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C^JLUI KN]NJGLGGJ
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Sosan Elen
@GJGHN@NJ KN_NVG\G]GJ
_VBMI U]^MI _VBCNUI JNVU VNL^ANV
Unkbagd ]ijlli Ia`u Knsndgtgj (U]IKns) Dbrizbj Kgrgwgjl
2022/2023
G. _njlnrtigj pnjlgrgdgj mgag` `gjghn`nj knpnrgwgtgj
Uu`fnr mgyg `gjusig `njhgmi `bmga utg`g mgag` tnrsnanjllgrgjyg rbmg
brlgjisgsi pnagygjgj knsndgtgj. Unbrgjl `gjghnr knpnrgwgtgj dgrus mgpgt
`njlnabag UM@ glgr mgpgt fnknrhg ncnktic mgj ncisinj mgag` `njegpgi tuhugj
ygjl tnagd mitntgpkgj `nagaui cujlsi pnjllnrgkgj. Dnjry Cgyba mgag`
Uigligj (6??<) `njynfut pnjllnrgkgj snfglgi eb``gjmijl gtgu mirnetijl,
snmgjlkgj Lnbrln V ]nrry (7995) `njllujgkgj istiagd getugtijl ygitu
snfglgi upgyg gtgsgj ujtuk `njllnrgkkgj fgwgdgj. _njlgrgdgj `nrupgkgj
dufujlgj `gjusig mgag` knpn`i`pijgj ygjl `njlikgt. _grg fgwgdgj
milnrgkkgj supgyg `nrnkg fnrsnmig `njyu`fgjlkgj tnjglgjyg ujtuk snegrg
fnrsg`g-sg`g `njegpgi tuhugj sugtu brlgjisgsi. _njlgrgdgj mgag`
brlgjisgsi fnrsicgt sgjlgt kb`pank kgrnjg `njygjlkut `gjusig mnjlgj
fnrfglgi tijlkgd agkujyg ygjl fnrfnmg-fnmg (@ujijhgyg, 7999).
6
Kb`ujikgsi gjtgrg gtgsgj mgj fgwgdgj fnrpbtnjsi `njhgmi anfid fgik,
ncisinjsi knrhg mgpgt tnregpgi mnjlgj kbjtrifusi knpgag rugjl mgag`
`njllnrgkkgj f gwgd gj jy g, `isgaj yg `nagaui sup nrvisi
tijmgkgj
knpnrgwgtgj ygjl miagkukgj knpgag rugjl fnrmg`pgk pgmg `iji`gajyg
knsgagdgj tijmgkgj ygjl pgmg gkdirjyg mgpgt `njldn`gt fgdgj, gagt mgj
wgktu mifgjmijlkgj hikg tnrhgmi knsgagdgj gkifgt mgri timgk miagkukgj
supnrvisi tijmgkgj knpnrgwgtgj band knpgag rugjl.
6. @njln`fgjlkgj kn`g`pugj mgj kntrg`piagj stgc
Uupnrvisi, pnjmnanlgsigj `nrupgkgj snfgligj knligtgj tnrkgit mnjlgj
cujlsi pnjlgrgdgj. Knligtgj tnrsnfut `n`fnrikgj pnaugjl fgli fgwgdgj
ujtuk `njlnrhgkgj tulgs snsugi mnjlgj tgjllujl hgwgfjyg snegrg
`gjmiri
5. @nju`fudkgj rgsg `n`iaiki mgj `njyukgi pnknrhggj
_njlgrgdgj ygjl miagkukgj knpgag rugjl kntikg pnrgwgt `nagkukgj
knsgagdgj, `n`fnri `btivgsi sggt `btivgsi `njuruj, `n`fnri gprnsigsi
sggt kijnrhg fgik gkgj mgpgt `njijlkgtkgj rgsg `n`iaiki mgj `njyukgi
pnknrhggj
=. @nj lu sgdgkgj sugsgjg aijlkujlgj k nrhg ygjl mgpgt `njijlkgtkgj
`btivgsi mgj prnstgsi knrhg stgc
_n`i`pij ygjl fgik gmgagd ygjl `g`pu `nj eiptgk gj s ugsgjg
aijlkujlgj ygjl kbjmusic mgj `njeiptgkgj dufujlgj ijtnrpnrsbjga ygjl
dgr`bjis, knpn`i`pijgj ygjl gmia `nrupgkgj kujei suksns mgag`
`n`fnrikgj `btivgsi knrhg mgj `njijlkgtkgj prnstgsi knrhg pnrgwgt
pnagksgjg
>. _njlgrgdgj fnrtuhugj `n`fugt brlgjisgsi fnrkn`fgjl anfid mijg`is
_njlgrgdgj ygjl miagkukgj band knpgag rugjl gkgj `njhgmikgj dga ygjl
fnr`gjcggt fgli sn`ug pnrgwgt sndijllg gkgj `n`pnr`umgd sn`ug
pnrgwgt ujtuk `njln`fgjlkgj miri ygjl pgmg liairgjjyg gkgj `n`fugt
brlgjisgsi fnrkn`fgjl anfid mijg`is
5
E. ^jsur-ujsur pnjlgrgdgj
_njlgrgdgj gtgu misnfut hulg pnjllnrgkgj `nrupgkgj upgyg `n`pnjlgrudi
stgc glgr `nagkukgj snsugtu ujtuk `njegpgi tuhugj ygjl tnagd mitntgpkgj,
glgr mgpgt `njlgrgdkgj mgj `njllnrgkgj fgwgdgj `gkg gmg fnfnrgpg ujsur
ygjl pnrau mipgdg`i mgj mipnrdgtikgj band `gjghnr knpnrgwgtgj. ^jsur-
ujsur tnrsnfut gmgagd8
7. K np n`i `pi
jgj
6. @btivgsi
@btivgsi `njhgmi ujsur pnjtijl cujlsi pnjlgrgdgj mgag` knpnrgwgtgj,
kgrnjg kitg tgdu fgdwg pnagygjgj knpnrgwgtgj `n`iaiki kbjtrifusi ygjl
fnsgr tnrdgmgp `utu agygjgj knsndgtgj. Vnjmgdjyg kijnrhg pnrgwgtgj
gkgj `n`pnjlgrudi `utu pnagygjgj knpnrgwgtgj, snfgaikjyg fiag
kijnrhg pnrgwgt fgik `gkg gkgj mgpgt `njijlkgtkgj `utu agygjgj.
Kijnrhg pnrgwgt fgik, fukgj dgjyg kgrnjg pnrgwgt fnrsnmig `nagkukgj
mgj `njynansgikgj tijmgkgj knpnrgwgtgj snegrg rutij sghg, tntgpi ygjl
tnrpnjtijl gmgagd pnrgwgt `nagkukgj tijmgkgj mimgsgri mbrbjlgj gtgu
`btivgsi miri. @btivgsi ijtnrjga ygjl kugt gkgj `n`fnrikgj mg`pgk
ygjl agjllnjl fgli snbrgjl pnrgwgt mgag` `nagksgjgkgj knligtgj
snegrg ncnktic mgj ncisinj. Dga iji mimukujl band Dgsifugj (6??>) ygjl
`njy gt gkgj fgdwg `b ti vg si gmgagd dga yg jl `n jyn fg
fkg j,
`njygaurkgj, mgj `njmukujl pnriagku `gjusig supgyg `gu fnknrhg ligt
mgj gjtusigs u jtuk `nj egpgi d gsia ygjl bpti`ga. Anf id
agjhut
\abmkbwski (794>) `njygtgkgj fgdwg `btivgsi `nrupgkgj kbjmisi
ygjl `nj ynfgfk gj gtgu `nj i`fu ak gj pnriagku tnrtnjtu, mgj
ygjl
`n`fnri grgd snrtg kntgdgjgj (pnrsistnjen) pgmg tijlkgd agku tnrtnjtu.
Unbrgjl `gjghnr pnrgwgt dgrus `njlnjgai `btivgsi mgj knfutudgj stgc
supgyg mgpgt `n`ieu kijnrhg pnrgwgt mgag` `nagksgjgkgj gsudgj
5. Kb `u ji kgsi
knpnrgwgtgj ygjl ncisinj mgj ncnktic.
Kb`ujikgsi Kb`ujikgsi `nrupgkgj ujsur pnjtijl mgag` `njllnrgkkgj
gtgu `njlgrgdkgj fgwgdgj. _njnrgpgj kb`ujikgsi ygjl fgik gjtgrg
`gjghnr mgj pnagksgjg knpnrgwgtgj mgpgt `njldijmgri pnrsnpsi sgagd
=
(`isspnrenptibj). Kb`ujikgsi fisg miagkukgj snegrg vnrtikga (gtgs―
fgwgd) `gupuj dbrisbjtga (sg`pijl). Kb`ujikgsi ygjl fgik gmgagd
kb`ujikgsi ygjl miagkukgj snegrg tnrfukg gjtgr mug brgjl gtgu anfid
ujtuk `njyg`pgikgj mgj `njnruskgj pnsgj ygjl fnrdgrlg mgri mgj
knaugr brlgjisgsi. Kb`ujikgsi fisg miagkukgj snegrg vnrfga `gupuj jbj
v nrfga. U nb rgjl `gj ghnr p nrgwgt midgrgpkgj mgpgt `nj
liku ti
pnrkn`fgjlgj tnkjbabli ijcbr`gsi mnjlgj `njllujgkgj fnrfglgi `nmig
`bmnrj snf gl gi sgrgjg `nj mgpgtk gj i jcbr`gsi mgj `nagk uk
gj
kb`ujikgsi snegrg ncnktic, wgagupuj pgmg sggt pi`pijgj timgk fnrgmg mi
tn`pgt. I`pan`njtgsi kb`ujikgsi mi mgag` rugjl rgwgt ijgp miagkukgj
`nagaui knligtgj bpnrgj/ti`fgjl tnri`g, ebjcnrnjen (prn, `imman, pbst),
miskusi kgsus, rbjmn knpnrgwgtgj, rgpgt-rgpgt mgj gktivitgs agijjyg.
M. Knligtgj pnjlgrgdgj
Fnrikut mi fgwgd iji gkgj miurgikgj 7? rg`fu-rg`fu knligtgj pnjlgrgdgj
ygjl pnjtijl Gjmg kntgdui `njurut Mbulags, ygitu8
>. Eiptgkgj fumgyg knrhg ygjl g`gj mgj sugsgjg pnjmimikgj fnrknagjhutgj
glgr snagau fnknrhg mnjlgj knia`ugj ygjl kbkbd mgj `utgkdir
>
7?.
Lujgkgj `gjghn`nj kbjtrba ygjl fgik ujtuk `njlkghi kugaitgs agygjgj
snegrg tnrgtur mgj rutij
3
3) Mgpgt milujgkgj ujtuk `njn`ukgj knfutudgj ujtuk fnrufgd
<) _njtijl ujtuk `nagkukgj kbjtrba ygjl anfid ncnktic
f. ]gdgp mgag` pnrnjegjggj 8
7) _njtijl ujtuk `nagkukgj kbjtrba ygjl anfid ncnktic
6) Gjgaisis situgsi, fnrtuhugj ujtuk `njlu`puakgj mgtg gtgu cgktg.
5) @njlimnjticikgsi `gsgagd mgj pnjntgpgj pribritgs `gsgagd
=) @nru`uskgj tuhugj p rb lrg` mgj fnsgrjyg tgrlnt ygjl ijl
ij
miegpgi.
>) @njlkghi kn`ujlkijgj gmgjyg dg`fgtgj mgj knjmgag mgag`
pnagksgjggj prblrg`.
3) @njyusuj Vnjegjg Knrhg Bpnrgsibjga (VKB)
e. Hnj is _ nrnj egjggj
7) _ nrnj egjggj Utrgtnli
_nrnjegjggj strgtnlis `nrupgkgj sugtu prbsns
fnrknsijg`fujlgj, prbsns ygjl sistn`gtis mgag` pn`fugtgj
mgj pnjlg`fiagj knputusgj `gsg kiji mnjlgj kn`ujlkijgj
pnjlntgdugj ygjl pgaijl fnsgr mgri ncnk-ncnk pnrnjegjggj pgmg
`gsg mnpgj, `njlbrlgjisgsikgj upgyg-upgyg ygjl pnrau ujtuk
`nagksgjgkgj knputusgj iji tnrdgmgp dgsia ygjl midgrgpkgj
`na ga ui `nk gj is`n u`pgj f gaik ygjl mgpgt
mipnregyg.
_ nrnj egjggj strgtnlis mgag` knpnrgwgtgj fnrtuhugj u jtuk
`n`pnrfgiki gabkgsi su`fnr-su`fnr ygjl agjlkg, tnr`gsuk
u gjl mgj w gkt u, mgj uj tuk ` njl gt ur p nknrhggj mi
vi si
6) _ nrnj egjggj Bpnrgsibjga
knpnrgwgtgj.
_nrnjegjggj bpnrgsibjga `njlurgikgj gktivitgs mgj prbsnmur
ygjl gkgj milujgkgj, snrtg `njyusuj hgmwga wgktu pnjegpgigj
tuhugj, `njnjtukgj sigpg brgjl-brgjl ygjl fnrtgjllujl hgwgf
u jtuk sntigp gktiv itgs mgj p rb snmu r. @nj ll g`fgrk gj
egrg
`njyigpkgj brgjl-brgjl ujtuk fnknrhg mgj hulg stgjmgrm ujtuk
`njlnvgaugsi pnrgwgtgj pgsinj.
<
Mi mgag` pnrnjegjggj bpnrgsibjga tnrmiri mgri mug fgligj ygitu rnjegjg
tntgp mgj rnjegjg snkgai pgkgi. Vnjegjg tntgp gmgagd rnjegjg ygjl sumgd
gmg mgj `njhgmi pnmb`gj mi mgag` knligtgj sntigp dgri, ygjl tnrmiri mgri
knfihgksgjggj, stgjmgrm prbsnmur bpnrgsibjga mgj pnrgturgj. Unmgjlkgj
rnjegjg snkgai pgkgi tnrmiri mgri prblrg` mgj prbynk.
m. @gj cggt _nrnjegjggj
7) @n`fgjtu prbsns `gjghn`nj mgag` `njynsugikgj miri mnjlgj
pnrufgdgj-pnrufgdgj aijlkujlgj.
6) @n`fnrikgj egrg pn`fnrigj pnrijtgd ygjl tn pgt ujtuk
pnagksgjggj
5) @n`um gd kgj kb rm ij
gsi
=) @n`uj lk ij kgj `gj ghnr `n`gdg`i k nsnaurud gj
lg`fgrgj
bpnrgsibjga snegrg hnags
>) @n`fgjtu pnjn`pgtgj tgjllujlhgwgf anfid tnpgt
3) @n`fu gt tuhugj anf id k du sus, anf id rij ei mgj anf id
`um gd
mipgdg`i
<) @n`iji`u`kgj pnknrhggj ygjl timgk pgsti
4) @njldn`gt wgktu mgj mgjg
n. Knu jtuj lgj _ nrnj
egjggj
7) @njlurgjli gtgu `nj ld iagj lk gj hnj is pnknrhggj ygjl tim
gk
prbmuktic.
6) Mgpgt mipgkgi snfglgi gagt pnjlukur dgsia knligtgj ygjl miegpgi
5) @n`fnrik gj sugtu agjmgsgj pbkbk cujlsi `gjghn`nj agijj yg
tnrutg`g cujlsi knpnrgwgtgj
=) @n`bmicikgsi lgyg `gjghn`nj
>) Canksifiaitgs mgag` pnjlg`fiagj knputusgj
c. Knan`gd gj _ nrnj egjggj
7) _ nrnj egjggj `n`pu jy gi k ntnrfgtgsgj m gag` dga k ntnp
gtgj
ijcbr`gsi mgj cgktg-cgktg tnjtgjl `gsg ygjl gkgj mgtgjl
6) _nrnjegjggj `n`nraukgj figyg ygjl eukup fgjygk
5) _nrnjegjggj `n`pujygi dg`fgtgj psikbablis
=) _nrnjegjggj `njldg`fgt ti`fuajyg ijisigtic
4
>) _nrnjegjggj `nj ynfgfk gj tnrdg`f gtjy g tijmgkgj ygjl p
nrau
mig`fia
6. Brlgjizijl (_njlbrlgjisgsigj)
_ njl br lgji sgsi gmgagd sugtu agjl kgd u jtuk ` njn tg pk
gj gj,
`njllbabjlkgj mgj `njlgtur fnrfglgi `geg` knligtgj, pnjntgpgj
tulgs-tulgs mgj wnwnjgjl snsnbrgjl, pnjmnanlgsigj wnwnjgjl mgag`
rgjlkg `njegpgi tuhugj. Cujlsi pnjlbrlgjisgsigj `nrupgkgj gagt ujtuk
`n`gmukgj sn`ug knligtgj ygjl fnrgspnk pnrsbjia, cijgjsiga, `gtnriga
mgj tgtg egrg m gag` rgjlkg `nj egpgi tuhugj ygjl tnagd m itntgpk
gj
(@ujijhgyg, 6??=).
9
>) _njulgsgj pnrsbjia ygjl tnpgt mgag` `nagksgjgkgj tulgs.
3) @njmnanlgsikgj wnwnjgjl.
5. Utgccijl (Knpnlgwgigj )
Utgccijl `nrupgkgj `ntbmbabli pnjlgturgj stgcc, prbsns ygjl tnrgtur,
sistn`gtis fnrmgsgrkgj rgsibjga ygjl mitnrgpkgj ujtuk `njnjtukgj
hu`agd pnrsbjia sugtu brlgjisgsi ygjl mifutudkgj mgag` situgsi tnrtnjtu
(Uwgjfurl, 6???). _rbsns pnjlgturgj stgcc fnrsicgt kb`panks. Kb`pbjnj
pnjlgturgj stgcc gmgagd sistn` kbjtrba tnr`gsuk stumi pnjlgturgj stgcc,
pnjlugsggj rnjegjg pnjlgturgj stgcc, rnjegjg pnjhgmwgagj, mgj Uistn`
Ijcbr`gsi @gjghn`nj Knpnrgwgtgj (UI@K ). UI@K `naiputi ai`g
nan`nj ygitu kugaitgs pnrgwgtgj pgsinj, kgrgktnristik mgj knfutudgj
pnrgwgtgj pgsinj, pnrkirggj supagi tnjglg pnrgwgt ygjl mipnraukgj,
ablistik mgri pbag prblrg` pnjlgturgj stgc mgj kbjtrbajyg, nvgaugsi
kugaitgs pnrgwgtgj ygjl mifnrikgj.
7?
`njlgtur mnpgrtn`nj fnrbpnrgsi snegrg ncisinj mgj nkbjb`is mnjlgj
pnrjygtggj `isi, ciabsbci mgj bfhnktic tnrtuais, struktur brlgjisgsi, cujlsi
mgj tgjllujl hgwgf, knfihgkgj mgj prbsnmur tnrtuais, pnjln`fgjlgj
prblrg` stgcc ncnktic, mgj nvgaugsi pnribmik tnrnjegjg.
77
U nb rgjl `gjghnr ygjl ijl ij k np n`i`pijgjj yg anf id ncnktic d
grus
`g`pu u jtuk `n`btiv gsi miri snj miri u jtuk f nk nrhg mgj
fgjygk
`n`fgeg, `n`iaik i knpnkggj ygjl tijlli tnrdgmgp p nr`gsgagd gj
brlgjisgsi, mgj `njllnrgkkgj (`n`b tivgsi) stgccjyg glgr `nrnkg
`g`pu `nagksgjgkgj tulgs-tulgs pbkbk brlgjisgsi.
@njurut Anwij mgag` Uwgjfurl (6???), tnrmgpgt fnfnrgpg `geg` lgyg
knpn`i`pijgj ygitu 8
g. Gutbkrgtik
_n`i`pij `n`fugt knputusgj snjmiri. @nrnkg anfid enjmnrujl
`n`ikirkgj pnjynansgigj tulgs mgri pgmg `n`pnrdgtikgj kgrygwgj.
Knpn`i`pijgj iji enjmnrujl `nji`fuakgj pnr`usudgj mgj sicgt
glrnsic gtgu sg`g snkgai gpgtis mgj `njldiagjlkgj ijisigtic.
f. Mn`bkrgtis
_n`i`pij `naifgtkgj fgwgdgjjyg mgag` prbsns pnjlg`fiagj
knputusgj. @nrnkg fnrbrinjtgsi pgmg fgwgdgj mgj `njitikfnrgtkgj
pgmg dufujlgj gjtgrg `gjusig mgj knrhg knab`pbk. Knpn`i`pijgj
mn`bkrgtis `njijlkgtkgj prbmuktivitgs mgj knpugsgj knrhg.
e. Agis snz cgir n
_n`i`pij `n`fnrikgj knfnfgsgj mgj snlgag snrfg fband, mgj
pgjtgjl `n`fnrikgj fi`fijlgj knpgmg stgcc. _n`i`pij tnrsnfut
`n`fgjtu knfnfgsgj knpgmg sntigp brgjl mgj `njlijlijkgj sntigp
brgjl snjgjl. Dga iji mgpgt `njlgkifgtkgj prbmuktivitgs rnjmgd mgj
kgrygwgj crustgsi.
m. @gj ghnr p nrgwgt d grus f naghgr `n`prgk tnkk gj k np
n`i`pijgj
pnriagku ygjl `nrgjlsgjl `btivgsi pgmg pgrg pn`iaikjyg,
`n`prgktnkkgj knpnrgwgtgj prbcnssibjga mgj tnjglg pnrgwgt
agijjyg. _nriagku iji tnr`gsuk prb`bsi gut bj b`i, `n`fu gt
knputusgj mgj `gjghn`nj pgrtisipgsi band pnrgwgt prbcnssibjga.
>. Ebj trbaaijl (_njlgwgsgj)
76
Cujlsi pnjlgwgsgj gtgu pnjlnjmgaigj (ebjtrbaaijl) `nrupgkgj cujlsi
ygjl tnrgkdir mgri prbsns `gjghn`nj, ygjl `n`iaiki kgitgj ygjl nrgt
mnjlgj cujlsi ygjl agijjyg.
75
MGC]GV _^U]GKG
Uwgjsfurl, V.E. (799>). Jursijl Utgcc Mnvnabp`njt. Hbjns gjm Fgrtantt _ufaisdnr,
]brbjtb
7=