13
5.3.5 Sideways static load (!EN 1728:2012, 6.16") ............................................................................ 14
5.3.6 Forward static load (!EN 1728:2012, 6.15") ............................................................................. 14
5.3.7 Seat impact (!EN 1728:2012, 6.24") ............................................................................................. 15
5.3.8 Back impact (!EN 1728:2012, 6.25") ........................................................................................... 16
5.3.9 Static load of foot rail (!EN 1728:2012, 6.8") ............................................................................ 17
5.3.10 Drop test (!EN 1728:2012, 6.27.3") .............................................................................................. 17
5.3.11 Foot !rest" durability (!EN 1728:2012, 6.21") ................................................................ 18
5.3.12 Armrest vertical static load (!EN 1728:2012, 6.11 or EN 1335-3:2009, 7.2.3") ........... 18
6 Testing of tables............................................................................................................................................ 19
6.1 Stability ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
6.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 19
6.1.2 Stability of tables, vertical load (!EN 1730:2012, 7.2") ......................................................... 19
6.2 Strength and durability of tables ............................................................................................................ 19
6.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 19
6.2.2 Horizontal static load (!EN 1730:2012, 6.2") ........................................................................... 20
6.2.3 Horizontal durability (!EN 1730:2012, 6.4.2") ........................................................................ 20
6.2.4 Vertical static load (!EN 1730:2012, 6.3") ................................................................................. 21
6.2.5 Vertical durability (!EN 1730:2012, 6.5") .................................................................................. 22
7 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
Annex A (informative) Test method for determination of the displacement of chairs placed
on tabletops.................................................................................................................................................... 24

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A.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 24

A.2 Test equipment.............................................................................................................................................. 24
A.3 Test method .................................................................................................................................................... 24

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European foreword

This document (EN 1729-2:2012+A1:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 207
“Furniture”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2016.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.

This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 2015-11-17.

This document supersedes !EN 1729-2:2012".

The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !".

EN 1729 consists of the following parts under the general title "Furniture – Chairs and tables for
educational institutions":

— Part 1: Functional dimensions;

— Part 2: Safety requirements and test methods.

The main changes with respect to the previous edition are listed below:

a) additional consideration of swivel chairs;

b) additional consideration of chairs with arm rests;

c) clarification of seat loading points and back loading points;

d) amendment of some loads and forces;

e) modification of !Annex A" (informative) "Test method for determination of stability of chairs
placed on tabletops".

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

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1 Scope
This European Standard specifies safety requirements and test methods for chairs and tables for
general educational purposes in educational institutions.
It applies to furniture for use with laptop computers or portable devices, but not to special purpose
workstations, e.g. laboratories, ranked seating and workshops.
!deleted text"
!The" figures illustrate test principles only and cannot be used to carry out the tests.
NOTE EN 1729-1 specifies functional dimensions and marking of chairs and tables for general educational
purposes.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1022:2005, Domestic furniture — Seating — Determination of stability

EN 1335-3:2009, Office furniture — Office work chair — Part 3: Test methods

!EN 1728:2012, Furniture — Seating — Test methods for the determination of strength and
durability"

EN 1729-1, Furniture — Chairs and tables for educational institutions — Part 1: Functional dimensions

!EN 1730:2012, Furniture — Tables — Test methods for the determination of stability, strength and
durability"

EN 13722, Furniture — Assessment of the surface gloss

!deleted text"

3 General test conditions

3.1 Testing ranges of chairs and tables

If chairs in a range of size marks are all manufactured with the same design details and geometry, it is
only necessary to carry out the complete test programme on the highest size mark (including multi-size
and height adjustable) in the range, plus additional stability tests on the smallest size mark in the range.
If tables in a range of size marks are all manufactured with the same design details and geometry, it is
only necessary to carry out the complete test programme on the highest size mark in the range.
In the event of failure in any of the chairs/tables in the above test programme, it is necessary to carry
out the complete test programme on each chair/table size mark individually.
3.2 Testing of height adjustable and multi-size chairs and tables

Where tables or chairs can be set to a number of different configurations the worst case configuration
shall be tested.

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Where tables and chairs can be adjusted to suit multiple size marks the item shall be assessed in
accordance with EN 1729-1 at all size marks, and structural testing shall be carried out at the highest
size mark only.
3.3 Sequence of testing

Testing shall be carried out according to EN 1729-1 prior to testing in EN 1729-2. The tests shall be
carried out in the order that the clauses are numbered in this European Standard.

4 Safety requirements
In order to minimise the risk of personal injury or damage to clothing, the following requirements
apply:
a) edges of the seat, back rest and arm rests, which are in contact with the user when sitting in the
chair shall be rounded with a minimum 2 mm radius or chamfer;

b) edges of the handles shall be rounded with a minimum 2 mm radius in the direction of the force
applied;

c) all other edges and corners with which the user may come into contact with during normal use
shall be smooth, rounded or chamfered and shall have no burrs;

d) distance between accessible moving parts operated by powered mechanisms, e.g. gas lifts, shall
always be either < 8 mm or ≥ 25 mm;

e) with the exception of setting up or folding tables and chairs, there shall be no accessible gaps > 8
mm and < 25 mm created during normal movements and actions;

f) adjustment controls shall not operate inadvertently or accidentally;

g) open ends and feet of tubular components shall be capped or otherwise closed;

h) parts shall not be detachable without the use of an appropriate tool;

i) parts which are lubricated shall be covered in order to avoid staining;

j) the finish of the work surface shall not exceed silky matt (corresponding to 45 gloss units or to a
60o reflectometer value of less than 20) to minimise specular reflections in accordance with
EN 13722 at 60o;

k) chairs shall not overturn when tested as specified in 5.2;

l) chairs shall show no structural failure which can affect safety when tested for strength and
durability as specified in 5.3 and they shall still fulfil their function. For overload tests there shall be
no visible fracture or breakage;

m) tables shall not overturn when tested in accordance with !EN 1730:2012, 7.2";

n) tables shall show no structural failure which can affect safety when tested for strength and
durability as specified in 6.2 and they shall still fulfil its function.

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5 Testing of chairs

5.1 General

When references are made to EN 1022 or EN 1728, the method of determining the seat and back
loading points specified is not always suitable for educational seating. For the purpose of this European
Standard, the seat loading point shall be measured forward of the point S (EN 1729-1) and the back
loading point shall be measured upwards from a point on the seat vertically below point S.
NOTE The static loads specified in Clause 5 reproduce the loads applied by adults, who may occasionally sit
on small chairs. These loads are sufficiently large to make it unnecessary to carry out durability tests on the
smaller chair size marks.

Key
BLP Back Load Point
S point S
SLP Seat Load Point
x point S to seat loading point
y seat to back loading point

Figure 1 — Seat and back loading points

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Table 1 — Seat and back loading points

Chair size mark Point S to seat Seat to back

loading point loading point
(x) (y)
mm mm
0 and 1 120 180
2 130 200
3 145 250
4 160 300
5 175 300
6 185 300
7 185 300

Where the geometry of the seat does not allow the back load to be applied at the point defined in Table
1 the load shall be applied at the nearest point (up or down) on the back structure. The bending
moment (back load, N, x seat to back loading point, m) shall remain constant.
5.2 Stability

5.2.1 General

The stability of chairs shall be tested according to EN 1022:2005 but using the loads and forces
specified in 5.2.2, 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.2.5; and the loading points as defined in Table 1. Both the practical
and the calculative method may be applied.
5.2.2 Forward stability

The forward stability of chairs shall be tested in accordance with EN 1022:2005, 6.2 or 8.2, except that
the seat loads and the horizontal forces for the various chair sizes shall be as given in Table 2.

Table 2 — Forward stability of chairs

Chair size Seat load Horizontal

mark (SL) force (F)
N N
0 and 1 200 20
2 250 20
3 350 20
4 500 20
5 600 20
6 600 20
7 600 20

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Key
F horizontal force

Figure 2 — Forward stability of chairs

5.2.3 Sideways stability

5.2.3.1 Sideways stability of chairs without armrests

The sideways stability of chairs shall be tested in accordance with EN 1022:2005, 6.4 or 8.2, except that
the seat loads and the horizontal forces for the various chair sizes shall be as given in Table 3.

Table 3 — Sideways stability of chairs

Chair size Seat load Horizontal

mark (SL) force (F)
N N
0 and 1 200 20
2 250 20
3 350 20
4 500 20
5 600 20
6 600 20
7 600 20

Key
F horizontal force

Figure 3 — Sideways stability of chairs

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5.2.3.2 Sideways stability of chairs with armrests

The sideways stability of chairs shall be tested in accordance with EN 1022:2005, 6.4 or 8.2, except that
the seat loads, armrest loads and the horizontal forces for the various chair sizes shall be as given in
Table 4.

Key
AL Armrest load
SL Seat load
F horizontal force
Z position of seat load

Figure 4 — Sideways stability of chairs with armrest

Table 4 — Sideways stability of chairs with armrests

Chair size mark Seat load (SL) Armrest load Horizontal force Position of seat
(AL) (F) load (Z)
N N N mm
0 and 1 80 120 20 50
2 100 150 20 70
3 140 210 20 80
4 200 300 20 85
5 250 350 20 90
6 250 350 20 95
7 250 350 20 100

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5.2.4 Rearwards stability

The rearwards stability of chairs shall be tested in accordance with EN 1022:2005, 6.6 or 8.5, except
that the seat loads, horizontal forces and the loading points for the various chair sizes shall be as given
in Table 5.

Table 5 — Rearwards stability of chairs

Chair size Seat load Back force

mark (SL) (F)
N N
0 and 1 200 50
2 250 70
3 350 100
4 500 130
5 600 180
6 600 180
7 600 180

Key
F horizontal force

Figure 5 — Rearwards stability of chairs

5.2.5 Chairs with backrest inclination

Chairs with backrest inclination shall be tested in accordance with the rearwards overbalancing test for
chairs with back rest inclination specified in EN 1335-3:2009, 7.1.7, except that the seat loads shall be
as given in Table 6.

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Table 6 — Rearward overbalancing – Chairs with backrest inclination

Chair size Number of

mark discs
0 and 1 -
2 -
3 -
4 11
5 11
6 13
7 13

5.3 Strength and durability

5.3.1 General

!The" strength and durability of the chairs shall be tested in accordance with EN 1728 using the
loads and cycles specified below.
5.3.2 Seat and back static load (!EN 1728:2012, 6.4")

Table 7 — Seat and back static load of chairs

Chair size Cycles Seat load Back load

mark (SL) (F)
N N
0 and 1 10 1 300 Max. 410
2 10 1 600 Max. 450
3 10 1 600 Max. 560
4 10 2 000 Max. 700
5 10 2 000 Max. 700
6 10 2 000 Max. 700
7 10 2 000 Max. 700

Figure 6 — Seat and back static load of chairs

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5.3.3 Seat and back durability (!EN 1728:2012, 6.17")

Table 8 — Seat and back durability of chairs

Chair size Seat load Back load Cycles

mark (SL) (F)
N N
0 and 1 - - -
2 - - -
3 - - -
4 1 250 300 100 000
5 1 250 300 100 000
6 1 250 300 100 000
7 1 250 300 100 000

Figure 7 — Seat and back durability of chairs

5.3.4 Seat front edge durability (!EN 1728:2012, 6.18")

Table 9 — Seat front edge durability of chairs

Chair size mark Load Cycles

N
0 and 1 - -
2 - -
3 - -
4 800 50 000
5 800 50 000
6 800 50 000
7 800 50 000

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Figure 8 — Seat front edge durability of chairs

5.3.5 Sideways static load (!EN 1728:2012, 6.16")

This test is not applicable to swivel chairs.

Table 10 — Sideways static load of chairs

Chair size Cycles Load, Load,

mark vertical horizontal
N N
0 and 1 - - -
2 - - -
3 10 1 300 Max. 300
4 10 1 300 Max. 400
5 10 1 300 Max. 500
6 10 1 600 Max. 600
7 10 1 600 Max. 600

Figure 9 — Sideways static load of chairs

5.3.6 Forward static load (!EN 1728:2012, 6.15")

This test is not applicable to swivel chairs.

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Table 11 — Forward static load of chairs

Chair size Cycles Load, Load,

mark vertical horizontal
N N
0 and 1 - - -
2 - - -
3 10 1 300 Max. 300
4 10 1 300 Max. 400
5 10 1 300 Max. 500
6 10 1 600 Max. 600
7 10 1 600 Max. 600

Figure 10 — Forward static load of chairs

5.3.7 Seat impact (!EN 1728:2012, 6.24")

Table 12 — Seat impact of chairs

Chair size mark Cycles Drop height (h)

mm
0 and 1 10 180
2 10 180
3 10 240
4 10 240
5 10 300
6 10 300
7 10 300

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Key
h drop height

Figure 11 — Seat impact of chairs

5.3.8 Back impact (!EN 1728:2012, 6.25")

Table 13 — Back impact of chairs

Chair size mark Fall height (h)

mm
0 and 1 330
2 330
3 330
4 330
5 620
6 620
7 620

Key
h drop height

Figure 12 — Back impact of chairs

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5.3.9 Static load of foot rail (!EN 1728:2012, 6.8")

Table 14 — Static load of foot !rest"

Chair size mark Cycles Vertical load

N
0 and 1 10 1 000
2 10 1 000
3 10 1 000
4 10 1 000
5 10 1 300
6 10 1 300
7 10 1 300

Figure 13 — Static load of foot !rest"

5.3.10 Drop test (!EN 1728:2012, 6.27.3")

Table 15 — Drop test of chairs

Chair size mark Cycles Drop height (h)

mm
All sizes 5 600

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Key
h drop height

Figure 14 — Drop test of chairs

5.3.11 Foot !rest" durability (!EN 1728:2012, 6.21")

Table 16 — Load of foot !rest"

Chair size mark Cycles Vertical load

N
0 and 1 50 000 500
2 50 000 500
3 50 000 500
4 50 000 500
5 50 000 1 000
6 50 000 1 000
7 50 000 1 000

5.3.12 Armrest vertical static load (!EN 1728:2012, 6.11 or EN 1335-3:2009, 7.2.3")

Swivel chairs shall be tested in accordance with the revised method in !EN 1335-3:2009, 7.2.3". All
other chairs shall be tested in accordance with !EN 1728:2012, 6.11".

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Table 17 — Vertical static load of armrests

Chair size mark Vertical static Overload

N N
0 and 1 200 -
2 200 -
3 250 -
4 350 900
5 500 900
6 600 900
7 600 900
!NOTE For chairs with size marks from 4 to 7, both vertical
static and overload loads will be applied."

6 Testing of tables

6.1 Stability

6.1.1 General

Unless otherwise specified, the stability of tables shall be tested according to EN 1730 !deleted
text" as specified below.
6.1.2 Stability of tables, vertical load (!EN 1730:2012, 7.2")

All tables shall be tested in accordance with !EN 1730:2012, 7.2", with a distance of 50 mm from
the edge to the loading point and a vertical force of 600 N.

Figure 15 — Stability of tables, vertical load

6.2 Strength and durability of tables

6.2.1 General

Unless otherwise specified, the strength and durability of tables shall be tested in accordance with
EN 1730.

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6.2.2 Horizontal static load (!EN 1730:2012, 6.2")

Table 18 — Horizontal static load of tables

Table size Cycles Horizontal

mark load (F)
N
0 and 1 10 300
2 10 300
3 10 300
4 10 400
5 10 400
6 10 400
7 10 400

Key
F horizontal force

Figure 16 — Horizontal static load of tables

6.2.3 Horizontal durability (!EN 1730:2012, 6.4.2")

Table 19 — Horizontal durability of tables

Table size Cycles Vertical load Horizontal

mark in the loads (F)
middle 50 mm from
the corners
kg N
0 and 1 10 000 50 200
2 10 000 50 200
3 10 000 50 200
4 10 000 50 300
5 10 000 50 300
6 10 000 50 300
7 10 000 50 300

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Key
F horizontal force

Figure 17 — Horizontal durability of tables

6.2.4 Vertical static load (!EN 1730:2012, 6.3")

!This test shall be carried out in accordance with test methods outlined in EN 1730:2012, 6.3 but the
following table shall apply."

Table 20 — Vertical static load of tables

Size mark Cycles Tables ≤ 1 000 mm in Tables > 1 000 mm in

length shall have a length shall have two
vertical load, at one simultaneous vertical
point 100 mm from loads each 100 mm
working edge at the from the working
middle edge, 300 mm each
side of the middle
N N
0 and 1 10 1 000 2 x 1 000
2 10 1 000 2 x 1 000
3 10 1 000 2 x 1 000
4 10 1 000 2 x 1 000
5 10 1 000 2 x 1 000
6 10 1 000 2 x 1 000
7 10 1 000 2 x 1 000

a) Tables ≤ 1 000 b) Tables > 1 000

Figure 18 — Vertical static load of tables

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6.2.5 Vertical durability (!EN 1730:2012, 6.5")

This test is only applicable to tables with cantilever and pedestal bases.

Table 21 — Vertical durability of tables

Table size Cycles Vertical load 50 mm from

mark the working edge
N
0 and 1 10 000 400
2 10 000 400
3 10 000 400
4 10 000 600
5 10 000 600
6 10 000 600
7 10 000 600

Figure 19 — Vertical durability of tables

7 Test report
The test report shall include at least the following information:
a) reference to this European Standard;

b) piece of furniture tested (relevant data);

c) defects before testing;

d) test results;

e) details of any deviations from this European Standard;

f) name and address of the test facility;

g) date of test;

h) any variation from the testing of ranges specified in 3.1;

i) compliance with the requirements.

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!deleted text"

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(E)

Annex A
(informative)

Test method for determination of the displacement

of chairs placed on tabletops

A.1 General
During room cleaning, chairs may be placed on tables. It may be necessary to test their resistance to
falling off tables. This applies only size mark 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 chairs.
Such chairs can be tested in accordance with the test method specified below in !A.3".

A.2 Test equipment

A.2.1 An impact hammer as specified in !EN 1728:2012, 5.10".

A.2.2 A tabletop, with a thickness of (22 ± 2) mm, with a laminated mat or smooth surface (e.g.
"velvet" finish) and with edges rounded to a radius of ( 2 +− 10 ) mm.

A.3 Test method

Hang the chair on the test tabletop with the chair placed against the front edge of the test tabletop.
Apply by means of the pendulum (see !A.2.1") an impact of 2 Nm (31 mm drop height), at a height
of 400 mm above the tabletop perpendicular to the back rest of the chair, to the inside surface of the
back rest (direction towards the back of the seat).
The pendulum shall hit the chair once only.
With the chair re-placed on the tabletop, repeat the test three times.
Record if the chair slides off the test tabletop during any of the force applications when tested as
specified in !A.3".

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