Bai todn da thitc qua cdc nam Chuong Da thifc trong dai sé Pilz) Cho day da thie (P,(x)) duge xée dinh bai Po(z) Prya(z) + Pya(z) = 2P, (x) voi moi s6 nguyén n > 1. Ching minh ring tn tai ba s6 the a,b, sao cho (2? = A)[Py(z)? = 4] = [aPyya(z) + bPa(z) + Pa a(z))* vi moi 86 nguyén n> 1 Q1 IMO Shortlist 1971 GEBD cto aa thie P(@) = 24 +02 +62? +02 +1. Gid sit P(x) 06 ft nhit mot nghiém ‘thuc. Tim gid tri nhé nat ctia a? + 0. P3 IMO 1973 GED) tin tit ca cde da thite P(e, y) € R[x, y] tha man @ Plte,ty) = P(e,y),V2,y,2 €R va voi n JA mot s6 nguyén duong cho true ® Plat) + P(b+c,a) + Plc+ a,b) = 0,Va,b,ceR. ® P(,0) =1 Q10 IMO Shortlist 1975. FEENE) Cho da thite P(x) hé s6 thue sao cho P(x) > 0 véi moi x > 0. Chimg minh tn tai hai da thie Q(x) vi R(t) 06 h@ s6 khong am, bac duong sao cho Qlz) P(e) = 2) (z) Ria) Q8 IMO Shortlist 1976Do math then love math GEES tin tat ca da thite hé 56 thue P(x) théa man P(x) P (2°) = P (20° +2) ,VreR, IMO Shortlist 1979 GEES 00 hai da tte né 86 phite, bac dung P(z) va Q(z). Dat K}, Qe = {2 €C: Q(z) =k}. Gia stt Py = Qo va P, = Qi. Chitng minh P(z) = Q(z) Pea {ze P(e) Q6 IMO Shortlist 1981 Cho da thie hé s6 nguyén P(x) = ak, +... +.0;0+ao, Ta kf hitu s6 cde he sé 18 ota da thie nay 1k O(P). Voi moi i = 0,1,2,..., ta dit Q,(x) = (1+ 2)*. Chimg minh ring néu fi, 42,...yéy la ede s6 nguyén thoa man diéu kign O< ty < te <1. < ty thi OQ, + Qin +--+ Qin) = O(Qn) P3 IMO 1985 Cho da thite P(x) bac ba véi hé s6 hitu ti, Cho day (q,) duge xée dink béi dn = Plgnir),Wn € Z*. Ching minh tén tai mat s6 k dé gaye = gn, Wn € Zh. IMO Shortlist 1990 GHEE) cre ata tntte f(e) 06 he 86 hitu ti va cho sé a dé = fla)’ ~ fa) = 33" 3192 Yn eZ Chimg minh f*(a)*~ f(a) = Q9 IMO 1992 Cho cae da thite f(x), 9(z), a(x, y) hé sé thyc théa man F(z) — f(y) = a(z,y) [9(@) — oy], V2,y ER Ching minh ring tén tai mot da thite A(r) € Rf] sao cho f(r) = h(g(«)),¥x € R. Q12 IMO Shortlist 1992Do math then love math Cho @),2,... ay 18 cée 86 thute khong am, trong d6 e6 it nhat mét s6 lém hon 0. Chitmg minh ring @ Da tite p(z) = 2" — aa"! +... ~ aya ~ aq 66 duy nhét mot nghiém duong R. @ Dit A= Ya, va B= Dia, Chimg minh A4 < R? a i Q4 IMO Shortlist 1996 Cho m mst s6 nguyén dung, ein @ Chxing minh ring tén tai k € Z* dé tén tai hai da thie f(x), g(x) € Z[2] sao cho k= f(z) - (e+ 1)" + 9(x)- (2 +1) ® Goi ky la s6 nhé mht théa man tinh chat (@). Tim ko theo n. Q6 IMO Shortlist 1996 GHEE) oto ata thie P(e) € Zl]. Tim tat cd s5 nguyén duong & théa man: 0< Plc) 0,Vx € R*. Ching minh ring ton da thie (1+ 2)"P(x) déu khong am. Q11 IMO Shortlist 1997 tai mot s6 nguyén duong n dé ede hé 86 € FEENEG) Cho da thtte P(x) = ax +b2? + er +d, hé 86 nguyén thoi man xP(r) = yP(y) ‘yéi vo han cp sé nguyén x,y phan biét. Chimg minh ring phuong trinh P(x) nghiém nguyen, A3 IMO Shortlist 2002 PEEG) Tim cac da thie P(x) 06 hé s6 thye sao cho voi moi a,b,c € R théa min ab+bc+ca=0 thi Imo 2004Do math then love math ‘Tim tat ca cdc da thite p(x) € Z[z] monic c bac hai sao cho tn tai da thitc g(x) € Zz] dé da thite p(x)q(x) c6 cdc hé sé déu 1a 1 hode —1. A1 IMO Shortlist 2005 Cho f(x), 9(z) 1a hai da thite hé sé nguyén khéc 0 va deg(f) > deg(g). Gid sit tén tai v6 han s6 nguyén t6 p sao cho da thite pf(x) + 9(z) 06 nghiém hitu ti. Ching minh rang f cing cé nghiém hitu ti. A4 IMO Shortlist 2012 tho sé nguyén m # 0. Tim tat ca ee da thife P(r) € R[x] tha man (23 — ma? + 1)P(x +1) + (28 + ma? + 1)P(x = 1) = 2(23 — me + 1)P(2), Wr ER. AG IMO Shortlist 2013 Ac da thie P(x) € R[x) tha man tinh chat sau [y? — P(2)| < 2|z| hi va chi khi ~ Ply)| <2ly|,Vz,y eR, ‘Tim eée gid tri e6 thé uban cia P(0) A5 IMO Shortlist 2014 Cho cae sé nguyén dung a1, 42,...a,,k, va M sao cho 1a 1 pte tak va aap ay = M, Néu M > 1, chimg minh da thite P(x) = Mle + 1) — (+ ay)(@ + a) +++ (2 + ay) Khéng ¢6 nghiém dong, AL IMO Shortlist 2017 HEM thirc trong sé hi PEENE) Mot da thite P(x) = a2" + ay a2" +... + aye + ao voi hé 6 nguyen goi la chia hét cho m néu P(x) chia hét cho m vai moi x € Z. Gid sit P(z) chia hét ch @® Ching minh ring nla, chia hét eho m. ® Gia sit t’n tai s6 ay,n,m nguyén driong sao cho nla, chia hét cho m. Chimg minh. rang tn tai da thite P(2) = aya" +a,12""! +... hae -+a9 chia hét cho m. Q16 IMO Shortlist 1968Do math then love math LATIPSY Cho a,b,c € Z vi sb nguyén té p. Chimg minh néu f(x) = ax? + br + ¢ 1 sb chinh phitong voi 2p — 1 s6 nguyén lién tiép thi p IA wie eta 6 — dac. IMO Shortlist 1991 GHEE) otto ata thre f(x) = 2% 4 dx? | 204 4 282? 4 1. Gi sit tom tai s6 nguyen 06 p> 3.va.s6 nguyén 2 dé p | f(z). Chimg minh ring tén tai cde 86 21, 22,...,25 sao cho moi hé sé cia da thite f(z) — g(x) déu chia hét cho p véi of) = (e- a)(e—2)...(e- 28) Q19 IMO Shortlist 1992 Cho sé nguyén t6 p va da thite P(x) bac d, hé sé nguyén thoa man @ P(0)=0,P(I)=1 ® P(n) ding dit v6i 0 hode 1 modulo p vai moi n € Z. Ching mink ring d > p— 1 Q12 IMO Shortlist 1997 Cho da thite P (x) € Z [x] ,deg(P) > 2. Ching minh ring tin tai m € Z* dé P (nl) 1a hop 86. N7 IMO Shortlist 2005 FEENEY Cho da thite P(x) € Z[z] 6 bac n > 1 vA k 1A mot s6 nguyén dutong bat Ki u Q(x) = P(P(..P(2)...)) Ching minh ring phuong trinh Q(x) = x ebi 66 POOL ¥ nm nghigm. NN4 IMO Shortlist 2006 ‘Mot sé nguyén duong N duoc goi JA mlem néu N — 1 hodc N 6 thé phan tich duge than tich cia chin s6 nguyén t6 (khOng abit thiét phéin biét). Cho da thite P(z) = (x + a)(x +8) véi a,6 la hai s6 nguyén duong, @ Chimg minh ring tai hai sé nguyén duong a,b phan biét dé cdc sd P(1), P(2),..., P50) su mlem, @® Ching minh néu P(n) mlem voi moi n € Z* thi a = N2 IMO Shortlist 2009 Cho da thite P(x) € Z[x] khée hing. Chimg minh ring khong tén tai him s6 T : ZZ sao cho 86 s6 nguyén x dé T"(r) = x bing P(n) voi moi n € Z N5 IMO Shortlist 2009Do math then love math GEESE) tim sé nguyen ditong n nhs nhat sao cho tn tai cée da thite fa, fay h@ s6 hiu ti thoa man in 08 f(t)? + fala)? +... + Sr NN3 IMO Shortlist 2010 CHEESY Cho aa thite Peo cp (a,0) la n-tét néu théa mi ar’ + br € Zlx}, Voi mdi sé nguyén duong n, ta ndi mot ménh dé; n| (Po - Pw) => | (m—b),VAymeZ. ‘Ta néi cXp (a,b) 18 rat t6t néu (a5) 1A ep n-tét véi v6 han s6 nguyén duiong n. @ Tim tt cd cdc ep (a, 6) 18 51-t6t nhumg khong phai la cp rat tt ® Ching minh ese ep 2020-t6t déu rit t6t. NN4 IMO Shortlist 2010 Cho da thite P(x) = («+d;)(e-+dp) ... (e-+da) v6i dy, da, ... do 18.9 86 nguyen han bigt. Ching minh ring tn tai mot s6 nguyén N dé voi moi a > N thi P(2) chia hét cho mot s6 nguyén té lin hon 20, NN2 IMO Shortlist 2011 Cho hai da thite P(z) va Q(z) c6 hé sé nguyén sao cho khéng tan tai da thite 6 hé s6 hifu ti 1A wie chung cia P(z) va Q(z). Gid st P(n) va Q(n) A hai sé nguyén dwong véi moi n € Z* déng thai Go) (e~ Chimg minh Q(z) 1a da thite hing. N6 IMO Shortlist 2011 GHEE Wei 56 nguyen duong n bit ki, ki higu rad(n) = 1 néu n = 0 hoe n = 1, rad(n) = pipa-.. pa voi PL < pa <... < ps la cdc ude nguydn 16 ota n, ‘Tim tt e4 cde da thie f(z) 66 ede hé s6 nguyén, khéng am sao cho raa(s(n)) | vaa(f (0) ) N5 IMO Shortlist 2012Do math then love math GEESE Ki hiew (4) 18 téng cae chit 58 ota s6 nguyén duong k theo hé thap phan. Tim tit cd cde da thite P(x) € Z(z| sao cho vdi moi n 2016 thi P(n) > 0 va S(P(n)) = P(S(n)) N1 IMO Shortlist 2016 GHEE) 0%: P(x) = 2? + x +1. Voi hai 55 nguyén duiong a,b bat ld, ta goi tap hop {P(a +1); Pla +2);...; Plat b)} 1a ma quai néu né chita st mht hai phan tit va mdi phan tit thi c6 uée nguyén t6 chung vi ft nhdt mot phdn ti khéc. Tim tap hyp ma quai e6 it phan tit nbat. N3 IMO Shortlist 2016, Halloween ©