University of Hafr Al Batin

Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE)

CSE 343: Fund. of Computer Networks Homework # 1
Student ID: ………………………………………Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………
Instructions 1. Answer all questions in your own handwriting.
2. Be as brief as possible, but do not skip any essential details.
3. Submit within due date; a late submission will get partial grades.
However, a late submission is not allowed after the solution is posted online.

Q1. Briefly define the following terms (write formula where applies): [20 marks]

i. Computer Network :-
A collection of independent computers connected to each other so that they can communicate to each other and
share resources.

ii. Store-and-forward:-
Entire packet must arrive at router/switch before it can be transmitted on the next link.

iii. Packet-switching :-
Hosts break application-layer messages into packets. These packets are forwarded from one router to the next,
across links on path from source to destination. Each packet is transmitted at full link capacity.

iv. The Internet :-

It is a network of networks around the globe.

v. Protocol :-
Protocols define format and order of messages sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on
message transmission and receipt.

vi. Throughput:-
Rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are transferred between sender/receiver.

vii. Traffic intensity:-

The ratio L.a/R is called as traffic intensity, where R is link bandwidth (bps), L is packet length (bits) and a is average
packet arrival rate.

viii. Packet sniffing :-

On a broadcast media (such as shared Ethernet, wireless) promiscuous network interface reads/records all the
packets (e.g., including passwords) passing by.

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 ix. IP spoofing:-
The ability of a sender to inject packets with false source address into the network.

x. Distributed DoS (DDoS):-

Attackers make resources (server, bandwidth, etc.) unavailable to legitimate traffic by overwhelming resource with
bogus traffic from compromised hosts which are distributed over the Internet.

Q2. Give short answers to the following questions: [20 marks]

i. Is there any difference between a "host" and an "end-system"?

Yes / No ?

ii. What do the following acronyms stand for in networking?

Acronym Stands for ?

LAN Local Area Network

WAN Wide Area Network

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax

GSM Global System for Mobile communication

LTE Long Term Evolution

ISP Internet Service Providers

TCP / IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

UDP User Datagram Protocol

HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

FTP File Transfer Protocol

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

WWW World Wide Web

VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol

UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

iii. What are typical transmission rates of Ethernet LANs?

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10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps

iv. List down six access technologies / access networks:

1. DSL 2. Cable Network 3. Ethernet

4. WiFi 5. 3G/4G/LTE 6. Satellite

v. What are the four sources of packet delay on the networks?

1. Processing delay 2. Queuing delay

3. Transmission delay 4. Propagation delay

vi. Define/label/identify the following parts of network in the figure:

1) Core Network:-
Interconnected routers

2) Access Network :-
Wired and wireless communication links connecting you to the 1st router

3) Network Edge :-
Hosts (i.e., clients and servers)

vii. What does a spyware do?

It records keystrokes, web sites visited, and other sensitive information. It then sends/uploads this information to
some collection site.

viii. What is a content provider network?

A private network that connects its data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs… (e.g, Google)

ix. Which layers are implemented by a host/PC, a router, a switch and a hub? (tick only)
Node Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Hub √
Switch √ √
Router √ √ √
PC/Host √ √ √ √ √

x. What is the use of Wireshark software / tool?

Wireshark software is packet-sniffer and is used to read/capture packets on the broadcast media.

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Q3. Internet protocol stack: [20 marks]
i. What are the advantages of using layers (as in OSI model and Internet protocol stack)?
Explicit structure allows identification and relationship of complex system’s pieces.

Modularization eases the maintenance and updating of system, i.e., any change of implementation of layer’s
service remains transparent to the rest of system.

ii. Disadvantages of layers?

There might be duplication of functionality at different layers.

Information needed at one layer might be available only at another layer.

iii. Write names, functions and protocols of each layer in the Internet protocol stack.

# Name Functions Protocols (few examples)

supporting network
1 application FTP, SMTP, HTTP
applications

process-process data
2 transport TCP, UDP
transfer

routing of datagrams
3 network from source to IP, routing protocols
destination

data transfer between

4 link neighboring network Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
elements
 Telephone network modems- V.92
 Ethernet physical layer Including 10BASE-T,
10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX,
100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX and other
varieties.
 Varieties of 802.11 Wi-Fi physical layers such as
5 physical put bits “on the wire”
CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access/collision
detection).
 GSM's Um air interface physical layer
 DSL (digital subscriber line)
 RS-232 (which is commonly used in computer
serial ports).

iv. Why presentation and session layers are missing from Internet protocol stack?
The services provided by presentation and session layers, if needed, can be implemented in the application itself.

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Q4. Traceroute: [10 marks]
tracert www.google.com
command was run on my
computer with Windows 7
and results are shown in the
given figure.

i. How many routers are

involved?
11 (last one is google server)

ii. An asterisk is shown for some of the results; what does this * mean?
No reply is received from these routers.

iii. What is average end-to-end delay between my computer and the Google server? … (one way delay)
average end-to-end delay = ( 1614/2 + 1388/2 + 1489/2 ) / 3 = 748.5 milliseconds

Q5. Numerical problems: [30 marks]

Consider the network in figure below where many servers and clients exist, and routers have many
incoming and outgoing links. The transmission rates and distances of each link are given in the figure.
a) Circuit switching:
i. How many users or circuits can be supported by Link_2 if each circuit is allocated 0.5 Mbps?
ii. What is the bottleneck or maximum throughput (in the presence of circuits in part i) when Server_1
is transmitting to Client_1 only?
iii. What will be the transmission delay when Server_1 transmits a packet of length 2 Mbits?
b) Packet switching:
iv. Will there be any queuing delay on Router_2 if only 1 or 2 clients are uploading at 1 Mbps each to
some server at any time? Why?
v. If each client transmits only 10% of the time, what is the
probability that a given user is transmitting?
vi. What is the maximum throughput when only Server_1 is
transmitting packets to Client_1?
vii. The company has registered N users. What is the
probability that exactly K users are transmitting at the
same time? (K <= N; always).
viii. Assume that Router_1 receives 1.5 packets of 1 Mbits in
each second from servers. What is the traffic intensity on
Link_2 ?
ix. For above traffic intensity (in part viii), will there be any
queuing delay on Router_1 ? Why ?
x. What will be the end-to-end delay when Server_1 sends a
1 Mbits packet to Client_1 (assume processing delay of
100 milliseconds at each node – i.e., server and routers –
and queuing delay of 200 milliseconds at each router?

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 i. No. of users or circuits supported:
No. of users = Bandwidth of the link / Bandwidth of each circuit = 4 Mbps / 0.5 Mbps = 8

ii. Maximum throughput:

Maximum throughput = min ( R1, R2/8, R3 ) = 0.5 Mbps

iii. Transmission delay:

Transmission delay = L / R = 2 Mbits / 2 Mbps = 1 seconds

iv. Any queuing delay? Explanation:

However, ifthe packets arrive at the
Yes / No ? … Why?: same time, the first packet will have
Assuming that packets arrive at random and hence are spaced apart by random amount of time. no queuing delay while the second
packet willface a delay equalto L/R
Since each user requires 1 Mbps when transmitting, a maximum of 2Mbps will be required when two or fewer andsoon.
The average delay for the N packets
users transmit simultaneously. As the available bandwidth of Link_2 is 4Mbps, there will be no queuing delay is:= (N-1)L/(2R)

before the link. (However, there will be queuing delay when 5 or more users will be transmitting simultaneously) This isexplained indetails inpart-ix.

v. Probability that a given user is transmitting:

Probability that a given user is transmitting = 10% = 10/100 = 0.1

vi. Maximum throughput:

Maximum throughput = min ( R1, R2, R3 ) = 1 Mbps

vii. Probability that K out of N users are transmitting at the same time: (Hint: Use the binomial distribution)

Pp (K | N) = =
where p is the probability that a user is transmitting.

viii. Traffic intensity on Link_2:

Traffic intensity on Link_2 = L.a / R = 1 Mbits . 1.5 per sec / 4 Mbps = 0.375

ix. Queuing delay: Explanation:

Yes / No ? …. Why : This can be calculated by using the
well-knownfact:
Although, La/R is close to 0, small queuing delay is still possible due to processing and transmission delays. 1+2+.......+N= N(N+1)/2.
Hence, average delay for the N
The queuing delay is 0 for the first transmitted packet as the queue buffer is empty, L/R for the second packetswillbe:
(L/R+2L/R+....... +(N-1)L/R)/N
transmitted packet as it will have to wait for first packet to transmit, and generally, (N-1)L/R for the Nth transmitted =L/(RN)*(1+2+ .....+ (N-1))
=L/(RN)*N(N-1)/2
packet. Thus, (using sum of the first N natural numbers), the average delay for the N packets is: = (N-1)L / (2R) =LN(N-1)/(2RN)
=(N-1)L/(2R)

x. End-to-end delay: (hint: delay at one node is dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop)
Delays b/w Server_1 & Router_1 = 100 msec + 0 + (1 Mbits /2 Mbps) + (2000/3x108 ) = 0.6000067 seconds

Delays b/w Router_1 & Router_2 = 100 msec + 200 msec + (1 Mbits /4 Mbps) + (4000/3x108 ) = 0.5500133 seconds

Delays b/w Router_2 & Client_1 = 100 msec + 200 msec + (1 Mbits /1 Mbps) + (1000/3x108 ) = 1.300003 seconds

End-to-end delay = 0.6000067 + 0.5500133 + 1.300003333 = 2.4500233 seconds

Explanation
d proc d queue d trans d prop Total

0.1 0 0.5 0.00000667 0.600006667

0.1 0.2 0.25 0.00001333 0.550013333
0.1 0.2 1 0.00000333 1.300003333
End to end delay 2.450023333

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