SUBORDINATORS (SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS)

AAA.WW.U.BB.I.S
A DEPENDENT CLAUSE usually starts with As/Although/After, When/While, Unless, Because/ Before, If, Since.
e.g.
 ______________ she grew older, she gained in confidence.
 ______________ the sun was shining, it wasn't very warm.
 I'll call you ______________ I've spoken to them.
 ______________ Tom's very good at science, his brother is absolutely hopeless.
 I loved history ______________ I was at school.
 You won't get paid for time off ______________ you have a doctor's note.
 I did it ______________ he told me to.
 ______________ I made a decision, I thought carefully about it.
 You can stay for the weekend ______________ you like.
 Cath hasn't phoned ______________ she went to Berlin.

COORDINATORS (COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS)

FANBOYS
 f_ _ (to add a reason) => S + V, f_ _ + S + V.
e.g. We listened eagerly _ _ _ he brought news of our families.

 S + V, a_ _ + S + V.
e.g. They eat a lot of fish and vegetables _ _ _ they eat lightly (= not to eat heavy or greasy food).

 S + V, n_ _ + inversion
e.g. They do not eat a lot of red meat _ _ _ do they eat many dairy products.

 to add an opposite idea => S + V, b_ _ + S + V.

e.g. I want to study art _ _ _ my parents want me to study engineering.

 to add an alternative possibility => S + V, o _ + S + V.

e.g. People should limit the amount of animal fat in their diets _ _ they risk getting heart disease.

 to add an unexpected or surprising continuation => S + V, _ _ _ + S + V.

e.g. I am very bad at math _ _ _ my parents want me to study engineering.

 S + V, s_ + S + V.
e.g. It was still painful _ _ I went to see a doctor.
 NOUN CLAUSES
THAT CLAUSES
 A that clause is a DEPENDENT NOUN CLAUSE that begins with the word ___________.
e.g. The young filmmaker hopes that his film will be a financial success.
That his film is a critical success is beyond doubt.

 A that clause can appear in different locations.

1. After certain verbs (the object of that verb)
e.g. He complained that he had been unfairly treated.
He / tried / he / in self-defence / to claim/ that / had acted/.
=> ___________________________________________________________________________________________
1. I didn't think people were allowed to park here.
2. He refused to believe his son was involved in drugs.
3. You must admit it all sounds very strange.

2. After certain adjectives (e.g. worried, sorry, upset, surprised, sad, happy, glad, pleased, proud, sure, certain)
e.g. I am very much aware that not everyone agrees with me.
The class / that / the final exam / the instructor / was surprised / cancelled /.
=> ___________________________________________________________________________________________
1. I'm really pleased you're feeling better.
2. I'm pretty sure  he'll agree.
3. She was sorry she'd lost her temper.

3. After certain nouns (e.g. idea, theory, thought, claim, statement, belief, opinion) ASSERTION, NOTION
e.g. revolves around the sun / No one / that / believed / Galileo’s theory / the Earth /.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Nobody seemed very keen on the idea we should all dress up for the party.
2. They share a belief there is life after death.
3. The chairman expressed the opinion job losses were inevitable.

4. At the beginning of a sentence (subject)

e.g. The fact that/That the Earth is getting warmer is certain.
 It is _______________________________________________________

IF/WHETHER CLAUSES
An if/whether clause is a DEPENDENT NOUN CLAUSE that begins with a subordinator ___________ or
__________. Whether is more formal than if.
NOTE
 …______________ /______________ + S + V.
 …______________ /______________ + S + V or not.
 …______________ or not + S + V.
e.g. I called Bill to find out ________________________ or not he really did go to Afghanistan.
I called Bill to find out ________________________ he really did go to Afghanistan or not.
I don’t know ________________________ I can drive. My foot really hurts.
Can you tell me ________________________ or not you’re interested in the job.
QUESTION CLAUSES
A question clause is a DEPENDENT NOUN CLAUSE that begins with a subordinators such as WHO, WHAT,
WHERE, WHEN, WHY, HOW, HOW MUCH, HOW MANY, HOW LONG, and so on.
a. Subordinator + ______________________
e.g. The police do not know who committed the robbery.
Nobody knows what will happen next.

b. Subordinator + ____________ + ______________________

e.g. The police do not know when the robbery happened.
What you need is a good meal.
 RELATIVE CLAUSES
Có 2 loại mệnh đề quan hệ:
1. Mệnh đề quan hệ ______________________________(defining relative clauses)
- Cầ n thiết cho ý nghĩa củ a câ u (không có nó => câu sẽ ___________ rõ nghĩa) => ___________ thể bỏ
- ___________ dấ u phẩ y
e.g. The man who is standing over there is my friend.

2. Mệnh đề quan hệ ______________________________ (non-defining relative clauses)

- Chỉ cung cấ p thêm thô ng tin cho câ u (không có nó => câu ___________ rõ nghĩa) => ___________ thể bỏ
- Đượ c ngă n cá ch vớ i mệnh đề chính bằ ng “,”
e.g. Hoa’s brother, who is a doctor, is very smart.

ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ CÁCH DÙNG VÍ DỤ

I told you about the woman who lives next
who - _________ từ
door.
+ _____
__________
Her sister, whom/who I met yesterday was
whom/who
- _________ từ very friendly.
+ _____ + _____
The book which is on the table is mine.
which - _________ từ , _________ từ
- Cả mệnh đề đứ ng trướ c The book which I lent you is very good.
+ _____ __________
(phải có dấu “___” trước “which”)
+ _____ + _____ He passed all the exams, which is a big
surprise.
- Tính từ ____________ (his books)
whose + _____
___________ - _____________cá ch (John’s books) Who is the man whose car was stolen?

Dù ng thay cho cá c đạ i từ quan hệ: __________________________________

Chỉ dù ng trong MĐQH ______________ (__________ “,”)
that
e.g. The book which/____________ is on the table is mine.
Grace was talking enthusiastically about the people and places that she had visited.

 MĐQH thường đứng ngay _________ danh từ/mệnh đề mà nó bổ nghĩa.

 “Giới từ” có thể đặt ___________/ ___________ MĐQH.

“Giới từ” + _______________
e.g. We studied with Mr. Brown. He is a nice teacher.
=> Mr. Brown__________________________________________________________.
= Mr. Brown __________________________________________________________ .

 Có thể ___________ đại từ quan hệ khi nó:

- thay cho___________ từ (ĐTQH + ________________)
- nằm trong MĐQH ________________ (mệnh đề _______________“,”)
- không có ________________ đứng trước ĐTQH
e.g. Jenny gave me a present. I really like it.
=> I really like_________________________________________________________.
 when/where/why
+ ______ +_______
When
= in/on/at + which
Where
= _________/___________
= in/on/at + which
Why
= _________ which
CÁCH DÙNG VÍ DỤ
Do you still remember the day when we first met?
MĐQH chỉ
= Do you still remember the day ______ which we first
_________________ met?
The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.
MĐQH chỉ = The hotel _____ which we stayed wasn’t very clean.
_________________ It is a beautiful hotel. I love staying here.
=>
I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school.
MĐQH chỉ
= I don’t know the reason ______which you didn’t go
_________________ to school.

Relative clauses replaced by PARTICIPLES

1. Relative clauses replaced by participles:
a) Present Participles (V-ing): who/which/that + V(active) => _____________
e.g. The man who spoke to John is my brother.
→ The man __________________________________.
b) Past participles (V3/ed): who/which/that + be + V3/ed => _____________
e.g. They live in a house that was built in 1890.
→ They live in a house __________________________________.

Rewrite the following sentences, using a present participle phrase or a past participle
phrase.
1. The ship which was sailing from Canada to Europe nearly hit a huge ice-berg.
 ___________________________________________________________________________________________.
2. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful.
 ___________________________________________________________________________________________.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/fr/grammar/english-grammar-reference/relative-pronouns-and-relative-clauses
Relative pronoun 1
Relative pronoun 3
Relative pronoun 6