‘Tap chi Epsilon, $6 17, 04/2020 MOT SO BAI TOAN DUNG TINH KHONG BI CHAN CUA DA THUC Dao Xuan Luyén (Tring THPT chuyén Lé Quy Dén Binh Dinh) TOM TAT (Cac bai todin vé da thie néi chung va n6i rigng cac bai todn vé da thiic sif dung tinh khong bj chin oda da thi €6 vi tri rét quan trong trong nhigu phn méa cia todn hoe nh giai Lich, sb hoe, bigu din xip xi. Cée bi ton lin quan dén da tha cing thuing xuat hign twong cée dé thi hoe sinh gidi ede efp, thi olympic va tong cube thi IMO. Cac ti igu vide v8 da thie cing twong d6i niu, 6 diy tc gi chi dé cap vé vige sit dung tinh khong bij chin cia da thie (khée hing) trong mt s6 dang toin, 1. Mét sé ménh dé co ban Cée da thie néi vé tinh Kh6ng bi chin 3 trong bai viét néu khong n6i gi thi ta hiéu 1a da thide 66 bac duong. Ngoai phan ly thuyét co ban vé da thifc nh dinh nghia, cdc khéi niém nhu bac, nghiém, dinh ly Viet, dinh ly Berzout, dinh ly co ban cia dai s6, tinh lién tuc, tinh kha vi .., 6 dy b6 sung thém mot s6 két qua sau. Ménh 8 1, Cho sd nguyén duang n va da thite hé sé thuc S(@) = ayx" + anit" +... +ayr+a9, a, £0. 1. Khinlé 4) Néway > 0 thi Tima f(2) = —20, lim f(x) = +00 b) Néway <0 thi lim_f(2) = +90, lim f(z) = —06 2. Khin chén 4) Néway > O thi lima f(2) = lim f(z) = +00 @) Néuay O thi tin tala > Od8 f(a) > Ovatén tai B < Od8 f(8) <0 b) Néua,, < Othi tin tai a > Od8 f(a) <0 vatan tai B < 048 /(8) > 0 2. Khin chin a) Néu ay, > O thi tn tai a > 0 dé f(a) > Ova tin tai $< 0 dé f(8) > 0. a) Néu ay < O thi tin tai a > 0 dé f(a) < Ova tén tai 9 < 0 dé f(8) <0. Ménh dé 2. Cho ede sd nguyén duang m,n va ede da thite hé sé thye Je) = a2" +aya2" 4... 4020, a £0 a(2) = byt + by 12” 2. t he tbe, bm £ 1. Khin>m a) tim £2 ~ $00 néway «by > 0. rotee g(z) 2) by Aim £2 = co néway by <0. eae) ; f(z) f(z) 2. Khin=mthi lim —~= lim —~ aimeg(a) = g(z) 3. Khin < mihi tim 22) = tim Lb pte gta) — «eg(a) =0. Manh dé 3. Néw ham sé da thie hé sd thuc y — f(r) 1a ham s6 tudn hoan thi f(x) la hang sé. Ching mink ménh dé. R6 rang néu f(c) = C' voi C ta hing s6 thi f(x) 1& him s6 tuan hod. Gia sit f(x) c6 bac dutdng va tuan ho’n, Goi T’ > 0 1A mOt chu ky ota f(x). Xét tén doan [0;), do da thie f(x) lién tue nén né nhan gia tri nhd nbdt m va gid tri ln nt Mf trén doan (0; 7 Mat khée, f(z) c6 bac dufong va tun hoan chu kj T’nén n6 nhan gid tri tén doan [m; M] véi moi x € R. Digu nay mau thudn véi ménh dé 6 trén. Ménh 8 duige chting minh xong. a 38,Tap chi Epsilon, $6 17, 04/2020 2. Sir dung tinh khéng bi chin cia da thifc trong cdc bai todn lién quan dén sé hoc va da thifc nhan gid tri nguyén ‘Cac bai toan da thtéc lién quan dén sé hoc thudng rat khé. Chting ta xét sau day mot s6 bai toain lign quan dén vin dé nay. Bai todn 1. Cho ede sé nguyén khéng dm m,n théa m +n > 0 va hai da thie f(z)=2" Fay"! 4.0 bay, (2) = 2 + et Oy sao cho voi moi s8 thc x, ta 6 f(x) 1a bink phuong ciia mot sé nguyén Khi va chi Khi g(x) 1a binh phuang ctia mot sé nguyén. Chiing minh rang tén tai da thie (cc) hé sé thute sao cho F(x) - g(x) = (x) Lai gidi, Néu n > 0,m = 0 thi g(x) vi f(x) lién tue tén R, va f(x) 1a sé chinh phucng Vx © R, didu nay v6 ly Néu m > 0,n > 0, khi dé tén tai khoang [N’, +00) dé cae f, g ting thuc su. Goi a?, b? 1a cae sé chinh phwong dau tién Ién hon hay bang /(V), 9(V). Vi f lign tue nén tn tai day Nem 0, ta s& chiing minh 9(2,2) (b+ n+ 1). Gia sit trai lai g(x,41) = (6+ m)?, m Z n= 1, tan tai a! sao cho 9(2') (b+ n+ LP. Tacd (a +n)’, Wn > 0. Ta sé chting minh g(x,) = (b+n)’, Yn > 0 bang bing Gam) < g(a!) < G(tnst) Hoy <2! < dpe, suyra Fu) < (2) < Fltmga) > (an)? < fle!) < (at+n4 1), diéu nay vé ly vi f(x’) 1a s6 chinh phutong. Vay g(rq41) = (b ++ 1), phép quy nap hoan tit. Tu d6, tacé VF Gn) — Valen) = a— b= Flan) + 92n) — 2 VFEn)- VTE) = (a — 4)", suyra fn) a) = [Heated ot Nhu vay, néu dat Bx [@ ) + a(n) = 2 thi f(x) + 9f ?(x), Ta duge diéu phai ching minh. o 89.Tap chi Epsilon, $6 17, 04/2020 Nhin xét 1. Dé gidi quyét bai todn ching ta can nhiéu kién thie lién quan nh tinh lién tue tinh khng bi chin ctia da thiic, ly thuyét vé day s6.... dé xdy dung day gid tri ham. Day la bai todn rét khé va hay. Bai tosn 2, (USAMO) Chiing minh ring moi da thite monic (da thite e6 hé sé cao nhét bing 1) be m hé 56 thuc déu la trung binh cing ciia hai da thiéc monic béc n c6 n nghigm thc Lai gidi. Goi f(x) 1a da thée monic bac n hé s6 thu Néun = 1thi f(z) = 24, Wia € R. Dit P(e) = 2, Q(z) = 2 + 2a thi Plz), Q(z) c6 1 di Pi) note nghigm thye va f(2) — P+ Qt) Néun > 1, xét (x-2%n-1)) 2f(x) — 2" + kg(x) thi P(x), Q(x) 1a cae + Q(z) £6 ben — 1, Dit P(z) = 2" a thiic monie bic m hé s6 thye va f(z) = P(2),Q(2) 6 n nghiém thue. Ta sé chiing minh v6i k i 16n thi XEét cdc gid tri ciia g(r) tai n diém 1, 3,...,2n — 1, nbiing gid tri nay dan dau va c6 gid tri nhd hat bing 1 (vi nhiéu nhat hai trong céc thita s6 o6 gid tri tuyét dbi bang 1 va céc thita sé cbn lai 6 gia tri tuyét di 1én hon 2). Mit khc, tn tai hing sb c > 0 sao cho véi 0 < x < 2n, tad cthi P(x), Q(z) e6 gié tri dan dw tai n digm x — 1,3,5,...,2n—1,nén P(z), Q(z) du cé it nhft n — 1 nghiém thc. Ma chiing 1A céc da thitc bic n nén méi da thitc déu c6 di n nghiém thy. Bai todn duigc giai quyét. a Nhn xét 2. Bay la bai todn biéie didn mot da thitc monic bae n bét kj qua hai da thie cing bac 6 din nghiém thuc. Viée xay dung hai da thie P(r), Q(=) rét hay va ky thudt nay €6 thé” nghi dén khi gp cde bai todn vé biéiu dién da thite Bai ton 3. Cho f(x) la da thiic bie Khing bé hon 2 voi he sé hitu ty va day day 56 hitu 1 04,03,... théa man f(ay-1) = ay, vdi moi 55 nguyén duong n. Ching minh rang tén tai sé nguyén duong N dé'vai moi sé nguyen duong m thi Nas, 1a 6 nguyén. Lai gidi. Trude tién, ta ching minh day (a,,) bi chan, Sl Do deg f > Inén lim St — +00, do a6 > Jan]: [f(@)) > [a] ,V|2| > Ta sé chting minh |a,| < M,\n > 1. That vay, gid sit 3a,, : Ja,| > M, khi dé. aya) = [fl@)| > aml > My [ayaa = [fl@u-1)| > Jamal > M, sla] > Mf, 90Tap chi Epsilon, $6 17, 04/2020 trai véi cch chon M. Nhut vay (a,,) bi chan. Do f(x) 6 hé sé hitu ti nén ta 06 thé viét f(x) dutdi dang _ baat + trong d6 by by, 18 36 nguyén, Gia sit ay = 5 véi p, q nguyén, Ta dit N = gby, khi dé Nay = py, nguyén. Gid nguyén, Xét da thite Nay, nguyén, ta sé chiing minh Nag. re) = 8". (1(5)-m), thi P(x) Ia da thde monic hé s6 nguyén. Ma f(an41) = @y nén P(Nan+1) = 0. Nhu vay Nena Ja nghiém hu ti ciia P(r), va do dé né cting la nghiém nguyén, Bai toan due giai quyét. Bait n 4. Cho da thite P(x) = 227 — 182° 4 11229 4 Ge 4 Vii ag ld 86 nguyén bat k) khde 0 cho trude, xde dinh day (a,.) nhut sau ay.) = P(a,). Chiing minh rang vdi moi edp sé nguyén duong m,n phan biét thi ay, dy nguyén 16 cing nhaw, Léi gidi. Dé thy (a,.) 1a day s6 nguyén khéc 0 vi P(x) khong c6 nghiém nguyén Do P(0) = P(1) = Lnén P(x) = 2(2 ~ 1)Q(x) + 1. Ta sé ching minh bing quy nap (mod ap)ay ... ay 0 Véin = 1, tacé © Gia sit dting véi n, tic la a, = 1 (mod ap)ay ...ay-1, hay a, = kagay .. dp Khi ds HI keZ, nt = Plan) = nln — 1) Q(dm) +1 = doa «itn QC) + say ra a, = 1 (mod agay ...ay.-14,) Khong mit tinh tng quit, gid sit m 1 ‘That vay, gi sit|z| <1. Tacs P(z) = 2" + ay9z + ayyz™? + ayoz™? + ayz + 2017 = 7 2017 = [2 + aay2® + az! + ayo2!? +... + az < [2] + Jaros] + Jae” | +... Jae 1+ [ao] + la] Jay| < 1+ 12- 100 = 1201, VOI, do d6 |2| > 1 Gia si P(x) = g(x) A(z), trong dé g(x), h(e) Ia ede da thiéc hé s6 nguyén cé bac dung thi |P(O)| = [9(0)| - [A(0)| = 2017. ‘MA 2017 1a s6 nguyén t6 nén |g(0)| = 1 hode |h(0)| = 1 Khong mit tinh tng quit, gid sit |g(0)| = 1, voi 1 < deg g = m < 2017 vag s6 cao nhit cea g(x), h(x) déu bling 1. Goi 21, 2, .., 2 Ha ede nghiém phe ota g(-) thi ching cing nghiém phifc cia P(r), do 6 |z,) > 1, Vk = 1,2,...,m. Nhung theo dinh ly Viet, ta lai c6 = |9(0)| = 1, v6 ly, Vay P() thanh tich ofa hai da thi hé s6 nguyén c6 bac duong. oO Bai todn 6. KY higu pg Ia phutang trinh laze nguyén 16 thc k, Ching minh ring véi moi sé nguyén duang n thi 201824 + 108n* = 15nz* + 4n(pasr + Pa2)2? + 18n?(Da42 + Pasg — 3n)x + 1925n* 6 nghiém khong bé hon n. Lai gidi. Trade tién, bing quy nap, ta sé ching minh p41 + Pny2 > Gn. ‘Voi n = 1, 2, kiém tra thay diing, Gia sit ding véi n = &, tite WA pass + Pea > 6K. Ta cheing minh dting vdin = k ~ 1, hay pes2 + Pes > Ok ‘Theo gia thiét quy nap, ta cd ching minh py 2-+Pky3 > Pky +Pai2+6, bay peyg— Parr > 6. That vay, gid st pe s—Puy1 <6. Vi Pyar Pera HAs6 Ke mém Pk og ~ Pays tA hay Pasa Phoas Poor Ta ba 56 Ié lign tiép. Do 46, mét trong ba s6 phai cé mét s6 chia hét cho 3, v6 ly vi Pej > 3. Ta dat J (a) = 20184 — 15 — An(pa st + Paez)? — 18n*(Paaz + Pnos — 3m) — 1925n4 + 108n'. +00. Do dé, tin tai a > n Vi f(z) 1a da tinée bac bn c6 hé s6 cao nhat duvong nén_lim_f(2 6 f(a) > 0. Matkhée, ta c6 os I(r) = 78n* — 4n8(przr + Pasa) — 180*(Prsa + Pass — 3) + 108n* < 0, 0 Pasa + Pod = Gn VAPp 42+ Pes 2 On + 6. Nhu vay f(n) f(a) < 0, do dé tn tai xp > n 46 j (0) = 0, hay phuiong trinh da cho c6 nghiém khéng bé hon n. a 92Tap chi Epsilon, $6 17, 04/2020 3. Sif dung tinh khéng bi chan trong mét sé dang todn vé x4c dinh da thifc Ménh dé 3, ching ta da xét lap cae ham da the 18 twin hon, trong bai todn 1 sau chting ta xét xem hgp cia mét ham twin hoan vi mét him da thécla him twin hodn thi céc him da thitc 46 1h nhiing ham nhu thé nao. Bai todn 7. Tim tdt ed ede da thite f(x) hé sé thye sao cho ham sé y = sin f (x) la mot ham 6 tudn hoa Lai gidi. Truéc tién, ta ching minh néu him f twin hoin, xéc din trén R va 66 dao him trén Rthi ham f' cting twin hoan. That vay, gia sit 7 > 0 1a mot chu ky cia him f, khi ds SFT) =f(), Wee R, +S fet T)= fo), WER, hay f" cing 1a ham tuan hoan. o Néu f(x) = chode f(x) = ar +b, voi a,b,c € R,a #0 thi dé thy y = sin f(x) twin hodn, o Néu deg f > 2, khi dé y’ = f"(x) cos f(x) tuan hoan nén né bi chin, Mat khic, do f(x) lién tuc va khéng bi chin nén tn tai day x,, sao cho |f(x,)| = [nz], Wn > 1, Khid6 lim [zn] = 90 va lim |f"(z2) c0s f(2)| = 100, Diéu nay trai vdi tinh bi chan y’. Do notte dé néu deg f > 2 thi y = sin f(x) khéng tun hoan, Vay f(x) = chode f(x) = ax + 6, via,b,c € R,a # 01a tit ca da thie cin tim. o Bai todn 8. (Greece 2014) Tim tat cd cae da thite he s6 thue P(x) thod man (2? — Gr +8)P(z) = (2? +22)P(2—2), WeeR 9) Tacé (+) tuong duang vai (2-2H(x—-4)P(x) = 2(e+2)P(e-2), WeeR a Lin lugt thay + = 0,~2,4 vao (1), ta thu duge P(0) = P(-2) = P(2) = 0, do 6 ait P(x) = x(a ~ 2)(r + 2)Q(2). Thay vao (1), ta duse (2 2)Q(z) = 2Q(e-2), We € R\ {0;+2;4}. Ma Q(x) Ia da thie nén (2) Thay x = 0 vao (2), ta c6 Q(0) = 0, do dé Qf duge -R(z). Tuong ty nhu trén, thay vio (2), ta R(t) = R(x—2), Wee R, hay R(x) tuan hodn, Do d6 theo ménh dé 3 thi R(x Nhu vay P(z) = (24 ~ 42°), Ye € R. Thi Iai théa man. o 93Tap chi Epsilon, $6 17, 04/2020 Bai todn 9. (Vigt Nam 2003) Tim tat ed cde da thiic hé sé thuc P(x) théa (28 +327 +30+2)P(x—1) = (2° - 327 +32 —2)P(a), Vere, (*) Lai gidi. Ta c6 (+) twong duong voi (e+ 2)? +24 1)P(e-1) = (2-2)(2? 2+ 1)P(a), VeeR. a) Lin lugt thay 46 dit P(x) ; 2; —1; 1 vio (1), ta thu duge P(—2) = P(-1) = P(0) = P(1) = 0, do (2 = 1)2(x + 1)(x + 2)Q(z). Thay vio (1), ta duge (PF +24 1Q(e-1) = (22-24 1)Q(x), Wee R\ (0,41; 42} Ma Q(z) 18 da thie nén (8 +0£41)Q(2-1) = (#-2+1)Q2), VeeR. (2) Do(x?+a+1,2?-241)=1nén Qlz)=(+24+Rx), VeeR + Q(z-1) ?— 2+ 1)R(e-1) Te d6, (2) t6 than Re-1)= R(x), WeeR, hay R(z) tuan hodn, Do d6 theo ménh dé 3 thi R(2) Nhu vay P(x) = e(x — L)a(e+1)(x + 2)(2? +2 +1), Ve € R. Tht lai thod man, a 4. Sit dung tinh khéng bi chan cia da thifc trong mét sé dang todn khdc Bai todn 10. Cho sé nguyén didong n > 2 vid da thitc hé sé thuc P(x) béc n va c6 n nghiém thc déi mot phan biét. (a) Ching minh ring da thie Q(x) — P(x) + P'(«) eting c6 n nghiém thuc déi mot phan biet. (b) Goi ay < a2 <... < ay Ia ede nghigm ctia P(x) va by < by < ... < by la ede nghiém tia Q(z). Ching minh rng , mxin — bi} Lai gidi. (a) Khong mit tinh téng quat, gia str hé s6 cao nhat ca P(r) bing 1. Viay,a2,..., ay, 1h cde nghiém cia P(r) nén P(x) = (2 = a)( ~ a2) an) Do dé Qlai) = P(as) = (a: ~ a). (a; ~ a:-1)(a ~ asa) --- (as ~ a). 94Tap chi Epsilon, $6 17, 04/2020 MA a; < az <... < ay nén tit day suy ra day Q(a1), Q(a2),..-, Q(an) 1a day dan déu. Vi vay gitta ay, a:,1,4 = Ty —T 6 it nhat mot nghiém cia Q(z). Hon niia, ta c6 thi Q(a:) <0, _lim_Q(x) = +00, do dé Q(x) c6 it nhAt 1 nghiém thudc khong o Néun lé thi thi Q(a,) > 0, lim Q(z) = —o0, do dé Q(z) o6 it nhét 1 nghiém thude khong (-00;a1) Nhu vay, Q(z) 06 n nghiém thu phan biét. (b) Phin ching. Gia sit tn tai j sao eho bj, ~ bj < mia {ais ~ a5} Xét ham sé, _ Pe) f(z) Tacé nén f nghich bién trén méi khong xéc dinh, Ma b,, 6,1 1a nghiém eva Q(x) nén P'bs) _ Pibyaa) PO) Pla) do d6 tn tai k € {1;2;...3n} sao cho By < ay < bj, Tacé Gig, — 4; > Byg1 — by by — A; > Big Aa, WH=1,2,...,n-1 Nhan thiy v6i moi 1 < i < k—1, cdthai vé bit ding thic trén cing duong; voi moi k 3. Ching minh ring ota a—1\" ax lat — PU) > (54 Pole (4) 95Tap chi Epsilon, $6 17, 04/2020 Lai gidi. Ta ching minh bing phuong phép quy nap. Véi n = Othi P(x) = o, Khi dé doa > 3 nén ‘= P| = max{|1 — cl, Khing dinh bai toan ding véin — 0. Gia sit khing dinh bai todn diing cho céc da thitc hé s6 thyc bac n — 1. Xét da thite hé s6 thc P(2) bac n, Khi d6 Plot) = Plz) a-1 Ta da tite hé sé thufe bac n — 1, Do dé theo gid thiét quy nap thi P(k+ D- PODS eZ). Kat — P+ 1) = (ak = PYLE S0 (922 oma la! — POLE ( 2 ) Phép quy nap hoan tat, bai toan duge giai quyét. a Bai ton 12. Cho tam thite bie 2 hg s6 thue f(x) = ax? + be + c sao cho f(x) khang dm véi ‘moi sé thuc x Khong dm. Chiing minh ring tan tai da thie P(2) sao cho da thie f(x)P(r) ¢6 tdt ed ede hé sd déu khong am. Lai gidi. Do f(x) > 0, ¥x > Onénc = f(0) > Ovaa > 0, suyra Ay = 6? —dac <0. Néu 6 > 0 thi chon P(x) = 1, ta thu duge digu phai ching minh Néu b < 0 thi ta sé tim sé nguyén n> 2d P(x) = (x | 1)” tha yéu cd bai toan, Ta 06 F(z)P(@) = (ax? + bx +0) Skat = as"? + (b+ na)a”? + 5 (aCk? +608! = eC)! + (b+ ne)a iat 96Tap chi Epsilon, $6 17, 04/2020 Ta cn chon n sao cho b + na > 0, b+ne > Ova aCk-? + BCA? + oC, Wh > 2. (*) Taxét lk) = aCk? + bCK* + 08 = (ab +k — [a(n +2)b+ (2n +3)qk + (n+ 1)(n + Qe. Via,c > 0, 6 < Onén h(f) 1a mot tam thite bac 2.06 hé s6 cao nhAt a — b+ ¢ > 0. Do dé aé |(k) > 0 véi moi h;ta cin chon n sao cho Ay < 0. ng Aj, < 0 1a mét tam thtic bac 2 theo n, c6 hé s6 cao nhat 1a (b— 2c)? — 4e(a — b +c) = 8 — dac < 0. & Do d6_ Tim Ay = —o0. Nhu vay, voi di Hin thi > max { }va An <0, tha cfc didu kign cia (+). Khi dé P(x) théa yéu clu bai toan. a Bai todn 13. Cho sé nguyén duong n > 3 va da thie P(a) = ag2” + ayaa") +... +a,2+09 thda mén P(x) duong vdi moi sé thuc x duong. Ching minh réng khi dé tan tai s6 tu nhién s 8 da thite Q(x) = P(x)(2 + 1) €6 ede hé sé déu khdng dm. Lai gidi. Ta xét hai trtdng hop. © Trudng hop 1: Khi n = 2m thi P(x) = T] (axa? + bux + en), trong d6 a,x? + bux + cy > 0, Vr > 0. Theo bai toan 12, voi méi tam thiée ayx? + dx +e du 1t8n tai s6 ty mhién s_ sao cho da the Qnl2) = (aut? + ue +) Ce +1) ic hé s6 déu khong am. Tu 46 Qa) = T] etx) = TY (ane? + ber + ex)(e + 1)" = Plan syne, ceding £6 céc hé s6 déu khong aim. © Truding hop 2: Khi n ~ 2m +1 thi P(x) c6 it nhat mot nghiém khong dudng 1a —a. Do 46 P(2) = (z+ a)R(z), voi R(x) > 0, Vr > 0. Do deg R — 2m nén theo truting hgp 1 tén tai s6 tu nbién s sao cho R(z)(x +1)" e6 cdc he sé éu khong 4m, Do 46 Q(2) = Pla)fe + 1)" = (e+ a) Rx) +1)", cling c6 cae hg s6 déu khong am, ‘Nhu vay, trong moi truding hop ta déu tim duge s théa yéu cdu bai todn, o 7Tap chi Epsilon, $6 17, 04/2020 Bai todn 14. Cho da thiée hé sé nguyén f(x) = x*+ax' +bx? +on+d. Bidt ring hé 55 nguyén «a hang chia hét cho 4. Xée dink lim, { FOO} Lai gidi. Dit a = Ak ~ r, voir € {1;2;3}. Ta cd f(n) = nt + an’ + bn? + on +d = (n+ b)* + (a — ak )nS + (6 — 6K)? + (c — 4b )n + (d— YY = (n+ ky) + rnd + (b= 6h)? + (e — 4k8)n + (dk) ‘Voi n dit 16m thi rn? + (6 6h)n? + (¢ 4k )n dR > 0, nén f(n) > (m+ kY4, dod |f(n)| = Fn) Tudng ty nhu trén, ta 06 f(n) = nt + an? + bn? + ent d= (n+k+1)' + [a-4(k+ Int + = (mk +1) + (r—4)ni ‘Véi n dit Ion thi nén f(n) < (n+ k+1)* Do 6 vi n dit lon thi (nak < fn) < (nth + 0), {FON} = {FCT} = YT - (n+ W). THs linn, {FD} = tina FH — (+ 4)] Fe) (a= 4k)n® = lim ——_—_ = i SO TTA + +8) [VT + ( STF HOLD suy ra RA) =n+kvi Tai liéu [1] Ha Huy Khoa, $6 hoc, NXB Gio duc. [2] Nguyén Vin Mau, Da thiic dai sé va phan thitc hitu ti, NXB Giéo duc. [3] Trin Nam Diing (chi bién), Cae phuang php gidi todn qua ede ky thi Olympic - 2014. [4] Tap chi Toan hoe va tudi tre, [5] Tap chi Pi [6] Tai ligu tén Internet, 98