Pointers to Review: English 10

= Decoding the Reaper’s Words (249)

1. Chaunt : to sing or warble
2. Reap : to cut and (usually) gather a grain or similar crop
3. Sickle : an agricultural implement similar in form and use to a reaping-hook
4. Vale : in figurative uses, it means the word regarded as a place of trouble, sorrow, misery, or
weeping

= Using Pronouns Effectively (242-243)

Pronoun : a substitute for nouns to avoid repetition of nouns and noun phrases.
Personal Pronoun : distinguished by what is called person— the first person, second person, and third
person.
— First Person : refers to the person speaking
(I, me, we, us)
— Second Person : refers to the person spoken to (you)
— Third Person : refers to the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them)

Case of Personal Pronouns:

1. Nominative — used as subjects of the verbs
( She studied all night. )
2. Objective — used as objects of verbs or prepositions
( Her friend gave her a present. )
3. Possessive — used to show ownership or possession
( That dress is hers. )

= Using Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Effectively (272-275)

Example: President Duterte delivered Duterte’s first State of the Nation Address in 2016.
(naturally): President Duterte delivered his first State of the Nation Address in 2016.

= Using Relative Pronouns in Introducing Adjective Clauses (288)

Adjective Clause : a group of words that modifies a noun or a noun phrase.

Who, Which, That:

— who : refers only to people
( Everyone turned and stared at Kim, who was standing still by the church door. )
— which : refers to things
( Marphie’s antique abacus, which he inherited from his grandfather, is being priced at more than
P50,000.00 by an antique collector. )
— that : may be used for either people or things
( The ticking sound that has been haunting me for a while was actually just an old, broken clock. )

Whose and Whom:

— whose : is the possessive form of who
( A student, whose determination is unwavering, will surely be successful. )
— whom : is the objective form of who
( The police has caught the man whom they suspected of selling prohibited drugs. )
= Federigo’s Falcon (262-266)
summarization: Federigo was once rich and powerful until he has lost all of his wealth because of his
love for Monna Giovanna. The latter then proceeded to wed and had a child. One day, her son fell ill
and wished to own Federigo’s falcon, says it would heal him. Monna then visited Federigo’s residence
and was invited for dinner. Federigo on the other hand, felt ashamed that he had nothing to offer, so
he thought of the only thing that mattered to him— his falcon. He wrung the neck of his falcon and
plucked its feathers and asked for the maid to clean and cook it to be served for dinner. While eating,
Monna has expressed her intentions, which was to attain the falcon. To his surprise, Federigo
admitted that he has killed the falcon in order to serve the maiden dinner. Monna’s son soon died and
she was still a widow. Her brothers had recommended for her to remarry someone who has an equal
wealth as her since she isn’t that old yet and she still has a lot of money, to that, she refused. But soon,
she married Federigo and said, “My brothers, I am well aware of what you say, but I would rather have
a man who needs money than money who needs a man.”

= Unlocking Romantic Words (237)

1. Madrigals : songs of several singers without instruments
2. Steepy : rising or falling sharply as in a slope
3. Posies : kind of flowers
4. Myrtle : a kind of plant that symbolizes love
5. Kirtle : refers to the women’s gown during the Middle Ages
6. Amber : yellowish-brown color
7. Swain : refers to a woman’s lover

= Formalism and Structuralism (239)

Formalism Approach : regards literature as a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be
examined on its terms.
— explication : the unfolding of the meaning, line by line, word per word
— analysis : the examination of the relationships of the parts
Structuralism Approach : studies the systems of relationships that are embedded in words and items,
“and shows us the way we think”

= Moralism Approach (251)

Moralism Approach : judges the value of literature on its moral and ethical teaching.

= Archaic Pronouns (255)

Archaic Pronouns : these pronouns are obsolete, they have valuable cultural importance in the English
language.
Subjective Objective Possessive Verb ending Irregular
First Person I me my, mine none hest
(singular)
Second Person thou thee thy, thine -est dost
Third Person she, he, it her, him, it her, his, his -eth hath, doth
(singular)
First Person we us our, ours none NA
(plural)
Second Person ye/you you your, yours none NA
(plural)
Third Person they them their, theirs none NA
(plural)