J.T.O. (Phase I) : INTERNET, Module – 8, Chapter 4.

1 TCP/IP & URL

CHAPTER – 4.1
TCP/IP AND URL
TCP/IP
TCP/IP is vendor-independent wide area network protocol set, which is
widely used on LANs peer-to-peer communications.
Origin of TCP/IP
• TCP/IP was developed by the United States Department of
Defense for its ARPA (Advance Research Project Agency)
Network.
• This is a very large scale WAN, linking many major commercial,
university and military establishments.
• The relevance of TCP/IP to LANs is two fold :
• It is a datagram based protocol, well suited to LAN access
method, particularly Ethernet.
• It is popular within UNIX N/W.
TCP/IP Protocol set structure
It is a four layer communication architecture which provide some
reasonable N/W feature :
• End-to-End communication
• Unreliable communication line handling.
• Packet sequencing.
• Internet work routing.
The bottom layer, network services, provides for communications to
N/W Hardware (IEEE 802.3 servers of LANs, and other technologies X.25).
The layer above the N/W services layer is referred to as the Internet
Protocol (IP) layer.
IP layer provides a datagram service that routes data packet between
dissimilar N/W architecture (Ethernet and say X.25).
• It gives data reliability, but
• It does not guarantee delivery of data (if data gets there great, it
that's O.K. too).

Regional Telecom Training Centre.Mysore

J.T.O. (Phase I) : INTERNET, Module – 8, Chapter 4.1 TCP/IP & URL

Data concurrency, sequencing, and delivery guarantee is the job of

TCP protocol.
TCP provides for,
• Error control
• Retransmission
• TCP it is not an OSI in implementation.
• TCP/IP is unique network architecture.
• TCP structure along with ISO model layer shown.
• It is a four layer model.
• In ISO protocols, everything appears to be put into the protocol.
• In TCP/IP, the protocol are kept very complete.

The main protocol are :

IP - provides a connectionless datagram network layer.
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol. It adds functionality to
the IP protocol and can be considered as extension to that
protocol.
UDP - User Datagram Protocol provides the rough equivalent of
the ISO connectionless transport service.
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol is a connection oriented.
Reliable and to end transport protocol.
Protocol which run above TCP is :
* Telnet : Terminal Access Protocol.
* FTP : File Transfer Protocol
ISO Model TCP/IP Applications
Application Application level Telnet – FTP – NFS
Session Transport Host level TCP UDP
Network Gateway level IP & ICMP
Data link Network level LLC (Logical Link Control)

Regional Telecom Training Centre.Mysore

J.T.O. (Phase I) : INTERNET, Module – 8, Chapter 4.1 TCP/IP & URL

Internet Protocol
• In TCP/IP model, a network is an individual packet switched
network which may be a LAN or WAN (but is generally under the
control of one organization).
• These networks connects to each other by gateways (Collection
of such network is called catenet).
• Internet Protocol provides for the transmission of Data grams
between systems over the whole catenet.
• It specifically allows for fragmentation and reassembly of the
data grams at the gateways, as the under lying network may
demand different packet size.
• IP is very simple Protocol, with no mechanism for
- End-to-end reliability.
- Flow control sequencing

8 bit 8 bit 8 bit 8 bit

Version Internet Header Types of services Total length
Length
Identification Flag Fragment
offset
Time to line Protocol Header checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options Padding
Start of TCP or UDP Header
Format of Internet Datagram Header
• Because there is no error checking and in IP an extra protocol is
added to help gateway between network.
• This is called ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol).
• It is carried over on IP.
• It merely repots error without toying to recover them.
• Examples are (1) TIME EXCEEDED when lifetime of a
datagram expire.
• Destination unreachable.

Regional Telecom Training Centre.Mysore

J.T.O. (Phase I) : INTERNET, Module – 8, Chapter 4.1 TCP/IP & URL

Version – Version of IP IPVU

IHL - The IP header length. This field show when the data starts (20
bytes or may be).
Type of Service – This field allows for a priority system to be imposed.
Length – Total length of IP packet. Maximum 64 Kbytes minimum 576
bytes.
ID/flags/offset – This split the datagram into smaller segment.
DF – 1 Set.
MF – 1.
MF – 0 stops waiting.
Time to line – This is a count, which limits the lifetime of a datagram on
the catenet. Each time it passes through a gateway the count is decremented
by one.
Protocol – This indicate which higher level protocol is being carried
TCP/UDP.
Checksum – To detect.
Source – To assist gateway to route diagram by most efficient path.
Each IP address is structural into a Network number and a local address.
Option – To enforce security or N/W management.
Padding – This field is used to align the header to the next 32-bit
boundary user Datagram Protocol.
UDP provide connectionless transport service to applications.
UDP header shown is simple and considered as an extension of the IP
header to permit multiple service to be addressed within same IP N/W
address.
Source Port Destination Port
Length Checksum
Data

Regional Telecom Training Centre.Mysore

J.T.O. (Phase I) : INTERNET, Module – 8, Chapter 4.1 TCP/IP & URL

Format of UDP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• TCP provides a highly reliable, connection oriented end-to-end
transport service between processes in end system connect to
catenet.
• TCP provides the types of facility associated with the ISO class
4 transport service including error recovery, sequencing of
packets, flow control by the windowing method and the support
of multiplexed connections from the layer above.
16 bit 16 bit
Source Port Destination Port
Sequence number
Acknowledge no.
Data offset Reserved Flags Window
Checksum Urgent printer
Options Padding
Data
The fields in the Header are :
Source/port – These fields identify multiple streams to the layer above.
Sequence/ask number – Used for windowing acknowledgement technique.
Data offset – This is the number of 32 bit words in TCP header, which like the
IP header has a variable length option field.
Flag bits – There are several bits used as states indicators to show, for
example, the resetting of the connection.
Window – The receiver to set the window size uses the field.
Checksum – Again this cover only the header.
Urgent pointer – Sender can indicate that urgent datagram is coming and
urges the receiver to handle it as quickly as possible.
Options – This variable sized field some negotiations parameters, to set the
size of the TCP packets.
Padding – To align the next 32-bit boundary.

Regional Telecom Training Centre.Mysore

J.T.O. (Phase I) : INTERNET, Module – 8, Chapter 4.1 TCP/IP & URL

URL
Learning About URIs
The Web is an information space. Human beings have a lot of mental
machinery for manipulating, imagining, and finding their way in spaces. URIs
are the points in that space.
Unlike web data formats, where HTML is an important one, but not the only
one, and web protocols, where HTTP has a similar status, there is only one
Web naming/addressing technology: URIs.

Uniform Resource Identifiers

Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs, aka URLs) are short strings that identify
resources in the web: documents, images, downloadable files, services,
electronic mailboxes, and other resources. They make resources available
under a variety of naming schemes and access methods such as HTTP, FTP,
and Internet mail addressable in the same simple way. They reduce the
tedium of "log in to this server, then issue this magic command ..." down to a
single click.
It is an extensible technology: there are a number of existing addressing
schemes, and more may be incorporated over time.

UR* Terms
The basic picture, specified in section 1.2. URI, URL, and URN of RFC 2396,
looks like this:
_______________________________________________________
| ________________ |
| | ftp: | |
| | gopher: | |
| | http: __|____________ |
| | etc | | urn: | |
| |_____________|__| | |
| URLs | | |
| |_______________| |

Regional Telecom Training Centre.Mysore

J.T.O. (Phase I) : INTERNET, Module – 8, Chapter 4.1 TCP/IP & URL

| URNs |
|_______________________________________________________|
URIs
URI
Uniform Resource Identifier. The generic set of all names/addresses that
are short strings that refer to resources.
URL
Uniform Resource Locator. An informal term (no longer used in technical
specifications) associated with popular URI schemes: http, ftp, mailto, etc.
URN
Uniform Resource Name.
1. An URI that has an institutional commitment to persistence,
availability, etc. Note that this sort of URI may also be a URL. See,
for example, PURLs.
2. A particular scheme, urn:, specified by RFC2141 and related
documents, intended to serve as persistent, location-independent,
resource identifiers.

Regional Telecom Training Centre.Mysore